Deck 10: Behavioral Factors in Cancer

Question 1

Since about 1993, cancer death rates in the United States have​

A) ​increased for men, but decreased for women.
B) ​decreased significantly for both men and women.
C) ​increased sharply for women, but remained about the same for men.
D) increased a great deal for both men and women.

Answer 1

​decreased significantly for both men and women.

Question 2

In the United States, _________ cancer accounts for about 28% of all cancer deaths but only about 14% of all cancer cases.​

A) ​lung
B) ​breast
C) ​prostate
D) ​colon/rectal

Answer 2

​lung

Question 3

In the United States, both prostate cancer and breast cancer​

A) ​have the highest incidence and the highest mortality rates.
B) ​have low incidence and low mortality rates.
C) ​have high incidence but relatively lower mortality rates.
D) ​have none of these characteristics in common.

Answer 3

​have high incidence but relatively lower mortality rates.

Question 4

Three patients meet in the waiting room of an oncology practice. Ronald has a type of skin cancer; Farrah has cancer in a mucous membrane; and Isabella has cancer in her stomach lining. These patients all have what kind of cancer?​

A) ​Sarcoma
B) ​Leukemia
C) ​Lymphoma
D) ​Carcinoma

Question 5

​From about 1900 until the mid-1990s, cancer death rates in the United States

A) ​rose steadily.
B) ​exceeded death rates from cardiovascular disease.
C) ​dropped steadily.
D) ​remained quite constant.

Question 6

________ is a form of cancer that arises from cells in connective tissues, such as bones or muscles.​

A) ​Leukemia
B) ​Sarcoma
C) ​Carcinoma
D) ​Lymphoma

Question 7

Most cancer deaths in the United States are caused by​

A) ​pollution.
B) ​genetic factors.
C) ​diet and smoking.
D) ​damage by the sun.

Question 8

Which of the following is most accurate about how people get cancer?​

A) ​People very often inherit cancer from their parents.
B) ​People are never genetically predisposed to cancer.
C) ​People's behaviors contribute primarily to cancers.
D) ​People's cancer rates vary over longer time periods.

Question 9

Cancer​

A) ​is a relatively new disease, first diagnosed during the latter half of the 19th century.
B) ​is a group of diseases marked by the growth and spread of new cells.
C) ​is due to a parasite that attacks new cells.
D) ​is due almost completely to contact with dangerous chemicals.

Question 10

All of the following are types of malignant growths EXCEPT:

A) leukemia.
B) carcinoma.
C) lymphoma.
D) benign cells.

Question 11

Which cancer has the highest incidence but not the highest death rate for women in the United States?

A) Lung
B) Breast
C) Cervical
D) Colon

Question 12

​An oncologist informs a patient that he has lymphoma. This type of cancer is identified as causing _______ of all malignancies.

A) ​the majority
B) ​around half
C) ​the minority
D) ​one quarter

Question 13

​Which of these best explains the recent drop in cancer death rates in the U.S.?

A) ​Better procedures for treatment of cancer
B) ​Better techniques for diagnosis of cancer
C) ​Changes in the lifestyles of many citizens
D) ​Both a and c have contributed to this drop

Question 14

Metastasis refers to​

A) ​the measured growth rate of benign tumors.
B) ​the spread of malignancy across body parts.
C) ​one specific variety of breast cancer.
D) ​a particularly deadly form of lung cancer.

Question 15

The main difference between benign and malignant tumors is​

A) ​that malignant cells can invade surrounding tissues.
B) ​the ability of benign tumors to metastasize.
C) ​the size of the tumor each produces.
D) ​that benign tumors attack nearly any tissue, whereas malignancies are specific to animal (including human) tissue cells.

Question 16

During and since the 1990s, how did cancer mortality rates change for women and men?​

A) ​They decreased significantly for men but not significantly for women.
B) ​They decreased for both women and men, but neither was significant.
C) They decreased significantly for both, but more for women than men.
D) ​They decreased significantly for both, but more for men than women.

Question 17

Benign tumors:​

A) ​are always harmless.
B) ​are usually localized.
C) ​can also metastasize.
D) ​contain normal cells.

Question 18

​Since the mid-1990s, cancer deaths in the United States

A) ​remained quite constant.
B) ​rose steadily.
C) ​began to drop.
D) ​leveled off.

Question 19

Janet was told that her cancer originated in her blood; therefore, she is likely to have a form of _________.​

A) ​leukemia
B) ​sarcoma
C) ​carcinoma
D) ​lymphoma

Question 20

All cancer tumors are​

A) ​invasive.
B) ​neoplastic.
C) ​malignant.
D) ​all of these.

Question 21

​All of the following cancers have increased in recent years EXCEPT:

A) ​liver cancer.
B) ​melanoma.
C) ​colorectal cancer.
D) ​these all increased.

Question 22

The BRCA genes are related to breast cancer;​

A) ​women with these genes are about 20 times as likely to develop breast cancer as women without them.
B) ​women with mutated forms of these genes are vulnerable to breast cancer.
C) ​these genes are responsible for about 50% of breast cancer cases.
D) ​women with these genes will develop breast cancer, and 40% of them will do so before age 35.

Question 23

Women whose mothers developed breast cancer before age 40, compared with those whose mothers did not have cancer, are​

A) ​about two times more likely to develop breast cancer.
B) ​about five to ten times as likely to develop breast cancer.
C) ​no more likely to have breast cancer.
D) ​much less likely to have breast cancer.

Question 24

The decline in the breast cancer death rate is due mainly to​

A) ​decline in alcohol consumption.
B) ​decline in cigarette smoking.
C) ​improvements in early detection and treatment.
D) ​increases in women using hormone replacement therapy.

Question 25

In the United States, _____ cancer has the second highest death rate of any cancer.​

A) ​lung
B) ​colorectal
C) ​breast
D) ​prostate

Question 26

​Testicular cancer

A) ​has age-related risks similar to other cancers.
B) ​varies from the age-related risk of other cancers, striking middle-aged men more often than older men.
C) ​varies from the age-related risk of other cancers, striking young men more often than older ones.
D) ​has a higher mortality rate than lung or prostate cancer.

Question 27

Which of these ethnic groups has the strongest risk for colorectal cancer deaths?​

A) ​Hispanic Americans
B) ​European Americans
C) ​African Americans
D) Asian Americans

Question 28

Recent evidence suggests that genetic factors play the biggest part in the development of _____ cancer.​

A) ​breast
B) ​prostate
C) ​lung
D) ​colorectal

Question 29

With regard to radiation and cancer, evidence suggests that​

A) ​any exposure to radiation greatly increases one's risk for cancer.
B) ​any exposure to radiation slightly increases one's risk for cancer.
C) ​medical/dental staff working with X-rays have significantly higher risks of cancer.
D) ​long-time employment in a nuclear power plant increases death rates from cancer.

Question 30

​There is a _______ incidence of _______ in America, and a _______ mortality from _______.

A) ​much higher, breast and prostate cancer; much higher, lung cancer
B) ​much lower, breast and prostate cancer; much higher, lung cancer
C) ​much higher, lung cancer; much higher, breast and prostate cancer
D) ​much lower, breast and prostate cancer; much lower, lung cancer

Question 31

According to the American Cancer Society (2012), roughly how many deaths from cancer in the US are attributable to smoking, diet, sedentariness, and other lifestyle factors?​

A) ​One half
B) ​Two thirds
C) ​Three quarters
D) ​One third

Question 32

During the 1990s, death rates from lung cancer for men​

A) ​began to decline.
B) ​increased slightly.
C) ​increased sharply.
D) ​were exceeded by death rates from prostate cancer for the first time since the 19th century.

Question 33

Which of these is the strongest inherent risk factor for cancer?​

A) ​Ethnic background
B) ​Advancing age
C) ​Family history
D) ​Gender

Question 34

​________ risk factors for cancer include genetics and family history, whereas ______ risk factors include smoking and diet.

A) ​Inherent; behavioral
B) ​Inherent; environmental
C) ​Behavioral; inherent
D) ​Behavioral; environmental

Question 35

The second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States is​

A) ​lung cancer.
B) ​breast cancer.
C) ​stomach cancer.
D) ​colorectal cancer.

Question 36

All of the following cancers have decreased in recent years EXCEPT:​

A) ​liver cancer.
B) ​prostate cancer.
C) ​breast cancer.
D) ​lung cancer.

Question 37

Breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer together are the causes of around _______ of all cancer deaths in America.

A) one third
B) one quarter
C) two thirds
D) one half

Question 38

When examining the cancer risk of exposure to radiation, living in a community near a nuclear power plant

A) increases the risks for all cancers.
B) increases risks for mouth, throat, and lung cancer.
C) increases the risk for all cancers in men.
D) does not increase the risks for cancers.

Question 39

Which of the following is correct regarding both lung cancer and liver cancer?​

A) ​They both are among the deadlier forms of cancer.
B) ​They both are decreasing in both women and men.
C) ​They both are commoner in European Americans.
D) ​They both share every one of these characteristics.

Question 40

Across all cancers, _______ are due to inherited genetic mutations.​

A) ​1-2%
B) ​5-10%
C) ​15-20%
D) 25-30%

Question 41

Studies on the attitudes toward smoking in Denmark compared to in the United States indicate that _______ may play an important role in how individuals understand their perceived risk from smoking.​

A) ​the acceptability of smoking
B) ​the cultural prevalence of smoking
C) ​the overall mortality rates from smoking
D) ​the influences of both a and b on smoking

Question 42

Bettye is a 40-year old X-ray technician who smokes about two packs of cigarettes a day, drinks about two alcoholic beverages a day, and eats a diet low in saturated fats. Her number one risk for cancer death is her​

A) ​occupation.
B) ​smoking.
C) ​gender.
D) ​diet.

Question 43

According to survey research, most people _______ the genetic risk factors for cancer.​

A) ​overestimate
B) ​underestimate
C) ​are unaware of
D) ​accurately guess

Question 44

The number one preventable cause of death in the United States is/are​

A) ​high serum cholesterol.
B) ​cigarette smoking.
C) ​accidents.
D) ​AIDS.

Question 45

Being members of ethnic minorities has _______ effect on Americans' _______ of cancer compared to their _______ of cancer.​

A) ​more; survival; incidence
B) ​more; incidence; survival
C) ​equal; survival; incidence
D) ​less; prevalence; incidence

Question 46

​A high-fat diet that contributes to high cholesterol levels appears to be a high risk factor for _______.

A) ​lung cancer
B) ​breast cancer
C) ​testicular cancer
D) ​colorectal cancer

Question 47

​Women with a mutated form of the BRCA 1 gene are as many as ______ as likely to develop _______ cancer as someone who has the non-mutated form of the gene.

A) ​seven times; lung
B) ​seven times; breast
C) ​twice; breast
D) ​twice; lung

Question 48

Asian Americans have _______ mortality rates from cancer in general than European Americans, but _______ mortality rates for stomach and liver cancers specifically than European Americans.​

A) ​lower; much higher
B) ​higher; much lower
C) ​lower; a bit higher
D) ​higher; a bit lower

Question 49

_______ factors have a greater influence on cancer development than _______ factors.

A) Environmental and behavioral; genetic
B) Genetic and environmental; behavioral
C) Behavioral and genetic; environmental
D) Behavioral; genetic and environmental

Question 50

​Cigarette smokers are _______ times more likely to die of lung cancer than those who have never smoked.

A) ​10.9
B) ​24.9
C) ​50
D) ​67.2

Question 51

Inherited genetic mutations are most likely to lead to which kinds of cancers?​

A) ​Cancers of the reproductive systems
B) ​Cancers of the endocrine system
C) ​Cancers of the digestive system
D) ​Cancers of both (a) and (c)

Question 52

When researchers (Du, Meyer, & Franzini, 2007) controlled for socioeconomic factors, what did they find about cancer in ethnic minorities compared to in European Americans?​

A) ​Their rates of cancers became lower.
B) ​Their rates of survival became equal.
C) ​Their rates of cancers became equal.
D) ​Their rates of survival became lower.

Question 53

Taylor is a 28-year-old stockbroker with a 6-year-old son. She smokes about 30 cigarettes a day and consumes about 5 to 10 alcoholic drinks during a week. Because her mother died of cancer of the esophagus at age 64, Taylor is trying to reduce her risk of cancer. Her best course of action would be to​

A) ​change jobs.
B) ​have another child.
C) ​quit smoking.
D) ​stop drinking.

Question 54

Alberta is African American, and her friend Eleanor is European American. Statistically, Eleanor is ____ likely to develop breast cancer than Alberta and ____ likely to die of it.​

A) ​less; more
B) ​more; more
C) ​more; less
D) ​less; less

Question 55

_______ is the leading cause of death among children aged 1-14 years and ______ is the second leading cause of death for that age group.​

A) ​Cancer; unintentional injury
B) ​Cancer; cardiovascular disease
C) ​Unintentional injury; cancer
D) ​Cardiovascular disease; cancer

Question 56

African Americans have lower survival rates for most cancers compared to other ethnic groups. These ethnic discrepancies are most likely due to​

A) ​social factors.
B) ​genetic factors.
C) ​biological factors.
D) ​racial discrimination.

Question 57

How many American cancer deaths does the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services attribute to smoking?​

A) One third​
B) ​One half
C) ​A quarter
D) ​One fifth

Question 58

Ethnic minorities in America develop many cancers at _______ rates compared to European Americans, and they typically have cancer diagnosed _______.​

A) ​higher; later
B) ​higher; earlier
C) ​lower; earlier
D) ​lower; later

Question 59

​Some types of infections and chronic inflammation raise cancer risks. What is believed about these?

A) ​Infections may be more attributable to environmental exposure.
B) ​Inflammation may be more attributable to behavioral variables.
C) ​Both infections and inflammation may be more from behavior.
D) ​Both infections and inflammation may be more environmental.

Question 60

Although the leading cause of lung cancer deaths continues to be smoking, _________ is another important behavioral risk for all other cancers in the United States.

A) diet
B) alcohol
C) unsafe sex
D) stressful life events

Question 61

Physical activity seems to offer some protection against​

A) ​non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
B) ​colon cancer.
C) ​bone cancer.
D) ​lung cancer.

Question 62

Women who consume ____ drinks per _____ have a moderate to strong risk for breast cancer.​

A) ​1-2; week
B) ​1-2; day
C) ​3+; week
D) ​3+; day

Question 63

As a risk factor for cancer, alcohol has​

A) ​about the same risk as cigarette smoking.
B) ​about the same risk as an improper diet.
C) ​a synergistic effect with smoking.
D) ​a synergistic effect with UV light.

Question 64

Mary is obese, and her weight increases her risk for all of the following cancers EXCEPT:

A) esophageal.
B) kidney.
C) endometrial.
D) colorectal.

Question 65

John eats a lot of meat in his diet, mainly preserved meats, such as ham and bacon. His diet increases his risk of ______ cancer.​

A) ​colorectal
B) ​testicular
C) ​kidney
D) ​lung

Question 66

​Lee Ann believes that diet is an important factor in cancer. She wants to eat a diet that will protect her. Current research indicates that

A) ​Lee Ann should concentrate on eating a high-protein diet.
B) ​Lee Ann should take vitamin supplements.
C) ​Lee Ann should eat "natural" foods with no preservatives.
D) ​Lee Ann should eat a diet high in fruits and vegetables.

Question 67

One reason that consuming red meat may raise the risk for cancer is​

A) ​the methods of preparation, such as grilling and smoking, create risks.
B) ​the high protein content of red meat is a risk.
C) ​the high carbohydrate content of red meat is a risk.
D) ​meat is more likely to be contaminated than grains, nuts, or vegetables.

Question 68

​In moderate amounts, selenium offers protection against ________ cancer(s).

A) ​prostate
B) ​kidney
C) ​colon
D) ​a and c

Question 69

Bruce eats a diet high in fiber. High-fiber diets have been shown to be protective against ______ cancer.​

A) ​esophageal
B) ​kidney
C) ​endometrial
D) ​colorectal

Question 70

Current evidence for a link between alcohol consumption and breast cancer is​

A) ​convincing, as studies show higher consumption causes higher risk.
B) ​strong, because all studies are showing a causal relationship.
C) ​weak, because most studies are showing no connection.
D) ​nonexistent, because no studies have yet investigated any relationship.

Question 71

Susan regularly tans using an indoor tanning bad. Compared to other young adults who do not use tanning beds, Susan is at a _____ increased risk for melanoma.​

A) ​25%
B) ​45%
C) ​50%
D) ​75%

Question 72

Josh is a 22-year-old, nonsmoking college senior who wants to reduce his risk for lung cancer. His best course of action would be to​

A) ​take large doses of vitamin E, vitamin C, and vitamin A supplements.
B) ​take moderate doses of a variety of supplements.
C) ​adopt a lifelong diet that contains high levels of fruits and vegetables.
D) ​avoid high levels of dietary vitamin C.

Question 73

Exposure to the human papillomavirus (HPV) increases risk for ____ and ____ cancer.​

A) ​cervical; breast
B) ​cervical; oral
C) ​breast; oral
D) ​oral; throat

Question 74

Currently, the evidence that some dietary nutrients can prevent cancer is​

A) ​difficult to establish through randomized, controlled trials.
B) ​stronger for taking supplements than for eating specific foods.
C) ​about as strong as the evidence that smoking is related to cancer.
D) ​nonexistent.

Question 75

Individuals who keep a healthy weight, maintain a healthy diet, stay physically active, and drink in moderation have a _____ lower risk for cardiovascular disease-related death than individuals who do not adhere to those healthy behaviors.​

A) ​21%
B) ​30%
C) ​48%
D) ​66%

Question 76

​Some evidence indicates that being ___________ is positively related to colon and rectal cancer.

A) ​obese
B) ​female
C) ​male
D) ​European American

Question 77

Among the following, which of these factors carries the lowest risk for cancer?

A) Having several family members get cancer before age 50
B) Eating a diet high in vegetables and fruits
C) Being African American
D) Having had multiple sex partners

Question 78

​Individuals who keep a healthy weight, maintain a healthy diet, stay physically active, and drink in moderation have a _____ lower risk for cancer-related death than individuals who do not adhere to those healthy behaviors.

A) ​21%
B) ​30%
C) ​48%
D) ​66%

Question 79

Nick eats a high-fat diet, and this may multiply his risk for _______ cancer.​

A) ​colorectal
B) ​testicular
C) ​kidney
D) ​lung

Question 80

​During the past 75 years, the introduction of refrigeration and food additives has been linked most strongly to

A) ​decreases in lung cancer.
B) ​increases in colon cancer.
C) ​increases in stomach cancer.
D) ​decreases in stomach cancer.