Deck 12: Smoking Tobacco

Question 1

The addictive ingredient of cigarette smoking is​

A) ​nicotine.
B) ​its good taste.
C) ​the approval of peers.
D) ​the aroma of the smoke.

Answer 1

​nicotine.

Question 2

People cough in response to smoke because​

A) ​coughing expels irritants from the respiratory tract.
B) ​coughing is a substitute for sneezing.
C) ​coughing draws oxygen more deeply into the lungs.
D) ​of the action of the alveoli.

Answer 2

​coughing expels irritants from the respiratory tract.

Question 3

The half-life of nicotine is ________.​

A) ​7 seconds
B) ​5 minutes
C) ​30 minutes
D) ​10 minutes

Answer 3

​30 minutes

Question 4

A disorder characterized by the obstruction of respiratory passages and loss of bronchial elasticity is​

A) ​bronchitis.
B) ​allergy.
C) ​emphysema.
D) ​bulimia.

Question 5

Nicotine affects the __________ nervous system.​

A) ​central
B) ​peripheral
C) ​anterior
D) ​both a and b

Question 6

The presence of nicotine can be detected in the brain​

A) ​as rapidly as 7 seconds after it is ingested by smoking.
B) ​2 minutes after smoking, 1 minute after intravenous injection.
C) ​not until 30 to 40 minutes after ingestion by smoking.
D) ​of a person who smokes and of one who does not smoke.

Question 7

People who opposed tobacco use in America from the days of Columbus until the middle of the 19^th century did so:​

A) ​on social and/or moral grounds.
B) ​on economic/xenophobic grounds.
C) ​on both/either a and/or b, but not D
D) ​on medical and/or scientific grounds.

Question 8

_______ is/are water-soluble resides of tobacco smoke.

A) Carcinogens
B) Aldehydes
C) Tars
D) Tars.

Question 9

Nicotine is​

A) ​a stimulant.
B) ​a tranquilizer.
C) ​both of these.
D) ​neither of these.

Question 10

​The annual number of excess deaths in the United States attributable to smoking has been estimated to be about

A) ​25,000.
B) ​57,000.
C) ​175,000.
D) ​480,000.

Question 11

Which of these factors helped to popularize smoking in the United States?

A) The availability of ready-made cigarettes
B) The development of a "blended" cigarette
C) The historically low prices for cigarettes
D) Both a and b helped popularize smoking

Question 12

_______ is/are responsible for cigarette smoking's addictive nature.​

A) ​Tars
B) ​Nicotine
C) ​Aldehydes
D) ​Carcinogens

Question 13

​The decline in the rate of cigarette smoking in the United States can be traced to

A) ​a report from the U.S. Surgeon General that linked smoking with adverse health effects.
B) ​weather conditions in southeastern states that significantly reduced the tobacco crops.
C) ​the successful use of hypnosis by health psychologists to get people to stop smoking.
D) ​an agreement by movie producers and directors to stop portraying cigarette smoking.

Question 14

​When did cigarette smoking begin to become popular among American women?

A) ​During World War I
B) ​During the 1920s
C) ​During mid-1800s
D) ​During World War II

Question 15

Nicotine ​

A) ​is a depressant for smokers, but a stimulant for nonsmokers.
B) ​is the primary reason that people begin smoking.
C) ​is more important than social pressure for starting to smoke.
D) ​is known to have properties making it addictive.

Question 16

The principle function of the respiratory system is to take in ____ and to eliminate ____.​

A) ​leukocytes . . . oxygen
B) ​oxygen . . . carbon dioxide
C) ​oxygen . . . methane
D) ​nitrogen . . . carbon dioxide and methane

Question 17

The site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange is the​

A) ​alveoli.
B) ​diaphragm.
C) ​bronchi.
D) ​trachea.

Question 18

The most common chronic lower respiratory disease which occurs when bronchi lose their elasticity is _______.​

A) ​lung cancer
B) ​emphysema
C) ​acute bronchitis
D) ​chronic bronchitis

Question 19

There are at least 60 types of _______ in cigarettes.​

A) ​tars
B) ​nicotine
C) ​aldehydes
D) ​carcinogens

Question 20

Cigarette smoking in the United States reached its peak per capita consumption​

A) ​during the Revolutionary War.
B) ​during the Civil War.
C) ​during the early 20th century.
D) ​during the middle of the 1960s.

Question 21

Of the following, which group is more likely to be current smokers?

A) Females compared to males
B) American Indians compared to Asian Americans
C) Older adults compared to younger adults
D) Highly educated compared to high-school educated

Question 22

_____ may be the influence in adolescents' decisions to begin smoking.​

A) ​Curiosity
B) ​Self-esteem
C) ​Depression
D) ​Anxiety

Question 23

Barrett is 14 years old and has smoked about 200 cigarettes in her lifetime. Barrett should know that​

A) ​quitting will be quite easy because she is not yet a regular smoker.
B) ​she can smoke for another four or five years and then quit.
C) ​quitting later will be impossible without formal therapy.
D) ​quitting right now will be quite difficult for her.

Question 24

Many of the adolescents who begin smoking​

A) ​do not believe that the hazards apply to them.
B) ​are unaware of the dangers from smoking.
C) ​do because adults tell them not to smoke.
D) ​do out of an unconscious death wish.

Question 25

Of the following, which group is more likely to be current smokers?

A) Females compared to males
B) Older adults compared to younger adults
C) Poorer adults compared to wealthier adults
D) Highly educated compared to high-school educated

Question 26

Currently, almost ____% of adults in the United States smoke cigarettes.​

A) ​21
B) ​17
C) ​42
D) ​68

Question 27

The highest rate of per capita cigarette consumption in the US was in ____ .​

A) ​1934
B) ​1962
C) ​1966
D) ​2012

Question 28

​One way that smokers show an optimistic bias is

A) ​believing that their friends are less likely than others to die by smoking.
B) ​believing that their brand of cigarettes is less likely to cause disease.
C) ​believing that smoking does not cause cardiovascular disease.
D) ​believing that both a and b are true rather than believing

Question 29

What has research found about young adult motivations to smoke for weight control?​

A) Young women and young men do this in comparable proportions.​
B) ​Young women reported that they would smoke instead of dieting.
C) ​Young women reported that they would smoke along with dieting.
D) ​Young women and young men do since it does cause weight loss.

Question 30

What did a 2015 study by Stice and colleagues find about young women whose motivations to smoke included weight concerns?​

A) ​Smokers lost more weight by dieting and smoking than by dieting alone.
B) ​Smokers actually gained more weight over time than nonsmokers gained.
C) ​Smokers lost equal weight from smoking as nonsmokers did from dieting.
D) ​Smokers actually lost less weight by smoking and dieting than by dieting.

Question 31

In understanding who is addicted to cigarette smoking, smoking more than _______ in one's lifetime increases the difficulty of quitting.​

A) ​1 cigarette
B) ​50 cigarettes
C) ​100 cigarettes
D) ​1000 cigarettes

Question 32

​Ashley is a 16-year-old girl of normal weight who wants to lose weight and has started smoking to help her do so. Ashley is at risk for

A) ​other risky weight loss strategies.
B) ​switching to illicit drugs.
C) ​skipping school.
D) ​Type 2 diabetes.

Question 33

Madison is a nonsmoking 16-year-old high school sophomore who has a large cigarette-sponsored poster in her bedroom. Compared with nonsmoking Wendy, who has no such poster in her room, Madison is more likely to​

A) ​begin smoking.
B) ​begin smoking but quit in two months.
C) ​have a pessimistic bias.
D) ​be an only child.

Question 34

​By the time students reach the 12^th grade, ______ of boys and girls are frequent smokers.

A) ​1-3%
B) ​6-8%
C) ​10-12%
D) ​17-20%

Question 35

Addicted smokers _______ when they are limited to smoking lower-nicotine cigarettes​

A) ​are found to smoke more cigarettes
B) ​are found to smoke fewer cigarettes
C) ​smoke the same number of cigarettes
D) ​refuse to smoke this type of cigarettes

Question 36

A review of media influence on smoking found ________ association between media exposure and smoking.​

A) ​a weak
B) ​a moderate
C) ​a strong
D) ​no real

Question 37

A behavioral reason that many smokers continue smoking is that they receive​

A) ​positive reinforcement.
B) ​negative reinforcement.
C) ​either or both (a) and (b).
D) ​intermittent reinforcement.

Question 38

Research on smoking, peer pressure, and adolescents suggests that​

A) ​anti-smoking messages serve to decrease smoking rates among groups of friends.
B) ​overt pressure from friends is required to increase the chances a teen will smoke.
C) ​adolescents will smoke to fit in with others, regardless whether pressure is overt.
D) ​media exposure has not been found to influence young teens in starting to smoke.

Question 39

Chris is a smoker. What would be your predictions about Chris?

A) Chris is a male who has a college degree.
B) Chris is a female with a college degree.
C) Chris has parents who do not smoke.
D) Chris began smoking as a teenager.

Question 40

Who is most likely to begin smoking as a means of weight control?

A) Middle-aged women who may gain weight
B) Teenage boys who are involved with athletics
C) Teenage girls who have a fear of gaining weight
D) Middle-aged men who have been gaining weight

Question 41

With regard to smokers and fear of weight gain, research suggests that​

A) ​older female smokers express the greatest fears of weight gain.
B) ​European American women accept weight gain more than African American women.
C) ​young female smokers express the greatest fears of weight gain.
D) ​young male smokers express the greatest fears of weight gain.

Question 42

​In general, research on the health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (passive smoking) has found that passive smoking

A) ​may slightly increase people's risks for lung cancer.
B) ​neither increases nor decreases risk of lung cancer.
C) ​decreases people's risk for getting lung cancer.
D) ​doubles people's risk for getting lung cancer.

Question 43

The trends in smoking rates and the number of lung cancer deaths have followed approximately the same pattern, except that​

A) ​increased smoking rates preceded the increase in lung cancer deaths by about 20 to 25 years.
B) ​increased smoking rates preceded the increase in lung cancer deaths by about 2 to 3 years.
C) ​increased lung cancer rates preceded the increase in smoking death rates by about 20 to 25 years.
D) ​increased lung cancer rates preceded the increase in smoking death rates by about 2 to 3 years.

Question 44

Some people smoke because smoking is negatively reinforcing for them. An example of a negative reinforcer would be​

A) ​a reduction in tension.
B) ​a feeling of relaxation.
C) ​satisfying manual needs.
D) ​the smell of tobacco smoke.

Question 45

​In general, people smoke

A) ​in order to relax.
B) ​for a variety of reasons.
C) ​to satisfy their oral needs.
D) ​to satisfy a need to use their hands.

Question 46

​The reinforcement explanation of smoking assumes that, for someone who becomes a smoker,

A) ​the positive consequences outweigh the negative consequences.
B) ​the negative stimulus of one's first attempt at smoking arouses a corresponding positive process.
C) ​the positive stimulus of one's first attempt at smoking arouses a corresponding negative process.
D) ​the individual has not experienced any negative consequences.

Question 47

When the nicotine content of cigarettes is lowered, smokers tend to​​

A) ​smoke the same number of cigarettes.
B) ​smoke less of the low-nicotine cigarettes.
C) ​smoke more of the low-nicotine cigarettes.
D) ​quit smoking altogether as they dislike them.

Question 48

People who smoke​

A) ​believe that smoking generally has few negative health consequences.
B) ​believe that smoking has fewer negative health outcomes than drinking.
C) ​believe that smoking is dangerous, much as do people who do not smoke.
D) ​have less consistent attitudes about smoking as adults than as adolescents.

Question 49

​Which of these smokers exhibits an optimistic bias?

A) ​Jim overestimates the danger of smoking and believes he has a very high chance of developing a smoking-related disease before age 60.
B) ​Loraine believes that smoking is not really dangerous and she has about the same risk for smoking-related diseases as other people have.
C) ​Robbie overestimates the danger of smoking and believes that she has about the same risk for smoking-related diseases as do other people.
D) ​Joe understands the danger of smoking but believes that his risk of getting a smoking-related disease is less than that of other smokers.

Question 50

Evidence that smoking causes lung cancer comes from data showing that from 1959 to 1988​

A) ​lung cancer death rates for nonsmokers rose steadily.
B) ​lung cancer death rates for nonsmokers were stable.
C) ​lung cancer death rates among smokers rose steadily.
D) ​lung cancer death rates fitted (b) and (c) but not (a).

Question 51

Pat, a smoker who fears that stopping smoking would lead to weight gain, is most likely​

A) ​a woman under 30 years of age.
B) ​a woman 45 years old or older.
C) ​a man under 30 years of age.
D) ​a man 45 years old or older.

Question 52

Which of these is NOT a frequent result of cigarette smoking?

A) Poorer balance
B) Periodontal disease
C) Sharpened cognition
D) Neuromuscular impairment

Question 53

______ is the second leading cause of death in the US, but the leading cause of smoking-related deaths.​

A) ​Cardiovascular disease
B) ​Cancer
C) ​Chronic lower respiratory disease
D) ​Mental illness

Question 54

Men who smoke cigarettes have a _____ relative risk of dying from cancer compared to nonsmokers.​

A) ​5.0
B) ​15.8
C) ​23.3
D) ​50.0

Question 55

Randy has been smoking for 20 years and enjoys the smell of cigarette smoke. For Randy, the smell of a burning cigarette would be​

A) ​a negative reinforcer.
B) ​a positive reinforcer.
C) ​a noxious stimulus.
D) ​an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 56

A smoker exhibiting an optimistic bias would ​

A) cut down on the number of cigarettes s/he smokes per day.
B) believe that s/he is as likely to get lung cancer as other people.
C) believe that other smokers may get lung cancer, but s/he will not.
D) believe that smoking causes effects that are positive for the health.

Question 57

When smokers are allowed to smoke only bad-tasting cigarettes,​

A) ​people who smoke for relaxation will show little interest in smoking these kinds of cigarettes.
B) ​people who are addicted to nicotine will not cut back on the number of cigarettes they smoke.
C) ​people who smoke for pleasure will smoke very few or none of these kinds of cigarettes.
D) ​people who smoke for each of these reasons will demonstrate each one of these behaviors.

Question 58

________ is the deadliest behavior in the history of the United States.​

A) ​Drunk driving
B) ​Cigarette smoking
C) ​Illegal drug use
D) ​Homicide

Question 59

Which of the following diseases is rarely diagnosed among nonsmokers?

A) Cardiovascular disease
B) Cancer of the prostate
C) Cancer of the breast
D) Chronic lower respiratory disease

Question 60

Which of these factors is LEAST common to addicted smokers?​

A) ​They find quitting to be only moderately difficult.
B) ​They are usually aware of the fact that they are smoking.
C) ​They are seldom aware of the fact that they are not smoking.
D) ​They give inaccurate estimates of the time since their last cigarette.

Question 61

In trying to prevent people from smoking, educational programs such as lectures and government pamphlets​

A) ​are generally not very effective.
B) ​generate positive feelings toward smoking.
C) ​are more effective than inoculation programs.
D) ​are more effective with college students than middle school students.

Question 62

​Programs that provide adolescents with information about the risks of smoking

A) ​deter smoking for older teenagers but not for younger ones.
B) ​are more successful than programs for smoking cessation.
C) ​are effective if the messages include graphic images of diseased lungs.
D) ​have little effect because adolescents do not attend to health warnings.

Question 63

Which of the following has the highest death toll from passive smoking?

A) Lung cancer
B) Breast cancer
C) Heart disease
D) Pneumonia

Question 64

Pharmacological approaches have largely been shown to be effective in helping smokers quit except for​

A) ​female smokers.
B) ​male smokers.
C) ​teenage smokers.
D) ​elderly smokers.

Question 65

Most people who successfully quit smoking cigarettes do so​

A) ​on their own.
B) ​through the use of hypnosis.
C) ​by switching to cigars or pipes.
D) ​by joining Smokers Anonymous.

Question 66

The use of smokeless tobacco​

A) ​carries about the same risks for lung cancer as does cigarette smoking.
B) ​carries about the same risks for heart disease as does cigarette smoking.
C) ​is similar to cigarette smoking in onset, use, social influences, and quit attempts.
D) ​is similar to cigarette smoking in terms of user gender and age and quit attempts.

Question 67

Which of the following statements can most be challenged for validity in relation to e-cigarettes?​

A) ​Young people think e-cigarettes are safer than traditional cigarettes.
B) ​Young people are using these today more than traditional cigarettes.
C) ​Young people are less likely to quit them than traditional cigarettes.
D) ​Young people are safer without the tobacco of traditional cigarettes.

Question 68

​________ suffer the most health problems from passive smoking.

A) ​Children
B) ​Adolescents
C) ​Young adults
D) ​Middle-aged adults

Question 69

Helen wants to quit smoking and asks you for advice. You should tell her​

A) ​that programs with the best results include practitioner support, counseling, and nicotine replacement therapy.
B) ​to continue to smoke, but to cut down to decrease her disease risk, and also to avoid weight gain.
C) ​to seek a trained hypnotist who can help her by using hypnosis.
D) ​to find a therapist who will use shock therapy.

Question 70

Smokers who are most likely to quit are​

A) ​women rather than men and/or younger female smokers.
B) ​those who have support from their therapists and families.
C) ​those who have been diagnosed with heart disease or cancer.
D) ​unmarried people having fewer social connections than others.

Question 71

In general, which group of people suffers more respiratory diseases from exposure to secondhand smoke?

A) Adult men
B) Adult women
C) Older parents of smoking children
D) Younger children of smoking parents

Question 72

In the US, about ______ of smokers try to quit each year.​

A) ​20%
B) ​44%
C) ​64%
D) ​90%

Question 73

Heavy cigarette smoking decreases life expectancy by ______ years.​

A) ​2.1
B) ​4.7
C) ​8.8
D) ​15.2

Question 74

Men who smoke cigars or pipes have a _____ relative risk of dying from cancer compared to nonsmokers.​

A) ​5.0
B) ​15.8
C) ​23.3
D) ​50.0

Question 75

More intensive cessation programs are more expensive; research indicates that​

A) ​the expense is worth it-such programs are more effective.
B) ​the expense is not worth it-such programs are no more effective than less expensive ones.
C) ​nicotine replacement is more effective than programs with many components.
D) ​relapse was not a problem for those who participated in an intensive program.

Question 76

What is most typical of behavioral approaches toward smoking cessation?​

A) ​Behavior modification is more effective than cognitive-behavioral training.
B) ​Most behavioral approaches typically include a combination of strategies.
C) ​Relaxation training and social support work better than contracts or groups.
D) ​Group therapy and stress management are better than behavioral contracts.

Question 77

A systematic review of nicotine replacement therapy indicated that this approach is​

A) ​less effective than a placebo.
B) ​more effective than a placebo.
C) ​about as effective as a placebo.
D) ​more effective after 4 years than 3 months.

Question 78

​David says that he wants to quit smoking and is considering using nicotine replacement to help him quit. What is your advice to him?

A) ​He should not need any help in quitting; just quit.
B) ​Nicotine replacement therapy is not very effective; save his money.
C) ​Nicotine replacement therapy can help people stop smoking; give it a try.
D) ​Try chewing regular gum rather than chewing the nicotine replacement gum.

Question 79

Quitting smoking on one's own is possible, and one study found that more than _____ of smokers trying to quit were successful.​

A) ​40%
B) ​50%
C) ​60%
D) ​70%

Question 80

Long-time employees of one or more of the "5 B's" (bars, bowling alleys, bingo parlors, betting establishments, and billiard halls)​

A) have as much as an 18 times greater nicotine concentration than other workers.
B) have an 11 times greater incidence of lung cancer than do other workers.
C) have both the greater concentration and incidence identified in a and b.
D) have neither the greater concentration nor incidence given in a or b.