Deck 8: Gender Inequality

Question 1

Men have more social,economic,and political power than women in societies around the world.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Historically,the gender division of labor operated to bind women to their occupational function in the family.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Gender roles refer to whether one is genetically male or female,and the gender role determines the biological role one plays in reproduction.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Two-thirds of the world's illiterates are female.

Question 5

Gender stereotypes arise in response to a gender division of labor and then serve to rationalize it by attributing the sexes substantially different personality characteristics and traits.

Question 6

In the 1990s,for the first time,the U.S.State Department's annual human rights report focused attention on the treatment of women.

Question 7

Gender identities are conceptions we have of ourselves as being male or female.

Question 8

At the individual level,sexism involves the policies,procedures,and practices that produce unequal outcomes for men and women.

Question 9

A United Nations Human Development Report released in the 1990s found that a majority of nations treat their women as well as their men.

Question 10

Until the 20^th century,English and American common law viewed women as undergoing "civil death" upon marriage.

Question 11

Patterns of gender representation in G-rated movies help perpetuate gender disparities.

Question 12

Until the 20^th century,English and American common law specified that a wife must submit to sexual intercourse with her husband.

Question 13

Sex refers to the sociocultural distinction between males and females.

Question 14

Gender refers to whether one is genetically male or female.

Question 15

The most pervasive form of institutional sexism is patriarchy.

Question 16

In 2002,Connecticut was the worst state to live in in terms of access to gender equality.

Question 17

Sexual inequality has been sustained historically by assigning the economic-provider role to men and the childrearing role to women.

Question 18

The rationalization for keeping women in a subordinate social position in the United States has been the notion that a,"woman's place is in the home."

Question 19

Gender roles constitute master statuses.

Question 20

Many countries now have 30 and 40 percent of their legislatures comprised of women,which is far ahead of the United States.

Question 21

In an analysis of more than 100 G-rated movies released between 1990 and 2005,____ percent of the speaking character roles are female.

A) 12
B) 18.
C) 28
D) 52

Question 22

The unequal involvement of working mothers and wives in household work was labeled "the second shift" more than a decade ago.

Question 23

_________ identifies if one is genetically male or female.

A) Gender
B) Sex
C) Gender identity
D) Differentiation

Question 24

Our __________________ emerge(s)as we enact gender roles and as others react to those roles as being either male or female.

A) gender identity
B) primary sex characteristics
C) secondary sex characteristics
D) sexism fantasies

Question 25

The state,the law,politics,religion,higher education,and the economy are institutions historically dominated by

A) men and women equally.
B) men in the political sector and women in the educational sector.
C) men and women in varying degrees,depending on the locale.
D) men.

Question 26

Men are just as like to be harassed in the workplace as women.

Question 27

_________ is biologically determined;__________ is a socially constructed framework created by human beings.

A) Sex identity;gender identity
B) Sex;gender
C) Gender identity;sex identity
D) Sexism;genderism

Question 28

Today,corporate boards of directors are made up primarily of women.

Question 29

At the individual level,sexism

A) is the belief that the two sexes are equal to one another.
B) assumes that inherent biological characteristics make both sexes naturally suited to similar roles.
C) assumes that social factors produce the differences between the sexes in power,status,and income.
D) is the belief that one sex is superior to the other.

Question 30

Men continue to gain ground educationally by entering college in higher numbers than women.

Question 31

Our conception of ourselves as being male or female are called

A) sex characteristics.
B) gender identities.
C) hormones.
D) rites of passage.

Question 32

The "glass ceiling" is a metaphor for the invisible barriers that keep women from advancing to top executive positions within the workforce.

Question 33

Cultural expectations that define how members of each sex should behave are called

A) biological roles.
B) gender roles.
C) family roles.
D) gender identities.

Question 34

Increases in female employment have come largely through the displacement of men by women in some low-paying jobs and through the rapid expansion of "pink-collar" occupations.

Question 35

In 2002,men were more likely than women to vote in nearly every state.

Question 36

In the United States,68 percent of single and 62 percent of married women are now in the paid labor force.

Question 37

The sociocultural distinction between males and females is called

A) sex.
B) sexual identity.
C) gender.
D) sex object preference.

Question 38

The "sticky floor" is a metaphor for the occupational frustrations experienced by a majority of the nation's working women trapped in low-wage,low-mobility jobs.

Question 39

The labor-force participation of married women in the United States over the past 200 years is represented by a U-shaped curve.

Question 40

_______________ have enormous consequences for the behavior of most people and influence a wide range of human activities,including how we speak,dress,walk,engage in courtship,and choose a career.

A) Status sets
B) Differentiation rituals
C) Gender roles
D) Rites of passage

Question 41

In a number of modern societies,

A) political change has reduced the legal basis of patriarchy.
B) patriarchal elements persist.
C) women and children still take the last name of the husband and father.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 42

______________ is NOT considered a patriarchal element of society.

A) Women and children taking the last name of the husband and father
B) Women being responsible for most household chores and child care
C) Women being able to vote,sign contracts,and get credit
D) Men having more social,economic,and political power than women

Question 43

Until the 20^th century,English and American common law viewed women as "incorporated and consolidated" with their husbands.This was referred to as "__________ death."

A) certain
B) domestic
C) legal
D) civil

Question 44

At the institutional level,sexism

A) is the belief that the two sexes are equal to one another.
B) involves policies,procedures,and practices that produce unequal outcomes for men and women.
C) involves policies,procedures,and practices designed to produce equal outcomes for men and women.
D) assumes men and women are naturally suited to similar occupational roles.

Question 45

The "glass ceiling" refers to

A) women having to provide sex in the workplace to get promotions.
B) the problems women have in finding adequate daycare.
C) the problems women have reconciling their husband's demands and the demands of the job.
D) the problems women have being promoted to top executive positions.

Question 46

In 2004,__________ percent of black women with children under age six were working.

A) 44.9
B) 56.7
C) 64.3
D) 75.1

Question 47

Genital mutilation of females in several countries is typically undertaken to

A) ensure virginity.
B) eliminate sexual sensation for women.
C) make women more marriageable.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 48

In the United States,__________ percent of married women 16 and older are now in the paid labor force.

A) 16
B) 32
C) 42
D) 66

Question 49

The world average for percentage of women in the national parliaments has risen to

A) 16.4
B) 25.2
C) 35.2
D) 45.2

Question 50

The most pervasive form of institutional sexism is

A) oligarchy.
B) monarchy.
C) patriarchy.
D) symbolic sexism.

Question 51

According to the text's discussion of social inequalities in American politics,

A) in Hawaii,only 51 percent of the state's women are registered to vote.
B) four states had two female U.S.Senators at the same time.
C) six states have never had a woman elected to either the Senate or the House.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 52

Younger-generation women today

A) still make marriage and family the primary organizing force in their lives.
B) continue to marry at about the same time in their lives as the previous generation.
C) are more likely to delay marriage and childbearing than the previous generation.
D) marry at about the same time,but delay childbearing to a later time than the previous generation.

Question 53

The findings from 196 nations in the U.S.State Department's human rights report in 2006 showed

A) domestic violence against women is not a serious problem in most of these countries.
B) in Ghana,Bangladesh,and other countries,law enforcement is effective in controlling the trafficking of women and children for the sex trade.
C) overall,1 in 3 women has experienced violent victimization.
D) None of the choices are correct.

Question 54

Women gained ground in achieving higher pay for their work primarily by

A) changing social attitudes of men.
B) entering college in higher numbers than men.
C) moving into higher-paying fields traditionally dominated by men.
D) entering college in higher numbers than men and moving into higher-paying fields traditionally dominated by men are correct.

Question 55

Across the years,the gender division of labor has operated to bind women to their __________ function.

A) affectional
B) domestic
C) reproductive
D) None of the choices are correct.

Question 56

Married women's labor-force participation in the United States over the past 200 years is represented by

A) exponential growth.
B) a gradually-declining curve.
C) a U-shaped curve.
D) an arithmetic-growth curve.

Question 57

__________ percent of the women who head families with no spouse are employed.

A) About 25
B) Close to 40
C) Approximately 60
D) More than 70

Question 58

According to the text,the key characteristic of a minority group is that

A) it lacks power relative to the dominant group.
B) it possesses distinguishable physical or cultural traits.
C) its membership is involuntary.
D) its members are endogamous.

Question 59

The increase in female employment has come largely through

A) the "sticky floor" evolution.
B) the displacement of men by women in some low-paying categories and through rapid expansion of "pink-collar" occupations.
C) a reduction in obstacles discovered in the "glass ceiling."
D) changes in male attitudes toward the "working woman."

Question 60

Which characteristic of minorities do women fail to illustrate?

A) Minorities encounter prejudice and discrimination.
B) Minorities possess distinguishable physical or cultural traits.
C) Membership in a minority group is involuntary.
D) Minorities are endogamous.

Question 61

According to the text's discussion of gender-based disparities in pay,

A) women are less likely than men to work fulltime.
B) women comprise 47 percent of the workforce.
C) in 2001,women represented 41 percent of the fulltime,year-round workers in the United States.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 62

Cross-national research shows that the "first wave" of women's movements occurring from 1800 to 1950 focused primarily on

A) social equality.
B) jobs and education.
C) legal equality,such as the right to vote.
D) free speech.

Question 63

Regarding rape,sociologists

A) agree that rapists tend to be socially dysfunctional.
B) agree that rapists are psychologically disturbed.
C) found significant evidence to assert that rapists are sexually inadequate.
D) turn to explanations that emphasize culture,socialization,and social structure.

Question 64

On average,women employed fulltime earn __________ for each dollar earned by males.

A) 46 cents
B) 56 cents
C) 66 cents
D) 77 cents

Question 65

According to the text,men in business tend to consider women to be less skilled in

A) politics.
B) decision making.
C) finance.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 66

The three industrialized nations that do not provide paid maternity leave by law are

A) Canada,Italy,and Japan.
B) Australia,Swaziland,and the United States.
C) South Africa,Italy,and Sweden.
D) South Africa,Canada,and the United States.

Question 67

The "sticky floor" is the metaphor commonly used to depict the

A) problems women have being promoted to top executive positions.
B) occupational frustrations experienced by the majority of America's working women.
C) attachment of women in America to their housekeeping duties.
D) None of the choices are correct.

Question 68

Arlie Russell Hochschild found that

A) many companies in America have,in reality,become quite "family-friendly."
B) executives are finally demanding fewer hours of work from employees who need time off for their families.
C) a single standard of work hours is in place for men and women on the work force.
D) a gap exists between the theory and practice of so-called family-friendly companies.

Question 69

The unequal involvement of working mothers and wives in household work has come to be labeled the

A) glass ceiling.
B) second shift.
C) sexist family structure.
D) patriarchal nemesis.

Question 70

Behavior that adds to a "hostile working environment" is considered _______________ by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

A) symbolic sexism
B) institutional sexism
C) sexual harassment
D) outside the realm of sexual harassment

Question 71

In studies of college campuses,low rates of rape were associated with

A) campuses where females were heavily dominant.
B) attitudes in which sexual assertiveness was a symbol of masculinity.
C) a culture of masculinity that was not strong and where sexual assault was severely punished.
D) no variables that could be discerned.

Question 72

Sexual harassment

A) is a concept limited to the work place.
B) is a concept not limited to the work place.
C) includes problems encountered in schools.
D) is a concept not limited to the work place and includes problems encountered in schools are correct.

Question 73

According to Sylvia Ann Hewlett,the economic advancement of women is complicated by

A) the modern conception of the housewife.
B) the social organization of child care.
C) our confusion of equal rights with identical treatment.
D) the social organization of child care and our confusion of equal rights with identical treatment are correct.

Question 74

Women who have children

A) have a significant career advantage due to attitudes about the "responsible mother."
B) gain significant ground career-wise when they have children because of a higher pay scale assigned to mothers.
C) gain quicker access to the "fast track" in the work world.
D) encounter a significant career disadvantage.

Question 75

The "second wave" of women's movements,shows that the primary focus has been on ___________ since the 1960s.

A) social equality,including jobs and education.
B) legal equality,such as ownership of property.
C) the right to vote.
D) free speech in the work place.

Question 76

By 2004,women

A) increased their numbers in the U.S.Senate from 9 to 14.
B) increased their representation in the House from 49 to 60.
C) constituted a majority of voters.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 77

Unsolicited flirtation,propositions,and degrading comments about an employee's appearance are all considered examples of __________________ by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

A) symbolic sexism
B) sexual harassment
C) institutional sexism
D) corporate sexism

Question 78

The invisible barriers that prevent women from occupational advancement are referred to as the

A) "sticky floor" mechanism.
B) "glass ceiling."
C) dominant male syndrome.
D) "9 to 5" problem.

Question 79

The culture context in which rapes are more likely to occur include

A) masculine patterns of discussion that treat women as objects of sexual desire.
B) music,movies,and television shows that portray women as sex objects.
C) a general cultural norm that limits women's power.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 80

According to the text,

A) differences in earnings vary by race and ethnicity.
B) in 2001,Hispanic women earned 74 cents to every dollar earned by white men.
C) in 2001,African American women earned 36 cents per dollar earned by white men.
D) None of the choices are correct.