Deck 6: Understanding Stress, Immunity, and Disease

Question 1

The secondary immune response​

A) ​is activated during initial exposure to an invasion.
B) ​is less robust than the primary immune response.
C) ​is far more rapid than primary immune response.
D) ​is activated if the primary immune response fails.

Answer 1

​is far more rapid than primary immune response.

Question 2

The way that vaccination works is by​

A) ​introducing a stronger form of the body's natural defenses.
B) ​introducing a diluted version of the target microorganism.
C) ​introducing a medication that kills a target microorganism.
D) ​introducing a group of antibodies the body cannot produce.

Answer 2

​introducing a diluted version of the target microorganism.

Question 3

​Immunity occurs when

A) ​memory lymphocytes persist after initial exposure to a virus.
B) ​antigens build up.
C) ​antibody levels fall.
D) ​interferon is transferred from one person to another.

Answer 3

​memory lymphocytes persist after initial exposure to a virus.

Question 4

Suppression of the immune system​

A) ​is not associated with chemotherapy.
B) ​will stop infection from developing.
C) ​leaves the body vulnerable to infection.
D) ​never occurs naturally, but can be induced with drugs.

Question 5

HIV is caused by​

A) ​a viral infection.
B) ​a bacterial infection.
C) ​exposure to a cancer-causing agent.
D) ​homosexuality.

Question 6

Nonspecific immune system response​

A) ​provides the first line of defense against foreign substances in the body.
B) ​occurs in a nonspecific order.
C) ​has the ability to create a type of memory that confers immunity.
D) ​protects against specific immune responses that threaten the body.

Question 7

Autoimmune disease occurs when​

A) ​the immune system loses its effectiveness.
B) ​T-cells are reduced by 90%.
C) ​malignant cells proliferate, producing a demand for numerous immune system responses.
D) ​the immune system attacks body cells rather than invaders.

Question 8

Which of the following most accurately explains the lack of a common cold vaccine?​

A) ​Every time a vaccine is developed, the common cold virus mutates.
B) ​The common cold is a virus, and vaccines only work with bacteria.
C) ​The common cold is caused by a great number of different viruses.
D) ​Medical scientists do not find colds serious enough for vaccination.

Question 9

The development of immunity depends on the creation of​

A) ​leukocytes.
B) ​natural killer cells.
C) ​antigens.
D) ​antibodies.

Question 10

The type of immunity that takes place in the bloodstream is called:​

A) ​cell-mediated immunity.
B) ​humoral immunity.
C) ​created immunity.
D) ​natural immunity.

Question 11

You are exposed to a common cold virus through contact with somebody who is sick. The cold virus is a(n)​

A) ​antibody.
B) ​antigen.
C) ​plasma cell.
D) ​cytotoxin.

Question 12

The main function of the immune system is to​

A) ​manufacture white blood cells.
B) ​manufacture red blood cells.
C) ​protect internal organs.
D) ​defend against foreign invaders.

Question 13

Leukocytes are​

A) ​white blood cells.
B) ​red blood cells.
C) ​platelets.
D) ​capillaries.

Question 14

Increasing the efficiency of the immune system would be a problem for whom?

A) People with cancer
B) People with AIDS
C) People with organ transplants
D) People with bacterial diseases

Question 15

Which of the following performs specific immune responses?

A) Phagocytosis
B) T-cells and B-cells
C) Granulocytes
D) Macrophages

Question 16

A function of lymph nodes is to​

A) ​secrete thymosin.
B) ​serve as a holding station for red blood cells.
C) ​cleanse lymph of foreign debris.
D) ​all of these.

Question 17

In an inflammatory immune response, _______ migrate to the affected location to destroy invading microorganisms.​

A) ​granulocytes
B) ​macrophages
C) ​both of these
D) ​neither of these

Question 18

Which of these is NOT an organ of the immune system?

A) Liver
B) Spleen
C) Tonsils
D) Thymus

Question 19

Allergic reactions are​

A) ​a result of digestive system dysfunction.
B) ​an abnormal immune system reaction to a foreign substance.
C) ​caused by viruses.
D) ​more common in people whose immune systems are not fully functional at birth.

Question 20

​The initial exposure to a foreign substance generates:

A) ​a general immune response.
B) ​a specific immune response.
C) ​neither kind of immune response.
D) ​both types of immune responses.

Question 21

The highest concentration of the virus for HIV is found in

A) the saliva and the blood.
B) the saliva and the semen.
C) the blood and the semen.
D) saliva, blood, and semen.

Question 22

Antoni and colleagues (2009) designed a cognitive behavioral stress management intervention for women with breast cancer, and over a 6-month period, improvements in ______ were found.

A) depression measures
B) anxiety measures
C) immune measures
D) cortisol measures

Question 23

The discipline concerned specifically with the interactions among behavior, the endocrine system, the immune system, and the nervous system is​

A) ​transactional analysis.
B) ​behavioral medicine.
C) ​health psychology.
D) ​psychoneuroimmunology.

Question 24

Interleukins are types of​

A) ​leukocytes.
B) ​lymphocytes.
C) cytokines.​
D) ​macrophages.

Question 25

__________ enable the immune system to have a rapid response when the foreign invader reappears.​

A) ​Antigens
B) ​Phagocytes
C) ​Memory lymphocytes
D) ​Leukocytes

Question 26

Which have researchers found about marital conflict relative to immune response?​

A) ​Marital conflict disrupts immune response regardless of whether or how couples communicate.
B) ​Marital conflict disrupts immune response less for couples who communicate productively.
C) ​Marital conflict disrupts immune response less for couples who communicate in any way.
D) ​Marital conflict disrupts immune response more for couples who communicate in any way.

Question 27

Recent research that presented photographs of infectious disease to participants found that, after viewing this pictures, participants

A) sneezed and felt nauseated.
B) reported more trips to the health center that semester.
C) had increased proinflammatory cytokine production.
D) all of the above.

Question 28

These chemicals secreted by immune system cells signal the nervous system:

A) cytokines.
B) leukocytes.
C) phagocytes.
D) antigens.

Question 29

Research in the field of psychoneuroimmunology has found evidence that immune function can be decreased by​

A) ​examination stress for medical school students.
B) ​caring for somebody with Alzheimer's disease.
C) ​relationship conflict affecting married couples.
D) ​all of these.

Question 30

Enhancing immune system function would be useful in the treatment of​

A) ​allergies.
B) ​organ transplant patients.
C) ​AIDS.
D) ​cardiovascular disease.

Question 31

Substances that evoke the production of one or more antibodies are called _____.​

A) ​antigens
B) ​vaccinations
C) ​phagocytes
D) lymph nodes​

Question 32

Research by Kiecolt-Glaser and her colleagues has shown that Alzheimer's caregivers, compared with other people of the same age and gender,​

A) had poorer psychological and physical health.​
B) ​had lowered immune system function.
C) ​more quickly recovered their own health after the death of the Alzheimer's patient.
D) ​both a and b are correct.

Question 33

Which of the following individuals would be most likely to have decreased immune system functioning?

A) Anna, who will be taking her first examination in psychology this week
B) Nathan, who has an hour-long commute to school every week
C) Marissa, who just given birth to her first child
D) Claude, who is unemployed and lives in a high-crime neighborhood

Question 34

In order for stress to cause illness, stress must affect physiological processes that produce illness. The most likely candidate for a mechanism is the _____ system.​

A) ​immune
B) ​nervous
C) ​endocrine
D) ​digestive

Question 35

What relationship is the basis of psychoneuroimmunology?​

A) ​Endocrine function affects behavior, and behavior can either raise or lower immune system function.
B) ​Behavior affects the immune system, and immune system function affects health.
C) ​Health and disease affect immune system function, and behavior affects the nervous system as well as the endocrine system.
D) ​The action of the immune system is independent of behavior, and the endocrine and nervous systems are less dependent than previously assumed.

Question 36

The two general, or nonspecific, mechanisms that foreign substances "face" are:​

A) ​phagocytosis and inflammation.
B) ​phagocytosis and mucous membranes.
C) ​inflammation and mucous membranes.
D) ​the spleen and inflammation.

Question 37

Marital conflict is associated with

A) faster response times to dangerous stimuli.
B) slower response times to dangerous stimuli.
C) faster wound healing.
D) slower wound healing.

Question 38

Ader and Cohen demonstrated that​

A) ​the immune system could be conditioned.
B) ​the immune system was independent of the nervous system.
C) ​the adrenomedullary response was independent of the adrenocortical response.
D) ​allostasis does not apply to the General Adaptation Syndrome.

Question 39

Laboratory research suggests that stress may affect the immune system through activating the sympathetic nervous system. The impact of this stress is:​

A) ​positive initially, but damaging if ongoing.
B) ​damaging initially, but positive if ongoing.
C) ​positive, both initially and also if ongoing.
D) ​damaging, whether it is initial or ongoing.

Question 40

__________ experience poorer psychological and physical health, longer healing times for wounds, and lowered immune functioning.

A) First-time mothers
B) First-time fathers
C) Alzheimer's caregivers
D) People who are elderly

Question 41

​The type of stress that people most closely associate with headaches is

A) ​major life events, such as loss of a loved one.
B) ​daily hassles.
C) ​persistent fears and anxiety.
D) ​depression.

Question 42

With regard to stress and disease,​

A) ​executives are more likely than middle-level managers are to develop diseases associated with stress.
B) ​stress can affect disease development directly through the immune system or indirectly through behaviors.
C) ​stress is more likely to result in psychological disorders than it is to result in physiological diseases.
D) ​both a and c are correct.

Question 43

​Based on research findings, which is most accurate regarding the relationship between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stress?

A) ​Stress can precipitate heart attacks but does not contribute to developing CVD.
B) ​Stress can contribute to developing CVD but does not precipitate heart attacks.
C) ​Stress can precipitate heart attacks and also can contribute to developing CVD.
D) ​Stress can correlate with but not contribute to CVD or precipitate heart attacks.

Question 44

With regard to stress and illness, which of these statements is true?​

A) ​Stress is a better predictor of heart disease than it is of hypertension.
B) ​Most people experiencing significant stress do not develop a disease.
C) ​Stress is a better predictor of heart disease than cigarette smoking is.
D) ​Both a and c are correct.

Question 45

Stress may relate to disease because people under stress may​

A) ​abuse substances.
B) ​eat unhealthy foods.
C) ​have sleep problems.
D) ​do any or all of these.

Question 46

​Evidence is strongest for the hypothesis that

A) ​there is little relationship between stress and heart disease.
B) ​stressful experiences increase the risk of heart attack.
C) ​stressful experiences can buffer people against cardiovascular disease.
D) ​most heart attacks among middle-age men are related to marital stress.

Question 47

Direct effects of stress on the immune system occur through ______, and indirect effects can occur through ______.​

A) ​the cardiovascular system . . . autonomic nervous system activation effects
B) ​the sympathetic nervous system . . . parasympathetic nervous system suppression
C) ​connections between the immune and nervous systems . . . secretion of hormones
D) ​the adrenal medulla . . . activation of the pituitary gland and releasing factors

Question 48

​The notion that some people respond more strongly to stress than do others is called

A) ​Type A personality.
B) ​Type B personality.
C) ​reactivity.
D) ​responsivity.

Question 49

​Evidence now suggests that most colds are caused by an interaction of exposure to the virus and

A) ​diet.
B) ​lack of sleep.
C) ​white blood count.
D) ​experiencing stress.

Question 50

​Flu shots are typically offered and promoted most in the autumn, before flu season, which often coincides with when many students start college. Hypothetically, when should college freshmen prepare for flu season and also have the best immune response to the flu shot?

A) ​Just before they arrive on campus
B) ​After arriving, before classes start
C) ​Spring, immediately before finals
D) ​After arriving and starting classes

Question 51

​Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues found that development of colds

A) ​was more strongly related to the duration of stress than its severity.
B) ​was not reliably related to the severity of the stress but to the presence of stress.
C) ​was related only to stress that was both long-term and also severe.
D) ​showed no relationship between prior stress and subsequently developing colds.

Question 52

Releasing factors are:​

A) ​hormones secreted by endocrine glands.
B) ​hormones that are produced in the brain.
C) ​hormones released by the adrenal glands.
D) ​hormones that are produced as cytokines.

Question 53

In comparison to using scores on life events rating scales, applying the diathesis-stress model is ____ predictive of illness because it takes into account _______.​

A) less; vulnerability more than stressors​
B) ​more; vulnerability as well as stressors
C) ​less; vulnerability less than stressors
D) ​more; vulnerability in lieu of stressors

Question 54

​Stress is a factor in

A) ​tension but not vascular headaches.
B) ​vascular but not tension headaches.
C) ​both vascular and tension headaches.
D) ​neither tension nor vascular headaches.

Question 55

The diathesis-stress model hypothesizes that​

A) ​stress is most likely to produce illness in a healthy person.
B) ​stress and psychological functioning interact to produce better health.
C) some people are more inherently vulnerable to the effects of stress.​
D) ​some people learn to cope with stress but not with stressful life events.

Question 56

​One route through which stress may affect the immune system is through

A) ​lowered epinephrine levels.
B) ​elevated cortisol levels.
C) ​reverse peristalsis.
D) ​any of these.

Question 57

​Among indirect contributions of stress to developing coronary artery disease, the action of _______ promotes _______, whereas the action of _______ promotes _______.

A) ​the immune system, inflammation; stress hormones, diseased arteries
B) ​stress hormones, inflammation; the immune system, diseased arteries
C) ​stress hormones, cytokine release; the immune system, arterial plaque
D) ​the immune system, cytokine release; stress hormones, inflammation

Question 58

The diathesis-stress model assumes that to become ill,​

A) ​a person must have a relatively permanent predisposition to the illness.
B) ​a person must experience some sort of stress.
C) ​both a and b are necessary to produce illness.
D) ​neither a nor b is necessary to produce illness.

Question 59

​What did a longitudinal study by Stewart, Janicki, and Kamarck (2006) find related to increased blood pressure from noise and other situational stimuli?

A) ​Their findings confirmed those in the literature that blood pressure normalizes once the stressor stops.
B) ​They found that the duration to normalize blood pressure predicts hypertension over a three-year time.
C) ​Their findings refuted those in the literature that blood pressure normalizes once the stressor is stopped.
D) ​They found that the duration to normalize blood pressure is longer in people with existing hypertension.

Question 60

​When Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues intentionally exposed healthy volunteers to common cold viruses, they found that their previous level of stress was

A) ​unrelated to subsequent number of colds.
B) ​related in a dose-response manner to subsequent number of colds.
C) ​positively related to subsequent number of colds but not in a dose-response manner.
D) ​inversely related to subsequent number of colds.

Question 61

​Physicians and patients commonly used to attribute stomach ulcers primarily to stress, but researchers have now identified a number of variables involved. Which of these is considered a more indirect factor than the others?

A) ​The influence of undergoing chronic stress
B) ​The influence of releasing stress hormones
C) ​The influence of immune function changes
D) ​The influence of an infection with H. pylori

Question 62

Though stress may not directly cause ulcers, there may be an indirect link between stress and ulcers, as stress may increase all of the following EXCEPT:

A) heavy drinking.
B) smoking.
C) caffeine consumption.
D) exercise.

Question 63

​Evidence regarding the effects of stress on depression indicates that

A) ​stress appears to be a necessary condition for developing depression.
B) ​stress is a sufficient condition for the development of depression.
C) ​stress is involved in more than one half of all depressive episodes.
D) ​vulnerability and coping ability mediate how stress affects depression.

Question 64

​In a study of women with the sexually transmitted form of herpes simplex virus, women experiencing psychosocial distress were more likely to

A) ​transmit the virus to somebody else.
B) ​show genital lesions a few days later.
C) ​contract other types of herpes viruses.
D) ​all of the above.

Question 65

​Which of the following ethnic groups has been shown to have lowest reactivity in response to a laboratory stressor?

A) ​Asian American
B) ​African American
C) ​European American
D) ​Caribbean Americans

Question 66

​In what way does reactivity relate to ethnic background?

A) ​African American men show more reactivity to stress than European American men.
B) ​European American children show more reactivity than African American children.
C) ​European American children with a family history of heart disease have the highest reactivity rates.
D) ​Both b and c are correct.

Question 67

​The connection between the immune system and asthma may occur through

A) ​the stress from its treatment.
B) ​the process of inflammation.
C) ​triggers, like smoke or dust.
D) ​a person's ethnic background.

Question 68

​Research studies find that stress may contribute to the development of:

A) ​Type 1 diabetes, not Type 2 diabetes.
B) ​Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes.
C) ​Type 2 diabetes, not Type 1 diabetes.
D) ​Insulin resistance, but not of diabetes.

Question 69

​In laboratory experiments, the comparative rates of blood pressure reactivity for Asian Americans vs. European Americans has what relationship to rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) for these ethnic groups?

A) ​A relationship between these two variables is not reliably identified.
B) ​An inverse relationship exists; i.e., as one rises, the other goes down.
C) ​A positive correlation exists, i.e. reactivity corresponds to CVD rate.
D) ​A relationship only exists for people who already have hypertension.

Question 70

​Vaccinations may be less effective in protecting against infectious diseases among people who experience ________.

A) stress
B) ​many daily hassles
C) ​few daily hassles
D) ​exposure to cigarette smoke

Question 71

Personality may play a role in who develops a cold. In one study, people who were ______ developed fewer colds than others.

A) conscientious
B) extraverted
C) agreeable
D) conscientious.

Question 72

​Austin suffers from recurrent intrusive memories of his experiences as a fire fighter at the time of the World Trade Center attacks. He also has unpleasant dreams that replay some of these experiences. Austin is most likely suffering from

A) ​clinical depression.
B) ​schizophrenia.
C) ​posttraumatic stress disorder.
D) ​transcendent psychosis.

Question 73

Investigators have found that stress may have an effect on which of these?

A) The development of diabetes, but not its management
B) The management of diabetes, but not its development
C) Neither the development nor management of diabetes
D) Both development and management of diabetes alike

Question 74

​The most solid research evidence suggests that

A) ​stress can trigger an asthma attack.
B) ​stress is the strongest risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
C) ​stress is the chief cause of depression.
D) ​stress is unrelated to both depression and anxiety.

Question 75

​Research on the 2006 World Cup soccer championship indicated that

A) ​the stress of watching matches raised the risk of cardiac events for people with cardiac problems.
B) ​the excitement of watching matches provided relief from reactivity.
C) ​men's but not women's risk of heart attack increased as a result of watching matches.
D) ​soccer fans were more likely to experience an initial cardiac event, but individuals with a history of heart disease actually experienced a lowered risk of cardiac events during and after matches.

Question 76

​According to research findings, what is the relationship of stress to HIV infection?

A) ​Stress affects disease progression, but does not affect response to treatment.
B) ​Stress affects response to treatment, but does not affect disease progression.
C) ​Stress affects both disease progression and immune response to treatments.
D) ​Stress has no effect on either disease progression or response to treatments.

Question 77

​People with a negative outlook and a tendency to ruminate over problems

A) ​are less likely than other people are to complain about their being sick.
B) ​are at higher risk of depression than those with more positive attitudes.
C) ​express greater satisfaction with life in comparison to other people.
D) ​all of these.

Question 78

​Stress may contribute to diabetes through its possible effects on _______.

A) ​smoking
B) ​heavy drinking
C) ​obesity
D) ​exercise

Question 79

​Robert, a middle-aged African American man, believes another person has just called him a derogatory name. According to research, Robert is most likely to

A) ​react by insulting the other person.
B) ​react by moving away from the other person.
C) ​react with an increase in his blood pressure.
D) ​react by realizing he may have misunderstood.

Question 80

​Stress probably plays some role in the development of

A) ​Type 1 diabetes.
B) ​Type 2 diabetes.
C) ​both types of diabetes.
D) ​neither type of diabetes.