Deck 13: Using Alcohol and Other Drugs

Question 1

During the mid-1800s in the United States, the attitude toward alcohol was one of ____________.​

A) ​temperance, or the moderate use of alcohol
B) ​prohibition, or the abstinence from alcohol
C) ​tolerance, as long as people were not drunk
D) ​celebration; people drank in large amounts

Answer 1

​prohibition, or the abstinence from alcohol

Question 2

With regard to the consumption of alcohol in the United States, it is most accurate to say that about​

A) ​90% of adults drink; about one fourth abuse alcohol.
B) ​75% of adults drink; about one tenth abuse alcohol.
C) ​66% of adults drink; about 23% binge drink.
D) ​90% of adults drink; about 5% abuse alcohol.

Answer 2

​66% of adults drink; about 23% binge drink.

Question 3

Alcohol consumption in the United States reached its peak during​

A) ​the early 1800s.
B) ​the Civil War.
C) ​Prohibition.
D) ​World War II.

Answer 3

​the early 1800s.

Question 4

________ drinking is having 14 or more drinks per week for men or having 7 or more drinks per week for women.​

A) ​Binge
B) ​Heavy
C) ​Regular
D) ​Moderate

Question 5

A history of social attitudes toward drunkenness reveals that​

A) ​drunkenness has always been acceptable in wine-drinking countries.
B) ​drunkenness and drinking have generally been equally condemned.
C) ​drunkenness has generally been acceptable in beer-drinking countries.
D) ​drunkenness has always been acceptable only for special occasions.

Question 6

What was the effect of the introduction of distilled alcoholic beverages into 18th century England?​

A) ​All social classes dramatically increased consumption of the new alcoholic beverages.
B) ​Consumption of distilled spirits rapidly decreased among the lower classes because of cost.
C) ​Widespread consumption and drunkenness increased among the richest social class.
D) ​Consumption and intoxication increased dramatically among the lower and working classes.

Question 7

In the United States, _____ of people are classified as regular drinkers, ____ as binge drinkers, and____ as heavy drinkers.​

A) ​50%, 25%, 13%
B) 50%, 23%, 6%
C) ​66%, 15%, 10%
D) ​66%, 10%, 6%

Question 8

Per capita alcohol consumption decreased dramatically after 1830 in the United States because of​

A) ​strict enforcement of import quotas on foreign wines and spirits.
B) ​the high cost of distilled beverages, which related to periodic grain shortages.
C) ​the passage of the 18th Amendment.
D) ​the spread of the temperance movement.

Question 9

______ of adults in the US are classified as current drinkers. ​

A) 33%
B) ​50%
C) ​66%
D) ​10%

Question 10

What was the effect of the passage of the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution on alcohol consumption?​

A) ​Illegal alcohol consumption increased among the rich who could afford the cost.
B) ​Consumption increased initially but decreased steadily afterwards.
C) ​Consumption decreased dramatically from previous levels.
D) ​There was no effect.

Question 11

Over 20 years since the 1980s, per capita consumption of alcohol in the United States has​

A) ​increased dramatically.
B) ​increased slightly.
C) ​been stable.
D) ​declined.

Question 12

In the 12- to 17-year-old age group of, ______ were current drinkers in 1992.

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 33%
D) 40%

Question 13

________ drinking is having 5 or more drinks on the same occasion at least once per month.​

A) ​Binge
B) ​Heavy
C) ​Regular
D) ​Moderate

Question 14

Binge drinking can lead to all of the following EXCEPT​

A) ​intoxication.
B) ​poor judgment.
C) ​impaired coordination.
D) ​long-term cognitive deficits.

Question 15

In the age group of 18- to 24-year-olds, more than ______ are binge drinkers.​

A) ​10%
B) ​25%
C) ​33%
D) ​40%

Question 16

Which ethnic group has the lowest rates of heavy and binge drinking?​

A) ​Asian Americans
B) ​Native Americans
C) ​Hispanic Americans
D) ​European Americans

Question 17

The ___________ outlawed the manufacture or sale of alcohol and the _____ ended Prohibition.​

A) ​18^th Amendment; 19^th Amendment
B) ​18^th Amendment; 21^st Amendment
C) ​21^st Amendment; 22^nd Amendment
D) ​21^st Amendment; 24 Amendment

Question 18

_______ is the most widely consumed drug in the United States.​

A) ​Marijuana
B) ​Alcohol
C) ​Cocaine
D) ​Ecstasy

Question 19

In the United States, people of this ethnic background have the highest rate of binge drinking and heavy drinking.​

A) ​European Americans
B) ​Hispanic Americans
C) ​African Americans
D) ​Native Americans

Question 20

In the United States, people of this ethnic background have the highest rate of drinking.​

A) ​European Americans
B) ​Hispanic Americans
C) ​African Americans
D) ​Asian Americans

Question 21

If not consumed, alcohol turns into vinegar. If it is consumed, it​

A) ​also turns into vinegar.
B) ​turns into ethanol.
C) ​is digested and excreted.
D) ​turns mostly into sugar

Question 22

Which of the following is an indirect effect of alcohol consumption?

A) The relationship between drinking and cirrhosis of the liver
B) The relationship between drinking and motor vehicle crashes
C) An increased risk of fetal alcohol syndrome in pregnant women
D) A decrease in thiamin absorption through consuming alcohol

Question 23

College-aged men who have been drinking​

A) ​tend to lose interest in women.
B) ​tend to drive motor vehicles more cautiously.
C) ​report that they can concentrate better on schoolwork.
D) ​are more likely than sober men to be willing to have unprotected sex.

Question 24

In general, ____ are less likely to binge or drink heavily, whereas ____ are more likely to be heavy and problem drinkers​

A) ​college graduates . . . high school dropouts
B) ​high school dropouts . . . college graduates.
C) ​college graduates . . . high school graduates
D) ​men . . . women

Question 25

When a drug becomes incorporated into the functioning of the body's cells and thus becomes necessary for "normal" functioning, ________ has occurred.​

A) ​dependence
B) ​withdrawal
C) ​tolerance
D) ​death

Question 26

Heavy consumption of alcohol may affect pregnancy by​

A) ​decreasing fertility.
B) ​increasing fertility.
C) ​increasing the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome.
D) ​both a and C

Question 27

Which of the following is a "direct hazard" of alcohol consumption?

A) An association between consumption and aggression
B) Increased consumption leading to increased accidents
C) Alcohol's effect on coordination and cognitive functions
D) Progressive liver damage from long-term heavy drinking

Question 28

​Erick drinks about seven or eight drinks a day. Besides the risk of accidents, Erick's greatest INCREASED risk is that of

A) ​heart disease.
B) ​oral cancer.
C) ​lung cancer.
D) ​liver cirrhosis.

Question 29

A woman who is a light to moderate drinker during pregnancy​

A) ​has a higher risk of having a child with fetal alcohol syndrome.
B) ​has a higher risk of having a child with facial abnormalities only.
C) ​has a higher risk of having a miscarriage or of having a stillbirth.
D) ​has a higher risk of having a child with heavier than average birth weight.

Question 30

In most studies of the relationship between drinking and mortality rate, a J-shaped or U-shaped relationship has been found. This pattern suggests that​

A) ​light drinkers and moderate drinkers have a higher death rate than heavy drinkers.
B) ​moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers have a lower death rate than light drinkers.
C) ​light drinkers and nondrinkers have a higher death rate than moderate and heavy drinkers.
D) ​light and moderate drinkers have a lower death rate than nondrinkers and heavy drinkers.

Question 31

Carla, a 120-pound woman, and her twin brother Carlos, a 200-pound man, decided to celebrate their 21st birthday by equally dividing a six-pack of beer, although neither had consumed much alcohol before this time. You would guess that​

A) ​Carla will be more affected by the beer than Carlos.
B) ​Carlos will be more affected by the beer than Carla.
C) ​the twins will be equally affected by the beer.
D) ​neither will be affected, as beer does not have enough alcohol to cause intoxication.

Question 32

Research on the relationship between alcohol and homicide indicates that​

A) ​the killer is likely to have been drinking.
B) ​the victim is likely to have been drinking.
C) ​both victim and killer are likely to have been drinking.
D) ​alcohol consumption causes people to commit homicides.

Question 33

Along with cirrhosis of the liver, alcohol's principal threat to health is its likelihood of causing​

A) ​lung cancer.
B) ​heart disease.
C) ​unintentional injuries.
D) ​chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Question 34

The combination of physiological dependence and withdrawal symptoms is usually referred to as​

A) ​tolerance.
B) ​addiction.
C) ​psychological addiction.
D) ​psychological dependence.

Question 35

Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase are​

A) ​enzymes involved in the metabolism of alcohol.
B) ​toxic byproducts of excessive alcohol consumption.
C) ​found in fermented but not distilled alcoholic beverages.
D) ​biological markers differentiating alcoholics from nonalcoholics.

Question 36

After the legal age for buying alcohol was raised to 21, consumption among adolescents ages 12 to 17​

A) ​dropped dramatically.
B) ​dropped slightly.
C) ​remained about the same.
D) ​rose dramatically.

Question 37

Research indicates that alcohol​

A) ​increases aggression in some people.
B) ​decreases high-density lipoprotein.
C) ​increases concentration.
D) ​causes lung cancer.

Question 38

In general,​

A) ​high school dropouts have the highest rate of alcohol consumption.
B) ​people with high school educations have the highest rate of alcohol consumption.
C) ​college graduates have the highest rate of alcohol consumption.
D) ​no relationship exists between educational level and consumption of alcohol.

Question 39

Korsakoff syndrome is sometimes found among long-term, heavy users of alcohol and is characterized by​

A) ​nonfunctional scar tissue on the liver.
B) ​confusion, disorientation, and memory impairment.
C) ​high blood pressure and rapid, irregular heartbeat.
D) ​excessive trembling, sweating, anxiety, and hallucinations.

Question 40

Tolerance refers to​

A) ​the ability to tolerate large doses of drugs without impairment of psychological or physical abilities.
B) ​a strong psychological desire and craving for a drug.
C) ​the property of a drug that requires increasingly higher levels to get the same effect.
D) ​the property of a drug that requires changes in the body's physical functions, making the drug necessary for normal functioning.

Question 41

Liver damage and mouth cancer both are considered __________ of alcohol, and motor vehicle accidents and aggressive behavior both are considered _________.​

A) ​indirect hazards; direct hazards
B) ​direct hazards; indirect hazards
C) ​indirect hazards; direct benefits
D) ​direct hazards; direct benefits

Question 42

​______ combined with alcohol predicts intimate partner violence.​

A) ​Trait anger
B) ​Jealousy
C) ​Emotional lability
D) ​Both a and b

Question 43

One major criticism of this model is that it fails to address why people begin to drink.​

A) ​The disease model
B) ​The tension-reduction model
C) ​The alcohol myopia model
D) The social learning model​

Question 44

Research on the genetic component of alcoholism tends to indicate​

A) ​no hereditary influence either or women or for men.
B) ​a strong hereditary influence for both women and men.
C) ​a strong hereditary influence for women but not for men.
D) ​some support for hereditary influence, especially in men.

Question 45

Around ______ of fatal unintentional injuries throughout the world involve alcohol.​

A) ​11%
B) ​17%
C) ​47%
D) ​69%

Question 46

During the past 60 years, the medical community has been most strongly influenced by this explanation for why people drink:​

A) ​the tension reduction hypothesis.
B) ​the stress response dampening model.
C) ​the disease model.
D) ​the social learning model.

Question 47

Physical symptoms, such as restlessness, irritability, and tremors, may occur when a person is experiencing _________ from alcohol.​

A) ​tolerance
B) ​dependence
C) ​withdrawal
D) ​addiction

Question 48

______ is the accumulation of nonfunctional scar tissue in the liver.​

A) ​Cirrhosis
B) ​Liver cancer
C) ​Pancreatitis
D) ​Jaundice

Question 49

___________ suggests that people drink because they do not exercise control over their drinking.​

A) ​The alcohol dependency syndrome
B) ​The moral model
C) ​The alcohol myopia model
D) ​The social learning model

Question 50

Which of the following ethnic groups are more likely to drive after drinking?​

A) ​European Americans
B) ​Hispanic Americans
C) ​African Americans
D) ​Asian Americans

Question 51

Which of these conditions is positively related to light and moderate alcohol consumption?

A) Increased depression
B) Decreased bone density
C) Decreased heart disease
D) Decreased general health

Question 52

Which of these terms does NOT apply to the alcohol dependency syndrome?

A) Withdrawal symptoms
B) Inability to abstain
C) Personal awareness of the need to drink
D) Loss of control or impaired control

Question 53

A research study that asked participants to rate themselves on a variety of traits suggests that​

A) ​alcohol inflates a person's self-evaluation.
B) ​alcohol deflates a person's self-evaluation.
C) ​alcohol inflates a person's self-evaluation of other people only.
D) ​alcohol deflates a person's self-evaluation of other people only.

Question 54

The balanced placebo design by Marlatt and his colleagues has been used to measure​

A) ​the heritability of alcohol dependence.
B) ​the role of expectancy in alcohol's effects.
C) ​people's personal awareness of need to drink.
D) ​withdrawal symptoms in the alcohol-dependent.

Question 55

The disease model explains why people __________ better than _________.​

A) ​drink too much . . . why people start drinking
B) ​experience cognitive deficits while drinking . . . why some people can abstain from drinking
C) ​model the drinking behavior of others . . . why people drink too much
D) ​start drinking . . . the genetic contributions to alcoholism

Question 56

The alcohol dependency syndrome​

A) ​considers alcoholism as a medical disease.
B) ​assumes that alcoholics lose complete control of their drinking.
C) ​views alcoholism as an inherited disease.
D) ​assumes different people have different patterns of drinking.

Question 57

Kane, a college senior, has been a moderate drinker for the past two years. Now, he needs more drinks than he did two years ago to feel "buzzed," which suggests that he has developed ________.​

A) ​tolerance
B) addiction
C) ​dependence
D) ​withdrawal

Question 58

All of the following are benefits of being a light to moderate alcohol drinker EXCEPT:​

A) ​lower chance of developing Type 2 diabetes.
B) ​lower risk of experiencing gallstones.
C) ​decreased risk for Alzheimer's disease.
D) ​lower chance of hemorrhagic stroke.

Question 59

The benefits of drinking alcohol appear

A) as soon as one begins to drink.
B) among young adults.
C) during middle age.
D) never; benefits do not outweigh risks.

Question 60

Low to moderate levels of drinking decrease the risk for __________; high levels of drinking increase the risk for ___________.​

A) ​automobile crashes . . . automobile crashes.
B) ​Alzheimer's disease . . . Korsakoff syndrome
C) ​bicycle injuries . . . ulcers
D) ​gallstones . . . lung cancer

Question 61

The Alcoholics Anonymous doctrine​

A) ​calls for complete abstinence.
B) ​adopts a psychological approach to quitting drinking.
C) ​holds that most alcoholics will eventually be cured of problem drinking.
D) ​includes the notion that members must give up tobacco as well as alcohol.

Question 62

Studies on controlled drinking have found that​

A) ​no true alcoholics can be trained to resume normal drinking.
B) ​all subjects were functioning well after three years.
C) ​abstinence-oriented programs sometimes produce controlled drinkers.
D) ​participants trained to abstain were more likely to be successful than those trained to control their drinking.

Question 63

________, a type of therapy where therapists convey their empathy with the client's situation, has been shown to be effective in decreasing problem drinking.​

A) ​Motivational interviewing
B) ​Alcoholics Anonymous
C) ​Spontaneous remission
D) ​Aversion therapy

Question 64

​One year after the end of treatment, about _____ of problem drinkers who have completed the treatment are still abstinent.

A) ​10%
B) ​25%
C) ​35%
D) ​55%

Question 65

Motivational interviewing is a psychotherapy technique used for treating problem drinking, and this technique has the advantage of​

A) ​having a 90% improvement rate for problem drinking.
B) ​being more effective in group settings than individual administration.
C) ​being a brief intervention that requires few sessions.
D) ​all of these as characteristics of this technique.

Question 66

Molly is a licensed professional counselor who has just begun working with problem drinkers. She read some studies on controlled drinking, and she plans to help people learn to control their rate of alcohol consumption. Molly should know that​

A) ​controlled drinking is less effective than 12-step programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous.
B) ​most treatment facilities in the United States do not support this goal.
C) ​controlled drinking is less successful with patients after the age of 50.
D) ​controlled drinking is the goal of most programs in the United States.

Question 67

For problem drinkers, most relapses occur within ______ after the end of the treatment program.​

A) ​1 week
B) ​90 days
C) ​6 months
D) ​1 year

Question 68

Disulfiram is used in the treatment of alcohol abuse​

A) ​but is limited to controlled drinkers.
B) ​because it produces unpleasant effects if combined with alcohol.
C) ​because it is associated with a therapy called counterconditioning.
D) ​due to its ability to treat liver damage.

Question 69

Reviews of psychological interventions for problem drinking show​

A) ​brief interventions and techniques oriented toward changing motivation are most effective.
B) ​psychotherapeutic programs overall are less effective than Alcoholics Anonymous.
C) ​once a person is an alcoholic, that person can never return to controlled drinking.
D) ​group therapy has been found to be more effective than individual therapy has been.

Question 70

As an explanation for why people drink, the tension reduction hypothesis has generally​

A) ​not been supported.
B) ​been supported for both men and women.
C) ​been supported for men but not for women.
D) ​been supported for women but not for men.

Question 71

A major problem with chemical treatments for alcohol abusers (such as disulfiram) is​

A) ​their ineffectiveness.
B) ​their high relapse rates.
C) ​their low compliance rates.
D) ​they rarely are used with other treatments.

Question 72

The concepts of modeling, positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement are important ingredients in this model of drinking.​

A) ​The tension reduction model
B) ​The alcohol myopia model
C) ​The alcohol dependency syndrome
D) ​The social learning model

Question 73

Alcohol treatment programs with abstinence as the goal​

A) ​sometimes produce patients who are able to resume normal drinking patterns.
B) ​generally have higher success rates than programs that teach controlled drinking.
C) ​have yet to produce patients who are able to resume normal drinking patterns.
D) ​are most frequently found to subscribe to the social learning model of drinking.

Question 74

The drugs naltrexone and acamprosate are chemical treatments for alcohol abuse​

A) ​that produce nausea when a person takes either drug and drinks alcohol.
B) ​that are used in aversion therapy.
C) ​that help control cravings for alcohol and maintain abstinence.
D) ​both a and b

Question 75

The most common form of treatment for problem drinking is​

A) ​inpatient treatment.
B) ​outpatient treatment.
C) ​the self-help groups.
D) ​no formal treatment.

Question 76

All of the following support the alcohol myopia model EXCEPT:​

A) ​intoxicated people analyze information at a superficial level.
B) ​intoxicated people are more susceptible to distraction.
C) ​intoxicated people recall fewer details of situations they have experienced.
D) ​intoxicated people focus on abstract, not specific, cues in the environment.

Question 77

The alcohol myopia view of drinking assumes that alcohol consumption leads to​

A) ​deflation of one's accomplishments.
B) ​loss of control over one's drinking.
C) ​increased friendliness and sexiness.
D) ​increased inhibitions, plus insights.

Question 78

According to social learning theory, people begin to drink because​

A) ​alcohol has pleasurable, and immediate, effects.
B) ​alcohol offers an escape from an unpleasant situation.
C) ​they see other people drinking and learn from them.
D) ​all of the above are reasons they begin to drink.

Question 79

Which of these statements regarding Alcoholics Anonymous is true?​

A) ​It follows a social learning model of drinking.
B) ​It insists on the goal of controlled drinking.
C) ​It insists on the goal of total abstinence.
D) ​It assumes people have complete control over drinking.

Question 80

What type of relationship has been found between drinking alcohol and anxiety or tension?​

A) ​Most studies have found that alcohol reduces tension and anxiety.
B) ​Alcohol has been found to reduce anxiety, but to increase tension.
C) ​Alcohol increases anxiety for some people, but decreases it for others.
D) ​Drinking alcohol increases physical anxiety, but decreases social anxiety.