Deck 9: Behaivoral Factors in Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

Coronary artery disease differs from coronary heart disease​

A) ​in terms of severity-coronary artery disease is a more severe condition than coronary heart disease.
B) ​in terms of location-coronary artery disease is damage to the arteries; coronary heart disease is damage to the myocardium.
C) ​in terms of the number of people affected-many more people have coronary heart disease than have coronary artery disease.
D) ​in no way that has been able to be clearly identified.

Answer 1

​in terms of location-coronary artery disease is damage to the arteries; coronary heart disease is damage to the myocardium.

Question 2

Approximately _______ of Americans have hypertension.​

A) ​one-third
B) ​one-fourth
C) ​one-half
D) ​two-thirds

Answer 2

​one-third

Question 3

Coronary arteries​

A) ​carry blood from the heart to the remainder of the body.
B) ​carry blood from the body's extremities to the heart.
C) ​furnish blood to the heart.
D) ​furnish blood to the brain.

Answer 3

​furnish blood to the heart.

Question 4

In younger individuals, high _______ pressure is most strongly related to cardiovascular risk; but in older individuals, high _______ pressure is more indicative of cardiovascular risk.

A) diastolic; systolic
B) diastolic; presystolic
C) systolic; diastolic
D) presystolic; diastolic

Question 5

Mike's doctor tells him that his arteries have hardened. The more technical term for this would be

A) atherosclerosis.
B) arteriosclerosis.
C) myocardium.
D) cardiac attack.

Question 6

______ carry oxygenated blood from the heart to various parts of the body, whereas ______ moves deoxygenated blood toward the heart.​

A) ​Veins; arteries
B) ​Arteries; capillaries
C) ​Arteries; veins
D) ​Veins; arterioles

Question 7

The disorder that includes the formation of plaque in the arteries is​

A) ​angina pectoris.
B) ​atheromatous fatigue.
C) ​atherosclerosis
D) ​arteriosclerosis.

Question 8

For blood pressure, _______ pressure represents pressure generated by the heart's contractions and _______, pressure represents pressure experienced between contractions.

A) diastolic; systolic
B) diastolic; presystolic
C) systolic; diastolic
D) presystolic; diastolic

Question 9

The fifth most frequent cause of death is _______, which is the result of oxygen deprivation to the brain.​

A) ​a stroke
B) ​hypertension
C) ​angina pectoris
D) ​a myocardial infarction

Question 10

A disorder characterized by a restriction of oxygen to the heart, a sensation of crushing pain, and a difficulty in breathing but no loss of consciousness or damage to the myocardium is​

A) ​stroke.
B) ​arrhythmia.
C) ​heart attack.
D) ​angina pectoris.

Question 11

Restriction of blood flow is called​

A) ​arteriosclerosis.
B) ​ischemia
C) ​arrhythmia.
D) ​an embolism.

Question 12

Myocardial infarctions​

A) ​are commonly known as heart attacks.
B) ​are seldom life-threatening, but serve as a signal of possible heart disease.
C) ​result from loss of oxygen to the brain.
D) ​fit none of these descriptions.

Question 13

Atherosclerosis may affect blood supply in any part of the body, but it is most dangerous when it affects​

A) ​veins in the extremities.
B) ​arteries in the extremities.
C) ​any veins.
D) ​coronary arteries.

Question 14

What is the term that refers to any damage to the myocardium as a result of insufficient blood supply?​

A) ​Coronary heart disease
B) ​Coronary artery disease
C) ​Stroke
D) ​Hypertension

Question 15

Bob is experiencing dizziness, nausea, a squeezing pain in his chest, and cold sweating. He is likely experiencing symptoms of​

A) ​a stroke.
B) hypertension​
C) ​angina pectoris.
D) ​a myocardial infarction.

Question 16

The circulation of blood permits​

A) the transportation of oxygen to body cells.
B) the removal of carbon dioxide from cells.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.

Question 17

What is the system that consists of the heart, arteries, and veins?

A) Musculoskeletal
B) Cardiovascular
C) Endocrine
D) Immune

Question 18

Millions of Americans have abnormally high blood pressure, or __________.​

A) ​a stroke
B) ​hypertension
C) ​angina pectoris
D) ​a myocardial infarction

Question 19

A more technical name for "hardening of the arteries" is​

A) ​angina pectoris.
B) ​atherosclerosis.
C) ​arteriosclerosis.
D) ​ischemia.

Question 20

Beth had difficulty breathing and a crushing pain in her chest. However, it only lasted a few seconds. Beth likely was experiencing symptoms of

A) a stroke.
B) hypertension.
C) angina pectoris.
D) a myocardial infarction.

Question 21

In underdeveloped and developing countries, what is the current status of mortality rates from heart disease and stroke, and why?​

A) ​They are rising because of the lack of medical treatment in these countries.
B) ​They are rising as lifestyles become more like those of developed countries.
C) ​They are stable as better lifestyles and less healthcare cancel out each other.
D) ​They are falling as these countries are acquiring better medical technologies.

Question 22

Bill Clinton, whose story was introduced this chapter, had some family history of heart disease and had eaten a high-fat diet for many years of his life. Which of his risks would be an inherent cardiovascular risk factor for former President Clinton?

A) His high-stress job as president
B) His male gender
C) His history of being overweight
D) His diet

Question 23

In general, men and women have a similar death rate from cardiovascular disease, but there is a discrepancy, with men ___________ having a significantly higher risk.​

A) ​under 20 years old
B) ​during middle age
C) ​over 75 years old
D) ​who are married

Question 24

If a diet high in salt-cured foods is an established risk factor for hypertension, then​

A) ​this type of diet is negatively correlated with hypertension.
B) ​this type of diet is frequently associated with hypertension.
C) ​salty foods are identified as a cause of hypertension
D) ​salt restriction may or may not be advised for those at risk of hypertension.

Question 25

Differences in hormones may help explain some of the differing rates of cardiovascular disease in men and women; ______ are responsible for much of the gender gap in heart disease.​

A) ​behavioral factors
B) ​physiological factors
C) ​psychological factors
D) ​both b and c

Question 26

​The decline in deaths from cardiovascular disease during the last four decades of the 20th century was due to

A) ​better dietary practices.
B) ​reduction in cigarette smoking.
C) ​improvements in medical care.
D) ​a combination of all of these.

Question 27

For an adult, blood pressure of 190/130 would be​

A) ​normal.
B) ​prehypertension.
C) ​Stage 1 hypertension.
D) ​Stage 2 hypertension.

Question 28

Since 1960, death rates from cardiovascular disease have​

A) ​increased gradually.
B) ​increased markedly.
C) ​decreased dramatically.
D) ​remained about the same.

Question 29

African Americans experience _______, which tends to increase blood pressure.​

A) ​a diet higher in salt than European Americans
B) ​a diet lower in fat and higher in fiber
C) ​larger and more cohesive families
D) ​discrimination based on skin color

Question 30

Stroke is the result of deprivation of oxygen to the _______, and a similar restriction to the ______ causes heart attack.

A) brain . . . myocardium
B) cerebrum . . . cerebral arteries
C) heart . . . lungs
D) central nervous system . . . peripheral nervous system

Question 31

Compared with European Americans, African Americans​

A) ​have higher rates of hypertension and higher rates of cardiovascular mortality.
B) ​have lower rates of hypertension but higher rates of cardiovascular mortality.
C) ​have lower rates of hypertension and lower rates of cardiovascular mortality.
D) ​have higher rates of hypertension and lower rates of cardiovascular reactivity.

Question 32

The 1964 Surgeon General's report on the dangers of smoking was one of the studies that led to widespread lifestyle changes and lowering of cardiovascular disease rates. The other influential study was

A) the Chattanooga Cardiovascular Prevention Trial.
B) the 1965 Surgeon General's report.
C) the Framingham Heart Study.
D) the Chattanooga Cardiovascular Prevention Trial

Question 33

During recent decades, death rates from cardiovascular disease​

A) ​have been quite consistent across all nations of the world.
B) ​dropped faster in Eastern Europe than in the United States.
C) ​have been higher for Russian women than for Russian men.
D) ​increased greatly in the former USSR but are now dropping.

Question 34

Judith has Type 1 diabetes, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, Judith​

A) ​can do nothing to protect herself against cardiovascular disease.
B) ​has a behavioral risk factor for cardiovascular disease and can engage in certain behaviors to eliminate her risk.
C) ​cannot eliminate her risk for cardiovascular disease, but she can learn to manage her disorder and thus lower her risks.
D) ​has a physiological risk for cardiovascular disease and can learn to reduce her risk to that of a person with no risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Question 35

The single best predictor for heart attack and stroke is​

A) ​obesity.
B) ​hypertension.
C) ​lack of exercise.
D) ​high cholesterol.

Question 36

Which ethnic group has the highest risk for cardiovascular death?​

A) ​Native Americans
B) ​Hispanic Americans
C) ​African Americans
D) ​Asian Americans

Question 37

Darlene's current blood pressure is 149 over 95. This means that Darlene has​

A) ​low blood pressure.
B) ​prehypertension.
C) ​Stage 1 hypertension.
D) ​Stage 2 hypertension.

Question 38

Among things that can cause a stroke, which one can cause hemorrhagic stroke or death if it ruptures?​

A) ​A narrowing in an artery
B) ​A hardening in an artery
C) ​An embolism in an artery
D) ​An aneurysm in an artery

Question 39

Including both heart disease and stroke, almost _____ % of deaths in the U.S. are due to cardiovascular disease.​

A) ​20
B) ​30
C) ​70
D) ​85

Question 40

The strongest physiological risk factor for cardiovascular disease is​

A) ​lack of social support.
B) ​hypertension.
C) ​obesity
D) ​smoking.

Question 41

All of the following are behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease EXCEPT:​

A) ​smoking
B) ​diet
C) ​physical activity levels
D) ​educational level

Question 42

All of the following are physiological risk factors for cardiovascular disease EXCEPT:

A) cholesterol.
B) hypertension.
C) inflammation.
D) physical activity levels.

Question 43

Individuals from low socioeconomic backgrounds are at a(n) ______ risk for cardiovascular disease, and this finding can be explained by ______________.

A) decreased; modifiable lifestyle factors
B) decreased; psychological factors
C) increased; modifiable lifestyle factors
D) increased; psychological factors

Question 44

The component of Type A personality that is most associated with risk for cardiovascular disease is

A) ​competitiveness
B) ​a sense of urgency.
C) ​hostility and anger
D) ​competitiveness, a sense of urgency, hostility and anger.

Question 45

Kelly currently eats a diet that consists mainly of red meat, junk food, and soda. To lower her risk of heart disease, she should:​

A) ​maintain the same diet but also increase intake of carbohydrates.
B) ​maintain the same diet but also increase intake of fruits and veggies.
C) ​reduce her intake of red meat, junk food, and soda and increase her intake of fruits and veggies.
D) ​reduce her intake of red meat, junk food, and soda and increase her intake of carbohydrates.

Question 46

________ may be related to higher rates of hypertension among African Americans.​

A) ​Obesity
B) ​Cardiac reactivity
C) ​Hostility
D) ​Suppressed anger

Question 47

In the INTERHEART Study and other research, what is the most likely connection between high CVD risks/rates and low education?​

A) ​People with less education typically experience greater amounts of life stress.
B) ​People with less education tend to practice fewer protective health behaviors.
C) ​People with less education tend to earn less, but income does not affect CVD.
D) ​People with less education typically are ethnic minorities in the United States.

Question 48

​Overall, women have a higher level of ______, which may help explain the gender gap in heart disease.

A) ​total cholesterol levels
B) ​HDL levels
C) ​LDL levels
D) ​the balance of total cholesterol to HDL

Question 49

Anger is a(n) ________ accompanied by physiological arousal, whereas hostility is a negative ______ toward others.​

A) ​attitude; emotion
B) ​attitude; reaction
C) ​reaction; emotion
D) ​emotion; attitude

Question 50

A higher risk of having a heart attack is predicted consistently for people everywhere in the world by which of these?

A) Having a car
B) Having a TV
C) Having a job
D) A and b, not c

Question 51

People who currently smoke are _________to suffer a heart attack that people who have never smoked.​

A) ​three times as likely
B) ​just as likely
C) ​ten times as likely
D) ​twice as likely

Question 52

Factors that contribute to inflammation, such as _______ and depression, may also increase the risk for cardiovascular disease.​

A) ​anxiety
B) ​insomnia
C) ​stress
D) ​diabetes

Question 53

In which form(s) does tobacco present a risk for CVD and heart attack?​

A) ​Smoking it, and only if the smoker inhales
B) ​Smoking it without inhaling, or chewing it
C) ​Environmental secondhand smoke exposure
D) ​All of these add some CVD/heart attack risk

Question 54

What kinds of fish in one's diet can help to protect against cardiovascular disease?

A) Fish that have high omega-3 fatty acids
B) Fish that have high omega-6 fatty acids
C) Fish that have high amounts of mercury
D) Fish that have been fried in preparation

Question 55

What accurately reflects research findings about antioxidants (vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients that prevent oxidation) relative to protection against cardiovascular disease?​

A) ​Antioxidants do not have health benefits substantiated by research.
B) ​Antioxidants are more effective from foods than from supplements.
C) ​Antioxidants give health benefits, but not cardiovascular protection.
D) ​Antioxidants are more effective from supplements than from foods.

Question 56

Of the following individuals, who is the least at risk for cardiovascular disease?​

A) ​Betty, a 50-year old widow who lives by herself
B) ​Anna, a 50-year old married woman with many friends
C) ​Pete, a 50-year old married man who has many friends
D) ​Frank, a 50-year old unmarried man who lives by himself

Question 57

_______ is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and, in the elderly, is associated with the occurrence of a second, fatal heart attack.​

A) ​Loneliness
B) ​Anxiety
C) ​Gum disease
D) ​Reactivity

Question 58

Extra weight carried around which body part is related to an increase risk for heart attack?

A) The hips
B) The abdomen
C) The chest
D) The thighs

Question 59

Currently, most authorities believe that __________ is the most critical element in linking cholesterol to cardiovascular disease.​

A) ​a balance of total cholesterol to HDL
B) ​a balance of LDL to HDL levels
C) ​total HDL level
D) ​total LDL level

Question 60

Research indicates that the effects of socioeconomic background on cardiovascular disease __________.​

A) ​begin in early adulthood
B) ​begin in early adolescence
C) ​begin in middle adulthood
D) ​are established from birth

Question 61

The advantages of physical activity to protect against heart disease​

A) ​appear in middle-aged individuals but not young adults.
B) ​appear in older adults but not middle-aged or young adults.
C) ​appear in young adults, but decrease over the lifespan.
D) ​appear during childhood and continue over the lifespan.

Question 62

Individuals with few people in their social networks​

A) ​are more than twice as likely to die of coronary artery disease than those with larger social networks.
B) ​are approximately half as likely to die of coronary artery disease as those with larger social networks.
C) ​are at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease if they are also married.
D) ​are not at an elevated risk for cardiovascular disease unless they also received high scores for loneliness.

Question 63

Marriage seems to offer some people some protection against heart disease. The best explanation for this protection is that marriage is related to ______, which in turn relates to _____.​

A) ​income level . . . gender
B) ​gender . . . hypertension
C) ​social support . . . seeking health care
D) ​healthier diet . . . less cigarette smoking

Question 64

High social rank and status ​

A) ​are risks for heart disease.
B) ​are risks for all-cause mortality.
C) ​offer protection against cardiovascular disease.
D) ​are related to educational level but not to health.

Question 65

Carrie and her boyfriend argued last night and this argument led to the end of their relationship. A week later, Carrie is thinking about the argument and is replaying everything she said over and over again. This type of self-focus is called​

A) ​expressed anger.
B) ​reactivity.
C) ​depression.
D) ​rumination.

Question 66

A diet high in ___________ offers protection against cardiovascular disease.​

A) ​monounsaturated fats
B) ​fruits, vegetables, and fish
C) ​high-fiber cereals and grains
D) ​foods that are high in oxidants

Question 67

Cigarette smoking is the leading behavioral risk factor for cardiovascular death in the United States. However,​

A) ​cigar and pipe smoking are unrelated to cardiovascular deaths.
B) ​the increase in men's smoking habits would predict an even greater risk of cardiovascular deaths in the future.
C) ​declining rates of smoking have led to decreases in cardiovascular deaths due to cigarette smoking.
D) ​diet remains the leading behavioral risk factor for cardiovascular death in other parts of the world.

Question 68

Other than advancing age, ______ is the single most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease.​

A) ​gender
B) ​hypertension
C) ​high cholesterol
D) ​ethnic background

Question 69

Which combination yields the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease?

A) Moderate total levels of cholesterol with a ratio of total cholesterol to HDL of more than 6 to 1
B) Moderate total levels of cholesterol with a 3.5 to 1 ratio of total cholesterol to LDL
C) Low levels of total cholesterol with a ratio of total cholesterol to HDL of less than 4.5 to 1
D) Low total levels of cholesterol with a 3.5 to 1 ratio of LDL to total cholesterol

Question 70

Glucose metabolism problems are a risk factor for CVD​

A) ​even if not sufficiently severe to qualify as diabetes.
B) ​only in people who are overweight in addition.
C) ​if the problem results in the overproduction of insulin.
D) ​only in people who also have high cholesterol.

Question 71

According to the Framingham study, not all cholesterol is equally implicated as a cardiovascular risk. _______ was found to offer some protection against heart attack, but ______ was positively related to cardiovascular disease.​

A) ​Total cholesterol level . . . omega-3 fatty acid
B) ​Lipoproteins . . . cholesterol
C) ​Low-density lipoproteins . . . high-density lipoproteins
D) ​High-density lipoproteins . . . low-density lipoproteins

Question 72

An analysis of fruit and vegetable consumption in countries around the world indicated that

A) higher consumption of these foods could decrease heart disease by over 30%.
B) people in developing countries eat more fruits and vegetables than is optimal for good health.
C) wealthy people in industrialized countries eat an adequate amount of these foods, but poor people in industrialized countries do not.
D) both b and C

Question 73

When health care researchers refer to problems in glucose metabolism, they are describing​

A) ​either Type 1 diabetes or Type 2 diabetes.
B) ​one component of the metabolic syndrome.
C) ​elevated blood pressure and elevated cholesterol combined.
D) ​answer choice (a), answer choice (b), or both (a) and (b).

Question 74

People with low levels of education have high rates of death from cardiovascular disease. What is the most valid explanation for this observation?​

A) ​Low educational levels cause CVD.
B) ​High educational levels protect against CVD.
C) ​Educational level is related to smoking, physical activity, diet, and obesity.
D) ​Educational level is related to gender, which is related to amount of smoking, which is related to CVD.

Question 75

You are MOST at risk for heart disease if you​

A) ​are a woman.
B) ​are an unmarried man.
C) ​eat lots of fruits and vegetables.
D) ​never or seldom become angry.

Question 76

​With regard to obesity and heart disease, it can be stated that

A) ​obesity is causally related to heart disease.
B) ​obesity is an independent risk factor in heart disease.
C) ​obesity is related to hypertension, which is related to heart disease.
D) ​obesity is a variable that has not been found related to heart disease.

Question 77

Taking anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin lowers the risk for CVD because

A) anti-inflammatory drugs make the blood more acidic, which dissolves blood clots.
B) anti-inflammatory drugs lower blood pressure, which is an important risk factor.
C) anti-inflammatory drugs lower cholesterol, which is an important risk factor.
D) anti-inflammatory drugs reduce inflammation, which is a risk for CVD.

Question 78

In general, which of these groups of people have the highest risk for cardiovascular disease?

A) Married men
B) Single, divorced, or widowed men
C) Single women
D) Single, divorced, or widowed women

Question 79

Flavonoids may protect against CVD, and one food very rich in flavonoids is​

A) ​dark chocolate.
B) ​milk chocolate.
C) ​chocolate milk.
D) ​any of these, which have about the same flavonoid content.

Question 80

With regard to serum cholesterol levels and risk of heart disease among middle-aged people, research suggests that​

A) ​cholesterol level may not be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
B) ​total cholesterol to HDL ratio may be more important than total cholesterol.
C) ​low-density lipoproteins may protect people against cardiovascular disease.
D) ​maintaining a high ratio of total cholesterol to HDL is most desirable.