Deck 5: Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the hypothalamic,pituitary,and gonadal hormones (i.e.the HPG axis)?

A)The pituitary (i.e."master gland")controls the release of hormones from the hypothalamus and gonads.
B)The pituitary (i.e."master gland")functions independently,while the hypothalamus controls the gonads.
C)The hypothalamus controls the release of hormones from the pituitary,which control the release of hormones from the gonads,which affect the functioning of the hypothalamus.
D)The hypothalamus and pituitary are important for prenatal development of the gonads,but have no influence upon them afterwards.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The __________ hormone regulates estrogen production in the female and testosterone production in the male.

A)sexual-stimulating
B)luteinizing
C)GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing)
D)pituitary

Answer 2

B

Question 3

For the most part,female sex hormones are manufactured by the _________,while male sex hormones are manufactured by the _________.

A)pituitary,pituita
B)hypothalamus,hypothalamus
C)ovaries,testes
D)clitoris,glans penis

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Inhibin is a substance produced in the testes.Its purpose is to

A)control sexual desire
B)control temperature in the testes
C)suppress sperm production
D)inhibit breast development in the male

Question 5

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the

A)gonads
B)testes
C)pituitary gland
D)hypothalamus

Question 6

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)has which of the following effects?

A)stimulates the development of axillary hair
B)stimulates the development of axillary hair and sperm
C)stimulates the development of sperm and ova
D)reduces the levels of testosterone

Question 7

The hormone produced by the pituitary that acts as the "trigger for ovulation" is the

A)follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
B)luteinizing hormone (LH)
C)estrogen
D)progesterone

Question 8

Inhibin may be useful as a male contraceptive because of its action in suppressing:

A)follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B)luteinizing hormone (LH)
C)testosterone
D)oxytocin

Question 9

The hormone that regulates the production of the sex hormones in the pituitary for both the male and the female is the

A)gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
B)follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
C)luteinizing hormone (LH)
D)androgen

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT true?

A)testosterone is an androgen
B)follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)and luteinizing hormone (LH)affect the functioning of the testes
C)progesterone is an androgen
D)follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)and luteinizing hormone (LH)regulate the levels of estrogen

Question 11

_____ control(s)the amount of testosterone production;______ controls sperm production.

A)luteinizing hormone;follicle-stimulating hormone
B)follicle-stimulating hormone;luteinizing hormone
C)testosterone-stimulating hormone;sperm-stimulating hormone
D)androgens;testosterone

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT involved in hormone release?

A)ovary
B)hypothalamus
C)adrenal gland
D)cervix

Question 13

The "master gland" of the endocrine system in the manufacturing of sex hormones is the _________ gland.

A)adrenal
B)gonadal
C)pituitary
D)hypothalamic

Question 14

Testosterone does NOT influence

A)beard growth
B)the growth of bone
C)GnRH production
D)estrogen production

Question 15

The FIRST period in which sex hormones make structural differences in the male and female is the

A)menopause period
B)andropause period
C)puberty period
D)prenatal period

Question 16

The region of the brain that produces GnRH,gonadotropin releasing hormone,is the

A)hypothalamus
B)pituitary
C)medulla
D)hippocampus

Question 17

Follicle-stimulating hormone is produced by the

A)ovaries
B)testes
C)pituitary gland
D)adrenal gland

Question 18

A hormone which plays a very specific and important role in the stimulation of milk production is

A)testosterone
B)estrogen
C)progesterone
D)prolactin

Question 19

A hormone which plays an important role in stimulating contractions of the uterus during childbirth (as well as in social bonding)is

A)oxytocin
B)estrogen
C)progesterone
D)prolactin

Question 20

Luteinizing hormone is produced by the

A)pituitary gland
B)ovaries
C)testes
D)adrenal gland

Question 21

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is the one that is relatively constant in terms of duration?

A)ovulation
B)follicular
C)luteal
D)menstruation

Question 22

Which of the following is a CORRECT statement about estrous cycles and its accompanying behaviour?

A)Female animals with estrous cycles engage in sexual behaviour only when they are in heat.
B)There is usually a great deal of bleeding and loss of blood.
C)Ovulation usually occurs 1-2 months after estrus is noticeable.
D)Coitus interruptus (withdrawal)is the standard form of sexual intercourse.

Question 23

Breast growth as well as stopping the growth of bone and muscle are controlled by

A)progesterone
B)LH negative
C)estrogen
D)oxytocin

Question 24

Menstrual fluid consists of

A)blood from the endometrium
B)degenerated cells
C)mucus from the cervix and vagina
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 25

Increases in the level of GnRH _______ the level of LH;increases in the level of estrogen ________ the production of GnRH.

A)increase;inhibit
B)increase;increase
C)decrease;inhibit
D)decrease;increase

Question 26

Human females are nearly unique among species in

A)having an estrous cycle
B)having a menstrual cycle
C)the timing of ovulation which corresponds to a slight spotting
D)engaging in sexual intercourse during estrus

Question 27

The negative feedback loop that ensures that testosterone is maintained at the right level includes the

A)hypothalamus,the adrenal gland,and the pituitary gland
B)hypothalamus,the pituitary gland,and the testes
C)prostate gland,the pituitary gland,and the testes
D)testes,the hypothalamus,and the adrenal gland

Question 28

The ______ phase of the menstrual cycle follows ovulation.

A)luteal
B)follicular
C)molecular
D)proliferative

Question 29

Which of the following is a CORRECT statement about the menstrual cycle?

A)Ovulation does not have to occur in every menstrual cycle,especially for girls in puberty and older women.
B)Almost all women come quite close to approximating the "perfect" 28 day menstrual cycle.
C)There is relatively little variation between women on the length of the menstrual cycle and the timing of ovulation.
D)The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is the most constant;it is almost always about 10 days from ovulation to menstruation.

Question 30

The feedback loop in the female that ensures that hormones are produced at the right levels,in the right order and at the right time involves

A)the hypothalamus,the adrenal gland,and the pituitary gland
B)the hypothalamus,the pituitary gland,and the ovaries
C)the clitoris,the pituitary gland,and the ovaries
D)the ovaries,the hypothalamus,and the adrenal gland

Question 31

The phase of the menstrual cycle that is triggered by a sharp decline of both estrogen and progesterone and characterized by the shedding of the inner lining of the uterus is

A)follicular phase
B)ovulation phase
C)luteal phase
D)menstruation phase

Question 32

At the beginning of the luteal phase,progesterone levels rise and then decrease sharply at the end of this phase.What causes this increase then decrease in hormones during this phase?

A)At the beginning of the luteal phase,the follicle turns into the corpus luteum which manufactures progesterone.At the end of the phase,this mass degenerates.
B)Leftover progesterone from the previous phase keeps levels high at the beginning of the luteal phase.These levels slowly dissipate by the end of the phase.
C)At the beginning of the luteal phase,the corpus luteum stimulates progesterone production by the ovaries.The high levels of progesterone cause the negative feedback system to readjust the levels.
D)The shedding of the endometrium at the beginning of the luteal phase creates an imbalance of hormones,including progesterone.As the endometrium is regenerated,progesterone levels return to normal.

Question 33

Prolactin is produced by the

A)ovaries
B)pituitary gland
C)hypothalamus
D)adrenal gland

Question 34

When a woman menstruates without ovulating

A)she should consult a physician immediately
B)it is called an anovulatory cycle
C)she may have Staphylococcus aureus
D)it is called an antiovum month

Question 35

The production of FSH and LH takes place in the

A)hypothalamus
B)ovaries and testes,respectively,depending on the person's sex
C)pituitary gland
D)pancreas

Question 36

Your friend tells you the length of her menstrual cycles varies considerably.She is worried that there might be something wrong with her.She tells you the length of her last five cycles,only one of which falls outside of the normal range.That one was

A)15 days
B)20 days
C)28 days
D)36 days

Question 37

The first phase of the menstrual cycle is the

A)luteal phase
B)ovulatory phase
C)follicular phase
D)secretory phase

Question 38

The follicle begins ripening because of

A)low levels of FSH
B)high levels of FSH
C)high levels of LH
D)high levels of progesterone

Question 39

Biologically,the last phase of the menstrual cycle is

A)ovulation
B)menstruation
C)proliferation
D)follicle-stimulation

Question 40

The term "Mittelschmerz"

A)refers to the middle of the menstrual cycle
B)refers to the cessation of menstruation in middle age
C)describes a condition in which a woman feels herself ovulate
D)is another name for Toxic Shock Syndrome

Question 41

Which of the following is FALSE with respect to prenatal development?

A)All fetuses start out with the same homologous reproductive structures.
B)The female reproductive structures develop by default.
C)In order for a male to develop normally,the fetus's precursor female reproductive system degenerates.
D)In the absence of estrogen,a fetus will develop male reproductive structures.

Question 42

In Klinefelter's syndrome,abnormalities include everything EXCEPT

A)no sperm production
B)low testosterone levels
C)abnormal testes
D)ovaries as well as testes

Question 43

In total,the entire menstrual discharge consists of

A)1 ounce
B)2 ounces
C)6 ounces
D)4 ounces

Question 44

A higher temperature during the _______ phase of the menstrual cycle is due to increased production of _______.

A)follicular;estrogen
B)follicular;progesterone
C)luteal;estrogen
D)luteal;progesterone

Question 45

Just before ovulation,cervical mucus

A)is not produced
B)becomes more alkaline
C)becomes more acid
D)is thick and viscous

Question 46

As you are an astute student who is taking a human sexuality class,your sister asks you for some human sexuality advice.She consistently has menstrual cramps and wonders what you would suggest to reduce the feeling of congestion and pain.You recall what the authors of your text suggested as one of the more effective means of reducing menstrual cramps,which is

A)ingest high levels of caffeine
B)advise her to eat a diet low in carbohydrates and high in protein and continue this throughout all of the phases of her future menstrual cycles.
C)assume a sitting position on the floor with one's legs crossed and think about other things to take her mind off of it
D)masturbation

Question 47

Which of the following is TRUE?

A)Masturbation is a possible remedy for menstrual cramps because it may relieve congestion of menstrual fluids in the pelvis.
B)Intercourse,with or without orgasm,is not advised during menstruation because it can cause cramping.
C)If a woman orgasms during menstruation fluids become trapped in the pelvic region.
D)The presence of ejaculate during menstruation is dangerous because it can cause a back up in menstrual flow.

Question 48

Dysmenorrhea

A)affects males after the climacteric when they no longer can produce sperm
B)is the most uncommon menstrual problem
C)is painful menstruation
D)is caused by bacteria

Question 49

If a girl has not menstruated by about age 18,her condition is called

A)primary dysmenorrhea
B)secondary dysmenorrhea
C)secondary amenorrhea
D)primary amenorrhea

Question 50

Why is Aspirin effective for menstrual pain?

A)it is a diuretic
B)it numbs the uterus
C)it is an antiprostaglandin
D)it is an antinausea drug similar to Gravol

Question 51

________ levels of ________ have been implicated as a cause of painful menstruation.

A)High;endorphins
B)High;prostaglandins
C)Low;endorphins
D)Low;prostaglandins

Question 52

Some of the causes of ______ are pregnancy,congenital reproductive defects,hormonal imbalances,cysts,and anorexia.

A)endometriosis
B)amenorrhea
C)dysmenorrhea
D)anovulatory cycles

Question 53

The part of the menstrual cycle that is relatively constant,even if the menstrual cycles are shorter or longer than the 28 day cycle,is

A)menstruation
B)follicular phase
C)ovulation
D)luteal phase

Question 54

If a girl currently does NOT menstruate,but has had at least one menstrual period by age 18,her condition is called

A)primary dysmenorrhea
B)secondary dysmenorrhea
C)primary amenorrhea
D)secondary amenorrhea

Question 55

On the day after ovulation,the average basal body temperature of the female

A)decreases
B)increases
C)returns to pre-ovulation temperature
D)temperature is not constant enough to predict

Question 56

A female patient reports to her doctor that her periods seem to last a long time and are quite painful.Her doctor asks if the woman also has pain during sexual activity and whether she has ever tried unsuccessfully to have a child.What problem is this doctor likely trying to assess?

A)Amenorrhea
B)Dymenorrhea
C)Endometriosis
D)Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Question 57

Dried cervical mucus takes on a fern-shaped pattern

A)after ovulation
B)just before menstruation
C)during menstruation
D)just before ovulation

Question 58

Dysmenorrhea,painful menstruation,appears to be caused primarily by

A)psychological attitudes of the woman toward menstruation
B)high levels of testosterone which can cause severe lower stomach contractions
C)high levels of prostaglandins which cause severe contractions of smooth muscles
D)high hormone levels which cause severe contractions of the female prostate

Question 59

If a woman has a regular 28-day menstrual cycle,the day of ovulation is assumed to be day

A)4
B)10
C)14
D)20

Question 60

A woman has a 30-day period.She has had a 30-day period since she began ovulating.From this information you would estimate that she ovulates on which day of her period?

A)Day 14
B)Day 15
C)Day 16
D)Day 17

Question 61

The homologous organs-testes and ovaries-develop from which of the following embryonic sources?

A)Wolffian duct
B)undifferentiated gonad
C)genital testis
D)genital fold

Question 62

The X chromosome is _____ than the Y;it carries _______ information.

A)smaller;more
B)smaller;less
C)larger;more
D)larger;less

Question 63

Gonad differentiation occurs

A)at the same time for males and females
B)earlier for females
C)earlier for males
D)during puberty

Question 64

The optimum time for correcting the condition of cryptorchidism is before age

A)5
B)10
C)13
D)15

Question 65

After a careful analysis of the early development of the sexual organs of the female and male fetuses,one of the most important conclusions that we can reach is

A)that there are tremendous differences between the sexual development of female and male sex organs.
B)that there are tremendous similarities between the sexual development of female and male sex organs.
C)that it is impossible to state explicitly anything generalizable for both sexes in their sexual development
D)gender is clear at week 4.

Question 66

Wolffian ducts

A)develop into the epididymis,vas deferens,and ejaculatory duct
B)develop into the testes,scrotum,and clitoris
C)develop into fallopian tubes,the uterus and a part of the vagina
D)cause undescended testes and result in a condition known as cryptorchidism

Question 67

The embryonic source of the glans penis is the

A)genital tubercle
B)genital swelling
C)Müllerian duct
D)Wolffian duct

Question 68

If the Wolffian ducts develop,that person will have

A)breasts
B)male genitals
C)a uterus
D)a birth defect

Question 69

Which of the following develops into the fallopian tubes,the uterus and the upper part of the vagina?

A)mallard ducks
B)müllerian ducts
C)wolffian ducts
D)endocrine ducts

Question 70

A fetus which is going to be male will begin to develop male genitals

A)within three weeks post-conception
B)in the 7^th week post-conception
C)in the 3^rd month of the pregnancy
D)in the 6^th month of the pregnancy

Question 71

What substances are secreted by the testes to lead to male reproductive structures?

A)estrogen and progesterone
B)testosterone and gonadal releasing hormone
C)Wolffian enhancing substance and Müllerian inhibiting substance
D)testosterone and Müllerian inhibiting substance

Question 72

What does "cryptorchidism" mean?

A)a scrotal sac that is underdeveloped
B)three testes
C)small,underdeveloped testes
D)undescended testes

Question 73

The inguinal canal is the passageway for the descent of the

A)ovaries
B)testes
C)scrotum
D)fallopian tubes

Question 74

At about week 10-11 post-conception the sex chromosomes direct the gonads to develop the female

A)clitoris
B)ovaries
C)anus
D)uterus

Question 75

If the inguinal canal reopens it may cause a condition known as

A)inguinal hernia
B)cryptorchidism
C)the adrenogenital syndrome
D)pseudohermaphroditism

Question 76

In Klinefelter's syndrome,the chromosome combination is

A)XXY
B)XY
C)XYY
D)XX

Question 77

At what point,post-conception,is the gender of the fetus clear from the appearance of the external genitals?

A)4 weeks
B)5 weeks
C)8 weeks
D)12 weeks

Question 78

Which of the following may be a consequence of "undescended testes"?

A)decreased likelihood of testicular cancer
B)increased production of sperm
C)sterility
D)increased testosterone production

Question 79

A gene that regulates sexual differentiation of the gonads is

A)SRY
B)FSH
C)secreted by the pituitary gland
D)GnRH

Question 80

What is the importance of a region called SRY?

A)It is where the pituitary gland is located.
B)It is the sex-determining spot on the Y chromosome.
C)It is the chromosome combination responsible for diabetes.
D)It is where testosterone is produceD.