Deck 7: Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

Jewish Americans,Italian Americans,and Hispanics are examples of ethnic groups within the United States.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Races are generally characterized by fixed,clear-cut differences.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

It is a relatively simple task to determine with certainty where individuals with "white" ancestry end and individuals of "black" ancestry begin,particularly when utilizing such traits as skin color,hair form,stature,and head shape.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In Omi and Winant's theory,race is socially and culturally defined,but it does have significant biological reality.

Question 5

On an institutional level,racism involves discriminatory policies and practices that result in unequal outcomes for members of different racial groups.

Question 6

American culture has finally relinquished the presumption that race is associated with individual character and ability.

Question 7

Assimilation refers to the process whereby the dominant group becomes culturally more like the minority group.

Question 8

Racial categories utilized in the United States originally derived from a purely scientific basis.

Question 9

The term socially marginalized group refers to any vulnerable and frequently victimized population who typically lacks power in the society.

Question 10

People confined to subordinate status not justified by their ability and talent are referred to as minority groups.

Question 11

In like manner to race,ethnic identities are often "constructed" by the consciousness of their bearers.

Question 12

While recent studies show that traditional forms of prejudice have dramatically declined,a new form of prejudice called symbolic racism has appeared.

Question 13

One reason sociologists study the concept "race" to understand the social significance people attach to such various traits as skin color.

Question 14

Gatekeeping helps to reduce institutional discrimination.

Question 15

Prejudice is a state of mind - a feeling,opinion,or disposition;discrimination,on the other hand,is action.

Question 16

Institutional racism is a form of institutional discrimination.

Question 17

Symbolic racism has declined in recent years due to the feeling among whites that African Americans finally have been getting what they rightly deserve.

Question 18

The civil rights laws passed during the mid-1960s resulted in immediate conformity to the principle of equal treatment for all.

Question 19

Racial formation is a process that only occurs on the macolevel.

Question 20

Whites show evidence of a willingness to support policies that would reduce racial inequality in America.

Question 21

By the beginning of the 20^th century,the U.S.population of Indians had dropped to 250,000.

Question 22

Genocide is a milder form of inequalitarian pluralism in action.

Question 23

With the exception of the Native American Indians,Mexicans are the only American minority to enter the society through the conquest of their homeland.

Question 24

Seventy-seven percent of African-American families live in poverty.

Question 25

Genocide refers to a deliberate and systematic effort to increase the population of a particular racial or ethnic group.

Question 26

Until 2001,poverty rates had been declining for African Americans.

Question 27

Pluralism exists when diverse groups coexist while maintaining separate identities.

Question 28

According to conflict theorists,competition provides the motivation for systems of social inequality.

Question 29

Mexico alone accounts for more than one quarter of the foreign-born population of the United States.

Question 30

Asian Americans now enjoy the highest median family income of the nation's ethnic groups.

Question 31

The text points out that white ethnicity has become symbolic.

Question 32

The poverty rate for Cuban Americans is the highest among all Hispanic/Latino groups.

Question 33

According to conflict theorists,communication serves as the mechanism by which one group dominates and subjugates another group.

Question 34

As viewed by functionalists,a function of ethnic conflict is the promotion of group cohesion.

Question 35

The leading cause of death among African-American males is homicide..

Question 36

Acculturation occurs when cultural elements of one group change to match those elements of another group.

Question 37

Asian Americans are less likely than non-Hispanic whites to live in central cities.

Question 38

In 2002,those who were born in or whose ancestors were born in Latin American nations or in Spain became the largest ethnic minority group in the United States.

Question 39

There is now widespread agreement that race is no longer a significant issue in American society.

Question 40

According to symbolic interactionists,ethnic groups are not products of social interaction because they share a common genetic strain.

Question 41

Ethnic identities are

A) often "constructed" by their bearers.
B) sometimes confused with images of nationalism.
C) connected directly to racial traits.
D) often "constructed" by their bearers and sometimes confused with images of nationalism are correct.

Question 42

For most social scientists,the most significant aspect of race is its

A) effect on brain capacity.
B) effect on athletic ability.
C) well-supported relationship to intelligence and musical ability.
D) significance as a social definition.

Question 43

Polish Americans,Russian Americans,and Greek Americans are examples of

A) racial groups.
B) ethnic groups.
C) nationality groups.
D) organic groups.

Question 44

The ethnicity choices for the Census 2000 were

A) "Hispanic or Latino."
B) "Not Hispanic or Latino."
C) "Mexican."
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 45

Groups defined in terms of such characteristics as language,folk practices,dress,gestures,religion,or mannerisms are called

A) nationality groups.
B) ethnic groups.
C) racial groups.
D) oppressed minorities.

Question 46

A split labor market is an economic arena where the members of different minority groups compete with each other for available resources.

Question 47

Socially marginalized groups

A) tend to be vulnerable and frequently victimized.
B) are typically lacking in economic,political,and social power.
C) include cancer and AIDS patients.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 48

Races

A) are characterized by rather fixed,clear-cut differences.
B) involve physical characteristics that never change over time.
C) are groups whose physical traits make it a relatively easy task to determine where one racial population ends and another racial population begins.
D) are groups that are not easily identified by cut-and-dry classifications.

Question 49

When minority groups are identified as a "self-conscious social group," this means

A) they tend to be aware of "oneness."
B) their members tend to feel a social and psychological closeness with other people who are viewed to be like them.
C) their sense of "peoplehood" tends to be accentuated by the members' common suffering and burdens.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 50

According to sociologists,which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a minority group?

A) A minority group suffers discrimination.
B) A minority group has no sense of self-consciousness.
C) A minority group has distinguishable physical or cultural traits.
D) A minority group tends to be endogamous.

Question 51

Minority status primarily is a matter of

A) racial identity.
B) who has power and privilege and who doesn't.
C) the heritage of racial memory.
D) nationalism and patriotism.

Question 52

____________ groups are identified chiefly on cultural grounds.

A) Social class
B) Racial
C) Ethnic
D) Gender

Question 53

The Bell Curve study

A) argued a relationship between race and characteristics including intelligence,character,and competence.
B) was refuted by later studies as a myth.
C) is believed by many sociologists to encourage stereotyping and discrimination by promoting inaccurate presumptions about race.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 54

"A racially or culturally self-conscious population,with hereditary membership and a high degree of in-group marriage,that suffers oppression at the hands of a dominant segment of a nation-state" defines a(n)

A) in-group.
B) bureaucracy.
C) reference group.
D) minority group.

Question 55

History shows that

A) passing anti-discrimination laws has an immediate impact on human behavior.
B) passing anti-discrimination laws results in lower levels of prejudice.
C) passing anti-discrimination laws does not immediately translate into equal treatment for all.
D) fewer acts of symbolic racism occur as more laws against discrimination are passed.

Question 56

Minority status generally is

A) voluntary.
B) achieved.
C) exogamous.
D) ascribed.

Question 57

Institutional racism

A) focuses on the belief that some racial groups are naturally superior to others.
B) depends on the idea that people may be reliably classified into racial groups.
C) involves discriminatory policies and practices that result in unequal outcomes for members of different racial groups.
D) gives rise to attitudes of aversion and hostility.

Question 58

Populations assumed to differ on the basis of the incidence of various physical characteristics are called

A) ethnic groups.
B) ethnocentric groups.
C) racial groups.
D) societal groups.

Question 59

When sociologists observe that minorities are typically endogamous,they assert that minorities

A) tend to marry within their group.
B) tend to marry outside their group.
C) have sexual desire for members of other groups.
D) are often separatist in their outlooks.

Question 60

According to the scientific community,

A) there is a clear-cut relationship between physical traits associated with race and such characteristics as intelligence and moral character.
B) there is no agreed-upon connection between physical traits associated with race and such characteristics as intelligence and moral character.
C) the findings noted in The Bell Curve represent an accurate social reality.
D) race is a totally unusable and worthless concept.

Question 61

The attitude that insists that immigrants give up their cultural traits for those of the dominant American group is called the

A) melting pot tradition.
B) Anglo-conformity view.
C) pluralistic view.
D) institutional racism view.

Question 62

Recent sociological research

A) shows all forms of prejudice dramatically declined over the past 40 years.
B) demonstrates symbolic prejudice declined somewhat in the past 25 years.
C) shows traditional forms of prejudice declined over the past 40 years,but that symbolic racism newly emerged over the past 30 years.
D) demonstrates institutional discrimination declined dramatically.

Question 63

The practice of deliberately locating hazardous waste sites near minority communities is called

A) gatekeeping.
B) institutional discrimination.
C) environmental racism.
D) symbolic racism.

Question 64

Equality of opportunity

A) does not necessarily produce equality of outcome.
B) (if realized in American life)automatically produces equality of outcome.
C) has no affect on outcomes.
D) historically has produced equality of outcome,but not in recent years.

Question 65

Attitudes of aversion and hostility toward a minority group are termed

A) prejudice.
B) discrimination.
C) cultural relativism.
D) syncretism.

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT a component of symbolic racism?

A) the feeling that African Americans got more than they rightly deserve
B) the belief that African Americans don't value hard work and individualism like whites do
C) that African Americans have made great strides in becoming more like whites,but still have a long way to go
D) that African Americans would rather be on welfare than work

Question 67

The _____________ is NOT a feeling typically held by dominant group members?

A) feeling that developing an understanding of the nature and meaning of intergroup differences and similarities is important
B) sense that they are superior to members of minority groups
C) feeling that minority group members are by their nature different and alien
D) belief that they have an in-born claim to privilege,power,and prestige

Question 68

__________ is defined as the decision-making process whereby people are admitted to offices and positions of privilege,prestige,and power within a society.

A) Pluralism
B) Assimilation
C) Gatekeeping
D) Diversity subjugation

Question 69

_________________ refers to the arbitrary denial of prestige,privilege,and power to members of a minority group whose qualifications are equal to those of members of the dominant group.

A) Prejudice
B) Discrimination
C) Ethnocentrism
D) Cultural relativism

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT a component of the paradox associated with symbolic racism?

A) the continued unwillingness of whites to support anti-discrimination policies
B) whites increasingly embrace the principle of racial equality
C) whites increasingly embrace both the principles of racial equality and the continued establishment of anti-discrimination policies
D) the finding that traditional prejudice no longer has much effect on whites' support for racial policies

Question 71

Discrimination is

A) entirely dependent on individual attitudes.
B) not connected with attitudes.
C) not affected by anti-discrimination laws.
D) not entirely dependent on individual attitudes.

Question 72

Sociologist Robert Merton noted that while we expect prejudiced people to discriminate and unprejudiced people not to discriminate,

A) sometimes unprejudiced people discriminate anyway.
B) sometimes prejudiced people don't discriminate.
C) there is no such thing as an unprejudiced person.
D) sometimes unprejudiced people discriminate anyway and sometimes prejudiced people don't discriminate are correct.

Question 73

A(n)______________ represent(s)institutional discrimination?

A) white supremacist hitting an African American in the face
B) university application specifying a prerequisite of graduation from a private high school
C) African-American gang beating up a white youth because of his race
D) Asian-American student overcoming problems with the English language in a reading class for ESL students

Question 74

Prejudice is an attitude;discrimination

A) is a belief based on fact.
B) is an emotional feeling.
C) involves behavior that includes the outright denial of power,privilege,and prestige to members of a minority group.
D) is an unchanging state of mind.

Question 75

The blending of peoples and cultures to form a new people and culture is

A) the melting pot perspective.
B) the Anglo-conformity view.
C) population transfer.
D) symbolic racism.

Question 76

Generally,those known as gatekeepers have been

A) those who are in line to receive welfare checks.
B) welfare cheats.
C) white males.
D) those who report welfare frauds to the authorities.

Question 77

Prejudice and discrimination

A) are mutually exclusive.
B) always occur together.
C) may or may not occur together.
D) never occur together.

Question 78

In their daily operations,the institutions of society may produce unequal outcomes for different groups.This is called

A) symbolic racism.
B) old-fashioned discrimination.
C) institutional discrimination.
D) timid bigotry.

Question 79

America's "melting pot" tradition illustrates

A) pluralism.
B) legal protection of minorities.
C) assimilation.
D) diversity subjugation.

Question 80

Feelings that African Americans ask for too much,don't play by the rules,and exploit welfare could be referred to as

A) "Deep South" racism.
B) symbolic interactionism at its worst.
C) symbolic racism.
D) institutional discrimination.