Deck 11: Religion, Education, and Medicine

Question 1

In many cases the denomination is actually a cult in an advanced state of development.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

(p.360;362-)
The secularization thesis implies that sacred considerations gain ascendancy over profane considerations in the course of social evolution.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Religious conservatives avoid the political arena.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In recent years,the percentage of Americans with no religious preference has increased to about 14 percent.

Question 5

The debate over the role religion should play in public policy centers on the issue of whether religious activists have the right to enter the political arena and lobby for laws consistent with their beliefs.

Question 6

The core subject areas such as mathematics,natural science,and social science are quite similar throughout the world.

Question 7

The concept of the "church" is that entity which strives to dominate all aspects of social life - to teach and guide the members of society and dispense saving grace.

Question 8

The formal organization of American schools typically operates with two levels: (1)a board of education and (2)a group of teachers.

Question 9

Education is one aspect of the many-sided process of socialization by which people acquire behaviors necessary for effective functioning in society.

Question 10

For centuries,the public schools have been the primary agents by which the members of a society are taught the three Rs.

Question 11

The high state of tension existing between sects and the larger society serves to cut them off from potential recruits;therefore,they tend to be rather small.

Question 12

Monotheism is a pattern of religious behavior that involves a belief in spirits or otherworldly beings that are personified.

Question 13

According to Durkheim,the "sacred" includes those elements of society that are forbidden,extraordinary,mysterious,and awe-inspiring.

Question 14

Polytheism is centered in a belief in many gods with equal or similar power;who are thought to have an interest in human affairs and,therefore,merit being worshipped.

Question 15

The United States is like most countries in that it has a national curriculum in science and mathematics.

Question 16

According to Durkheim,the "profane" has to do with those elements of society that are obscene by nature,such as the use of bad language and pornography.

Question 17

Many cults are authoritarian and attempt to control the entire lives of their members.An example is the Heaven's Gate Cult whose members committed mass suicide in San Diego in 1997.

Question 18

According to the text,"mana" is the bread people eat when engaged in religious rituals.

Question 19

According to Max Weber,protestantism and modern capitalism appeared on the historical scene at roughly the same time.

Question 20

Throughout the world,Muslims are religiously,politically,and culturally monolithic.

Question 21

Families with a child in a private college spend a third of their income on college costs.

Question 22

In 2003,8.4 percent of U.S.college students were taking distance education courses.

Question 23

The aging of America is one factor contributing to rising health care costs.

Question 24

Conflict theorists argue that poor people experience disability and poor health at the same levels as do the rich.

Question 25

Cure is the exception for such diseases as cancer,stroke,and heart disease and not the rule.

Question 26

Today,a growing number of behaviors that were called "immoral" or "sinful" are now seen as forms of sickness.

Question 27

The high school graduation rate in the U.S.has slipped below average among industrialized nations.

Question 28

The nursing profession grew out of the religious and charitable activities of early hospitals.

Question 29

The correspondence principle states that the social relations of work find expression in the social relations of the school.

Question 30

Historically,medicine has always been an institution within the societies that it serves.

Question 31

According to symbolic interactionists,being sick depends on being socially defined as sick.

Question 32

All homeschooling families officially register their children as homeschooled.

Question 33

According to the functionalist image of the sick role,health care services are available equally to all members of a society regardless of class,race,age,gender,or creed.

Question 34

Charter schools are very similar in their instructional approach and in the degree to which they are used in each state.

Question 35

According to the text,schools operate by a system that emphasizes and reinforces the subordinate status of the students.

Question 36

In some cases a medical treatment is discovered before the condition is seen as a medical one.

Question 37

One of the functions of medicine has been to serve as a social control agency by defining some behaviors as "healthy" and others as "unhealthy."

Question 38

The new type of relationship emerging between physicians and their patients is based on a matter of trust of the patient for her or his doctor.

Question 39

______________ has to do with those socially shared ways of thinking,feeling,and acting that have as their focus the realm of the supernatural or "beyond."

A) Government
B) Astrology
C) Astronomy
D) Religion

Question 40

In practice,U.S.medical care has provided equal care to the members of all social classes.

Question 41

______________ involves belief in spirits or other-worldly beings.

A) Simple supernaturalism
B) Existentialism
C) Animism
D) Theism

Question 42

Civil religion is found in

A) the text of the First Amendment to the Constitution.
B) such activities as national holidays,mottos,and historic shrines.
C) atheistic countries like Sweden.
D) the tenets of fundamentalism.

Question 43

Max Weber argued the Calvinistic belief that economic success is a sign of one's salvation led to

A) the spirit of the Protestant Reformation.
B) a socialistic fervor among Catholics.
C) the development of capitalism.
D) the present welfare system in America.

Question 44

Durkheim concluded that when religion is imperiled and not replaced by a satisfying substitute,

A) society will continue functioning without a hitch.
B) society itself is jeopardized.
C) society will experience problems,but eventually find its own equilibrium.
D) education will take over the functions of religion.

Question 45

The secularization thesis proposes that

A) the sacred is gaining over the profane in the course of human evolution.
B) the profane is gaining ascendancy over the sacred in the course of human development.
C) TV evangelists now control the beliefs of most Americans.
D) denominationalism has taken over fundamentalism in the search for the human spirit.

Question 46

According to Durkheim,those things that have to do with the mundane,everyday,and commonplace are the

A) sacred.
B) profane.
C) secular.
D) existential.

Question 47

Fundamentalism

A) is a movement by the Catholic Church to gain new members.
B) is a Protestant movement that supports a more modern theology.
C) is a Protestant movement that opposes a more modern theology and supports a return to traditional Christianity.
D) views the Bible as subject to considerable interpretation.

Question 48

Max Weber,in his discussion of the Protestant Ethic,viewed religion as

A) reaffirming tradition.
B) promoting secular change.
C) adapting tradition to new concerns.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 49

Monotheism is the belief in

A) many gods with equal or relatively similar power.
B) one husband and one wife in a single marriage.
C) one powerful god that oversees human life.
D) spirits or otherworldly beings.

Question 50

According to studies by Finke and Stark,religions that gain members tend to

A) see themselves as mainline denominations.
B) avoid competing with other churches.
C) hardline ones that "compete" for souls.
D) be somewhat rigid,with clergy who utilize a theology that is above the heads of most people.

Question 51

The religious organization that is alienated,viewed as deviant by the dominant society,and that has no previous religious tradition is called a

A) cult.
B) sect.
C) denomination.
D) church.

Question 52

Which of the following are not characteristics of the church?

A) a bureaucratic structure that carries a positive relationship with mainstream society
B) a sect in an advanced stage of development
C) a body that strives to dominate all aspects of social life
D) a body that attaches considerable importance to grace,doctrine,and ritual

Question 53

According to the text,the primary response of a church to other competing religious groups is to

A) tolerate them.
B) deny their existence.
C) suppress,ignore,or coopt them.
D) work cooperatively with them.

Question 54

Those aspects of social reality considered mysterious and forbidden are considered by Durkheim to be the

A) sacred.
B) profane.
C) secular.
D) mundane.

Question 55

According to Emile Durkheim,the central function of religion is

A) to explain the creation of the universe.
B) to create,reinforce,and maintain social cohesion and control.
C) to destroy shared consciousness so the individual can be subjugated by the state.
D) to melt the "social glue" of group identity for the good of the larger society.

Question 56

Theistic religion is centered in a belief in

A) spirits or animals that control our lives.
B) such totems as a rabbit's foot or four-leaf clover.
C) gods who are thought to be powerful,who have an interest in human affairs,and who merit worship.
D) abstract ideals only.

Question 57

The term mana refers to people

A) compelling a higher power to act.
B) asking a higher power to act.
C) pleading with a higher power to act.
D) taking communion and breaking bread.

Question 58

The religious organization that is rooted in established religious traditions,but views itself as uniquely legitimate is called a

A) cult.
B) sect.
C) denomination.
D) church.

Question 59

Behavior prescribed by rules dictating how people should act in the presence of the sacred are called

A) beliefs.
B) rituals.
C) offerings.
D) sacraments.

Question 60

Denominations

A) come largely from the upper classes.
B) tend to be cults in advanced form.
C) are quite unhappy in being one group among many,all of whom are acceptable in the sight of God.
D) come largely from the middle classes.

Question 61

A survey of tenure-track college faculty shows that

A) the fewer hours an instructor spends teaching classes per week,the lower the pay.
B) faculty who teach only graduate students get paid less than those who also teach undergraduates.
C) the more hours an instructor spends teaching classes per week,the lower the pay.
D) the more time an instructor spends doing research,the lower the pay.

Question 62

At the elementary and secondary levels,American schools are

A) usually very informal in structure.
B) loosely governed by fairly vague sets of rules.
C) places that emphasize and reinforce the subordinate status of pupils.
D) places that attempt to produce an egalitarian atmosphere.

Question 63

Which of the following are factors that make entrance to college difficult for minority youth?

A) weak academic preparation
B) the inherent lack of intellectual ability of minority people
C) the cost of higher education
D) weak academic preparation and the cost of higher education are correct.

Question 64

According to the functionalist perspective,which of the following is not a function of education?

A) completing socialization
B) screening and selecting talent
C) adding to cultural heritage through research and development
D) reproducing society's power structure

Question 65

The formal organization of American schools and colleges generally consists of

A) a chain of command.
B) remarkably standardized environments.
C) four levels,including a board of education,administrators,teachers or professors,and students.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 66

________________ is one aspect of socialization,by which people acquire the behaviors essential for effective participation in society.

A) Bureaucratization
B) Education
C) Urbanization
D) Modernization

Question 67

__________ was NOT a characteristic of effective schools in Rutter's study.

A) Expectations that order would prevail in the classrooms
B) Emphasis on academic concerns
C) Moderate achievement expectations of students
D) Respect for students as responsible people

Question 68

Parents reported approximately _______ of homeschooling students in 2003.

A) 500,000
B) 850,000
C) 1,100,000
D) 2,000,000

Question 69

Conflict theorists see schools as agencies that

A) promote social integration.
B) promote social cohesion.
C) reproduce the current social order.
D) increase chances of social mobility.

Question 70

Among America's undergraduates between 18 and 22 years of age,

A) 80 percent are pursuing parent-financed college education.
B) 10 percent are over age 25.
C) 20 percent are pursuing parent-financed college education.
D) only 10 percent are part-timers.

Question 71

Karl Marx viewed religion as an institution that

A) promoted the general welfare by supporting the development of the poor.
B) contributed to progress through Darwinian social evolution.
C) deluded people with other-worldly concerns and led them to ignore the problems of the world.
D) led to the rise of capitalism as a result of the emergence of Calvinistic asceticism.

Question 72

According to conflict theory,religion

A) is a weapon of the ruling classes.
B) is a powerful force in maintaining the status quo.
C) has justified inequalities such as slavery.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 73

________ is when societies attempt to transmit particular attitudes,skills,or knowledge to their members in a formal,systematic way.

A) Learning.
B) Education.
C) Integration.
D) Gatekeeping.

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT a factor in making college entrance and completion difficult for minority youth?

A) weaker academic preparation
B) less emotional and financial support from home.
C) fewer on-campus role models
D) All the choices are factors.

Question 75

The __________ principle states that the social relations of work find expression in the social relations of the school.

A) correspondence
B) pedagogical
C) screening
D) selection

Question 76

Functionalist theorists see schools and education as

A) mobility inhibitors.
B) mobility escalators.
C) elitism enhancers.
D) status quo maintainers.

Question 77

The number of charter schools grew from zero to __________ in about ten years.

A) 240
B) 540
C) 1,040
D) 2,400

Question 78

According to the Department of Education,American students seem to do more poorly than Japanese students because

A) American students spend more time watching television.
B) Japanese students spend more class time on science and math.
C) Japanese teachers are more likely to develop math concepts in the classroom,whereas American teachers simply state the concepts without developing them.
D) American students spend more time watching television and Japanese students spend more class time on science and math are correct.

Question 79

The requirement that a worker have a degree for its own sake,rather than having one because it certifies skills needed for a job,is known as

A) credentialism.
B) job training
C) social integration.
D) functionalism.

Question 80

In 2003,a U.S.Department of Education study ranked the eighth graders of many countries in mathematics and science.U.S.eight graders ranked behind ____ countries in mathematics.

A) 2
B) 14
C) 9
D) 22