Deck 8: Considering Alternative Approaches

Question 1

​When people combine conventional treatments such as analgesic drugs with alternative approaches such as massage,

A) ​they are using complementary medicine.
B) ​the diverse treatment approaches will be ineffective.
C) ​their conventional medicine practitioners often force them to make a choice between approaches.
D) ​the combination of approaches will probably cancel each other out.

Answer 1

​they are using complementary medicine.

Question 2

​What do all alternative medical systems have in common? The systems

A) ​are holistic, considering psychological factors as well as physical factors in health.
B) ​arose long ago and are now accepted by very few people.
C) ​accept the importance of manipulation of the skin and organs in the healing process.
D) ​emphasize physical factors and minimize psychological and emotional factors.

Answer 2

​are holistic, considering psychological factors as well as physical factors in health.

Question 3

Alternative medicine is an alternative to what?

A) Complementary medicine
B) Conventional medicine
C) Chinese medicine
D) Western medicine

Answer 3

Conventional medicine

Question 4

​The process of acceptance of alternative treatments can eventually change them into conventional treatments. What is a historical example of this from 150 years ago?

A) ​Whole-grain diets
B) ​Analgesic drugs
C) ​Surgical treatment
D) ​Massage therapy

Question 5

​The goal of Ayurvedic medicine is to integrate and balance

A) ​the body, space, and time.
B) ​the body, mind, and spirit.
C) ​the yin and yang.
D) ​hot and cold forces in the body.

Question 6

Norman Cousins used his personal experience with illness and healing to accomplish which of the following?​

A) ​He worked outside of conventional medicine to advocate for alternatives.
B) ​He helped shift healthcare from the biomedical to biopsychosocial model.
C) ​He demonstrated that alternative medicine cured all autoimmune diseases.
D) ​He proved positive emotions were always superior to traditional medicine.

Question 7

​Therapeutic manipulation of the spine is the basis for

A) ​massage therapy.
B) ​acupuncture.
C) ​qi gong.
D) ​chiropractic treatment.

Question 8

​Among the following TCM practices, which is used to stimulate OR subdue qi?

A) ​Tui na
B) ​Qi gong
C) ​Acupuncture
D) ​Acupressure

Question 9

​Which traditional Chinese medicine technique is considered a manipulative technique?

A) ​Acupuncture
B) ​Acupressure
C) ​Both of these
D) ​Neither of these

Question 10

​Chiropractic practitioners

A) ​have earned graduate degrees and obtained licenses to practice.
B) ​attend college for about four years but do not receive any degree.
C) ​may earn a doctoral degree or not, which affects the extent of their practice.
D) ​train through an apprentice program rather than through colleges.

Question 11

​The main limitation on the use of CAM is

A) ​the body of research that indicates no real effects for these techniques.
B) ​the widespread lack of acceptance by the public.
C) ​the lack of research on these techniques.
D) ​the campaign by conventional medicine to prevent people from using CAM.

Question 12

​According to traditional Chinese medicine, when the qi is blocked or becomes stagnant,

A) ​health impairment occurs.
B) ​people lose weight.
C) ​an increase in creativity occurs.
D) ​lung capacity increases but digestive capacity decreases.

Question 13

​The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine

A) sponsors research on complementary and alternative medicine.​​
B) ​promotes the use of complementary and alternative medicine through lobbying efforts.
C) ​evaluates the safety of products and devices.
D) ​reviews treatment programs for the National Institutes of Health on complementary and alternative practices.

Question 14

​One of the goals of treatment in traditional Chinese medicine is to

A) ​reduce the amount of qi that flows through the body.
B) ​increase the amount of qi that flows through the body.
C) ​bring yin and yang into balance.
D) ​increase yin forces and decrease yang forces.

Question 15

​The commonality among all the systems, practices, and products that are considered alternative is

A) ​that they are ineffective except for the placebo response.
B) ​their derivation from Chinese medicine.
C) ​that they are not accepted within conventional medicine.
D) ​their higher degree of effectiveness compared to conventional techniques.

Question 16

​In traditional Chinese medicine, channels in the body that connect body parts to one another and to the universe are called:

A) ​Qi.
B) ​Yin.
C) ​Yang.
D) ​Meridians.

Question 17

​The technique that involves inserting needles into specific points on the body and stimulating those points is

A) ​qi gong.
B) ​acupuncture.
C) ​ayurveda.
D) ​pressure point therapy.

Question 18

​Chiropractic treatment was the subject of a bitter fight during the middle of the 20th century. What group tried to keep chiropractors from practicing?

A) ​The American Psychological Association
B) ​The American Psychiatric Association
C) ​The American Medical Association
D) ​The National Institutes of Health

Question 19

​Ayurvedic medicine originated in

A) ​India.
B) ​China.
C) ​Europe in the 19th century.
D) ​Japan.

Question 20

​The exercise that originated with Ayurvedic medicine is

A) ​qi gong.
B) ​tai chi.
C) ​yoga.
D) ​rhythmic meridian movement.

Question 21

Twentieth century conventional medicine authorities strenuously opposed chiropractic. What development has followed this today?

A) Chiropractic has become separated from conventional medicine.
B) Chiropractic is becoming integrated into conventional medicine.
C) Chiropractic has never been accepted by U.S. military divisions.
D) Chiropractic is still not covered by health insurance in the USA.

Question 22

Chiropractic treatment is based on an assumption that:​

A) ​Spinal misalignments give rise to health problems.
B) ​Health problems give rise to spinal misalignments.
C) ​Treatments heal the body, which cannot heal itself.
D) ​Chiropractic has a basis in all of these assumptions.

Question 23

​A fundamental premise of chiropractic care is that it

A) ​can prevent illness rather than cure it.
B) ​can cure illness rather than prevent it.
C) ​can both cure and also prevent illness.
D) ​can promote health but not aid illness.

Question 24

The notion that the mind and body form a holistic system of dynamic interaction characterizes which approach?

A) Mind-body medicine
B) Traditional Chinese medicine
C) Ayurvedic medicine
D) All these approaches to medicine

Question 25

​The meditation technique that involves sitting relaxed with eyes closed, focusing on breathing, and repeating a single word or sound is called

A) ​mindfulness meditation.
B) ​transcendental meditation.
C) ​yogic meditation.
D) ​repetitive meditation.

Question 26

Which of the following manipulative techniques originated in traditional Chinese medicine?

A) Acupressure and tui na
B) Acupuncture and Shiatsu
C) Shiatsu and acupressure
D) Tai chi and yoga exercise

Question 27

Which alternative treatment is most likely to be covered by insurance plans in the United States?

A) Chiropractic
B) Dietary supplements
C) Hypnotherapy
D) Tai chi classes

Question 28

Almost _______ of adults in the US supplement their diet with vitamins, minerals, or natural products to improve their health.

A) 7%
B) 18%
C) 24%
D) 62%

Question 29

​What body parts does massage therapy manipulate?

A) ​The spine
B) ​The joints
C) ​Soft tissues
D) ​All of these

Question 30

​Acupuncture, acupressure, and tui na are techniques or practices that stem from _________.

A) ​traditional Chinese medicine
B) ​Ayurvedic medicine
C) ​energy healing
D) ​homeopathy

Question 31

​What is true about similarities and differences between traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurvedic medicine?

A) ​Only one of these incorporates some types of exercise.
B) ​Only one of these incorporates making dietary changes.
C) ​Only one of these incorporates the use of acupuncture.
D) ​Only one of these incorporates preparations with herbs.

Question 32

​Which of the following is used to regulate the nervous system, flush waste materials out of the body, and promote immune system function?

A) ​Tui na
B) ​Tai chi
C) ​Qui gong
D) ​All of these

Question 33

​Which of the following vegetarian diets is the most restrictive?

A) ​Ovo-lacto-vegetarian
B) ​Lacto-vegetarian
C) ​Vegetarian
D) ​Vegan

Question 34

​Two of the more common alternative treatments in the United States are

A) ​chiropractic treatment and energy healing.
B) ​chiropractic treatment and massage.
C) ​massage and meditation.
D) ​energy healing and massage.

Question 35

​Vegetarian and vegan diets are helpful in promoting good health, as they are beneficial in helping to _______________.

A) ​reduce high cholesterol
B) ​reduce the risk of cold and flu
C) reduce the risk for osteoarthritis​
D) reduce all of the above problems​

Question 36

​_______ is a technique of inserting needles into specific points of the skin that is meant to unblock the flow of qi and restore health.

A) Acupuncture
B) ​Acupressure
C) Tui na​
D) ​Tai chi

Question 37

​In which sequence has massage been viewed and used in modern times, from earlier to now?

A) ​As a luxury; as a part of physical therapy and rehabilitation; as a therapy for managing pain, anxiety, and stress
B) ​As a therapy for managing pain, anxiety, and stress; as a part of physical therapy and rehabilitation; as a luxury
C) ​As a part of physical therapy and rehabilitation; as a therapy for managing pain, anxiety, and stress; as a luxury
D) ​As a part of physical therapy and rehabilitation; as a luxury; as a therapy for managing pain, anxiety, and stress

Question 38

​Which of the following has/have recommended people limit their meat consumption for health reasons?

A) ​The American Heart Association
B) ​The American Cancer Society
C) ​Both have recommended this
D) ​Neither has recommended it

Question 39

​Who was important in formulating the view that the mind and the body work according to different principles?

A) ​Norman Cousins
B) ​Anton Mesmer
C) ​Daniel David Palmer
D) ​René Descartes

Question 40

​The group of diverse medical and health care systems that are not considered part of conventional medicine are _____________.

A) ​biopsychosocial medicines
B) ​bio-medicines
C) ​alternative medicines
D) ​complementary medicines

Question 41

​Tai chi is practiced currently as _____________ but originated as ____________.

A) ​a relaxation technique . . . a method for curing neurological disorders
B) ​an exercise to increase strength . . . a weight loss method
C) ​a technique to promote health . . . a martial art
D) ​a type of meditation . . . an aerobic workout

Question 42

​Martha participates in _______, a type of meditation where she sits and repeats a sound over and over.

A) ​mindfulness meditation
B) ​transcendental meditation
C) ​guided imagery
D) ​yoga

Question 43

​Research on the medical benefits of qi gong indicates that

A) ​qi gong practice creates measurable changes in electric and thermal energy.
B) ​qi gong must be combined with tai chi to exert beneficial effects.
C) ​the benefits are similar to relaxation training, producing mostly stress reduction.
D) ​the benefits from qi gong are similar to the effects from placebos.

Question 44

​Snyder is in therapy with a health psychologist for relief from panic attacks. The psychologist uses a technique in which Snyder is asked to imagine a peaceful pastoral scene and then concentrate on that scene during any anxiety-provoking situation. From this description it appears that Snyder's psychologist is using

A) ​hypnosis.
B) ​progressive muscle relaxation.
C) ​meditative relaxation.
D) ​guided imagery.

Question 45

​Researchers (Clarke et al., 2015) have found that many Americans use deep breathing in which way?

A) ​As a component of a yoga practice only
B) ​Along with other mind-body techniques
C) ​Alone without other mind-body methods
D) ​As parts of the meditation practices only

Question 46

​The practice of yoga includes many postures that are intended to _______ and controlled breathing that is intended to _______.

A) ​relieve pressure on the spine . . . reframe their problems
B) ​concentrate energy in the body . . . concentrate attention
C) ​induce a trance . . . energize the body
D) ​concentrate muscle tension . . . remove muscle tension

Question 47

​Thermal biofeedback training can enable a person to learn to raise skin temperature because

A) ​skin temperature rises when relaxation prompts vasodilation.
B) ​an increase in the resting heart rate stimulates vasodilation.
C) ​skin temperature correlates with level of visceral activity.
D) ​the sensorimotor rhythm stimulates adrenal system activation.

Question 48

​Qi gong is

A) ​a series of movements that offer therapeutic benefits.
B) ​a talk-based therapy that originated in Chinese medicine.
C) ​a herbal remedy for stress or depression.
D) ​a type of meditation that is an effective strategy for controlling stress.

Question 49

​An increasingly common secular practice, ________ involves a focus of attention and an open attitude.

A) ​meditation
B) qi gong​
C) tai chi​
D) ​biofeedback

Question 50

​There has been evidence to suggest that _______ produce(s) changes in the function of the immune system.

A) ​qi gong
B) ​tai chi
C) ​mindfulness meditation
D) ​all of these techniques

Question 51

Sean practices this type of movement that could be described as a "moving meditation:"

A) qi gong.
B) tai chi.
C) transcendental meditation.
D) mindfulness meditation.

Question 52

Matt is experiencing recurring headaches, so he uses a treatment that consists of being made aware of his physiological processes, such as muscle tension.

A) Biofeedback
B) Energy healing
C) Hypnosis
D) Mindfulness

Question 53

Which type of meditation has been adapted into a stress-reduction program and has been shown to work by altering brain function?

A) Mindfulness meditation
B) Transcendental meditation
C) Guided imagery
D) Yoga

Question 54

​When practiced as a connected set of movements, tai chi

A) ​is not as beneficial as when practiced as disconnected, discrete movements.
B) ​has few physical benefits, but produces many psychological benefits.
C) ​is no longer suitable for older people because of safety issues.
D) ​provides moderate intensity, low-impact aerobic exercise.

Question 55

With the technique known as mindfulness meditation, people ​

A) ​receive spiritual advice from their therapists.
B) ​receive information about their internal biological functioning.
C) ​focus nonjudgmentally on thoughts or sensations as they occur.
D) ​attempt to discover and correct their irrational cognitions.

Question 56

​A key component of ________ is the focus of attention on moving the body in a controlled fashion, ignoring other situations or problems.

A) ​mindfulness meditation
B) ​transcendental meditation
C) ​guided imagery
D) ​yoga

Question 57

​Jane participates in _______, a type of meditation focused on non-judgmental awareness of one's thoughts and feelings.

A) ​mindfulness meditation
B) ​transcendental meditation
C) ​guided imagery
D) ​yoga

Question 58

The most critical element of the biofeedback process is​

A) ​change in the rate of breathing.
B) ​immediate information on biological system status.
C) ​an understanding of how and why the process occurs.
D) ​change in the heart rate.

Question 59

​Which of the following mind-body medicine techniques would only include deep, controlled breathing if attaining such breathing were the direct goal of treatment, rather than a general part of the practice?

A) ​Meditation
B) ​Biofeedback
C) ​Guided imagery
D) ​Qui gong, tai chi

Question 60

​According to recent national research data, which mind-body approach is used by the most Americans?

A) ​Yoga
B) ​Meditation
C) ​Guided imagery
D) ​Deep breathing

Question 61

​Between 2007 and 2012, Marco experimented with some CAM techniques, settled on yoga, and adopted it as a regular practice. According to statistics, what is true about this?

A) ​This was one of several CAM practices that rose significantly during that time.
B) ​This was the only CAM practice that increased significantly during that period.
C) ​This was the only CAM practice that did not rise significantly during that time.
D) ​This was one of several CAM practices that did not increase during that period.

Question 62

​Most people in the United States who use some form of CAM use it as __________ rather than as __________.

A) ​something their physician recommended . . . something they believe in
B) ​complementary medicine . . . alternative medicine
C) ​alternative medicine . . . complementary medicine
D) ​a last resort . . . a first choice

Question 63

​What have researchers concluded about many people who use CAM in the USA, Canada, Europe, and Israel?

A) ​They are likely to have health conditions that result in their experiencing pain.
B) ​They are likely to have pain relief but side-effects from conventional medicine.
C) ​They are likely to give up conventional treatments and substitute CAM instead.
D) ​They are likely to possess any one, any two, or all three of these characteristics.

Question 64

​Which physiological processes have researchers found both meditation and qi gong can affect positively?

A) ​They can both delay some aging-related brain changes.
B) ​They can both reverse some age-related brain changes.
C) ​They can both achieve attention-related brain changes.
D) ​They can both cause immune system function changes.

Question 65

​Reviews of research into mindfulness meditation find that people who use it

A) ​experience an increase in anxiety but a decrease in tension.
B) ​can manage stress better as well as stress-related disorders.
C) ​benefit the same regardless of how much they practice it.
D) ​can alleviate depression, but not prevent relapse into it.

Question 66

Critics of CAM argue that few double-blind, placebo-controlled trials have demonstrated effectiveness. CAM advocates argue that

A) many techniques used in conventional medicine have not been evaluated by this method either.
B) double-blind, placebo-controlled trials constitute a flawed method for evaluating health research.
C) researchers are already biased against CAM; therefore, the research is not fair.
D) the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine is underfunded.

Question 67

Relaxation training, including meditation, has been found to be most successful in​

A) ​lowering blood pressure to the normal range.
B) ​managing stress and anxiety.
C) ​treating stress-related schizophrenia.
D) ​treating ulcers.

Question 68

​Before chemical anesthetics were discovered, hypnosis

A) ​was tried but found ineffective during surgery.
B) ​was used by some surgeons as an anesthetic.
C) ​was never used to sedate surgical patients.
D) ​was used in the 1830s during all surgery.

Question 69

Health psychologists have most effectively used hypnotic treatment to help people​

A) ​control pain.
B) ​cope with stress.
C) ​stop smoking.
D) ​alter eating habits.

Question 70

​Techniques from traditional Chinese medicine have demonstrated effectiveness for managing stress and depression. Which of the following statements describes the research findings?

A) ​Acupuncture and acupressure are effective in managing stress but less effective for depression.
B) ​Qi gong and tai chi are effective for managing stress, anxiety, and depression, but acupuncture has not been found to be effective for these conditions.
C) ​Qi gong and tai chi are effective for managing stress, and acupuncture is an effective treatment for depression.
D) ​Herbal preparations are effective in managing anxiety, and qi gong is an effective treatment for depression.

Question 71

Who in the United States is most likely to use CAM?

A) A middle-aged Asian American woman
B) A teenage athlete
C) A well-educated European American woman
D) A well-educated Asian American man

Question 72

​Those researchers who believe that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness also believe that it is necessary to use __________ to achieve this altered state.

A) ​increased muscle tension
B) ​an induction procedure
C) ​biofeedback
D) ​a hypnotist with a strong personality

Question 73

​In which of these countries could you most expect people to use CAM less often than people in the United States?

A) ​United Kingdom
B) ​Germany
C) ​Australia
D) ​Sweden

Question 74

​Young men who believed strongly in _______ were _______ to use CAM than other people.

A) ​religion; more
B) ​religion; less
C) ​science; more
D) ​science; less

Question 75

​A person who uses some form of CAM is likely to

A) ​be an immigrant to the United States.
B) ​have a lower level of socioeconomic status.
C) ​subscribe to the biomedical view of health and illness.
D) ​accept the biopsychosocial view of health and illness.

Question 76

Which of the following have research studies found about hypnosis?

A) Brain imaging studies do not support it is a state of altered consciousness.
B) Comparison studies find it is less effective than non-hypnotic suggestions.
C) Brain imaging studies support that it is altering consciousness apart from effect.
D) Comparison studies find it is more effective than nonhypnotic suggestion.

Question 77

​A treatment is classified as alternative because

A) ​the treatment has not been approved by the FDA.
B) ​its practitioners are not licensed.
C) ​research evidence has not confirmed its effectiveness.
D) ​all of these are criteria for classification as alternative.

Question 78

A recent study that examined the efficacy of hypnosis as a treatment compared hypnotic suggestion to nonhypnotic suggestion and found that pain was reduced for __________.​

A) ​patients who were under hypnosis only
B) ​all patients, regardless of whether they were under hypnosis
C) ​patients who expected their treatment to be effective
D) ​patients who were not hypnotized only

Question 79

In the United States, who is most likely to use CAM?

A) A well-educated European American woman
B) A poorly educated Hispanic woman
C) An Asian American whose parents immigrated to the United States
D) People with low back injuries

Question 80

​Scientists who believe hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness believe:

A) ​It is simply a form of relaxation training.
B) ​It necessitates an induction nevertheless.
C) ​It involves a suggestible personality trait.
D) ​It is described by (a) and (c), but not (b).