Deck 5: Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and the Menstrual Cycle

Question 1

Which of the following glands produces prolactin?

A)the adrenal gland
B)the pineal gland
C)the pituitary gland
D)the thyroid gland

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Gonad differentiation occurs

A)at the same time for males and females.
B)earlier for females.
C)earlier for males.
D)during puberty.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is most likely to occur due to increases in the level of estrogen?

A)increased production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
B)decreased production of luteinizing hormone (LH)
C)increased production of prolactin and oxytocin
D)decreased production of testosterone

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following may be a consequence of "undescended testes" in a male?

A)decreased likelihood of testicular cancer
B)increased motility of sperm
C)inhibition of sperm production
D)increased testosterone production

Question 5

In the female,the _____ turn into the fallopian tubes,the uterus,and the upper part of the vagina.

A)gonads
B)tubercle
C)Müllerian ducts
D)Wolffian ducts

Question 6

At about 7 weeks post-conception,the sex chromosomes direct the gonads to develop into the _____ in the male.

A)scrotum
B)testis
C)urethra
D)glans

Question 7

The Wolffian ducts develop into the

A)epididymis,vas deferens,and ejaculatory duct.
B)testes and scrotum.
C)shaft of the penis.
D)prostate glanD.

Question 8

Oxytocin

A)results from secretions by the ovaries.
B)curbs the contractions of the uterus during childbirth.
C)suppresses milk ejection from the nipples.
D)seems to promote affectionate bonding.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of Klinefelter's syndrome?

A)It occurs in genetic females that have a single X chromosome.
B)It can be reversed by surgery.
C)It results in low testosterone levels.
D)It occurs when a genetic male has an extra Y chromosome (XYY).

Question 10

Which of the following is most likely to result from increased levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)in females?

A)decreased levels of estrogen
B)increased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C)increased levels of luteinizing hormone (LH)
D)decreased levels of estradiol

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true of cryptorchidism?

A)It is a condition resulting from the descent of one or both testes into the scrotum.
B)It occurs when the penis fails to descend from the body.
C)The optimum time for correcting the condition is soon after the first birthday.
D)Treatment is limited to hormonal therapy.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true of the sex-determining region,Y chromosome (SRY)?

A)It is a gene related to the prenatal differentiation of the gonads.
B)It carries genes that control normal functioning of the ovaries.
C)It is secreted by the testis-determining factor (TDF).
D)It is involved in gonad differentiation in both males and females.

Question 13

Identify the hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth.

A)progesterone
B)testosterone
C)oxytocin
D)prolactin

Question 14

The testis-determining factor (TDF)is responsible for

A)differentiation of gonads into testes.
B)differentiation of the Wolffian ducts into testes.
C)descent of the testes after differentiation.
D)differentiation of the Müllerian ducts into testes.

Question 15

Estrogen and progesterone are manufactured by the

A)ovaries.
B)testes.
C)pituitary gland.
D)hypothalamus.

Question 16

In Klinefelter's syndrome,a genetic male has

A)an extra X chromosome.
B)an extra Y chromosome.
C)an extra chromosome 21.
D)no Y chromosome.

Question 17

The inguinal canal is the passageway for the descent of the

A)ovaries.
B)testes.
C)scrotum.
D)fallopian tubes.

Question 18

Hormones are

A)manufactured solely by the sex glands-the testes and the ovaries.
B)secreted directly into the bloodstream.
C)manufactured solely by the pituitary glands.
D)of only two types-androgens and estrogens.

Question 19

_____ stimulates secretion of milk by the mammary glands after a woman has given birth to a child.

A)Oxytocin
B)Estrogen
C)Progesterone
D)Prolactin

Question 20

Identify the hormone that is responsible for maintaining the mucous membranes of the vagina and stopping the growth of bone and muscle.

A)prolactin
B)oxytocin
C)progesterone
D)estrogen

Question 21

One of your friends is in medical school.She tells you about a syndrome in which a genetic female develops ovaries normally as a fetus.However,due to the abnormal functioning of the adrenal gland,an excess amount of androgen is produced resulting in external genitals that are partly or completely male in appearance.Your friend is unable to recall the name of the syndrome.You know it and are able to tell her that it is

A)congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
B)androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS).
C)cryptorchidism.
D)Klinefelter's syndrome.

Question 22

John Money developed eight variables of gender.The particular gender type that refers to the presence of testosterone and Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS)in males but not in females before birth is the

A)assigned gender.
B)prenatal hormonal gender.
C)pubertal hormonal gender.
D)external genital appearance gender.

Question 23

The syndrome known as 5-alpha reductase deficiency is caused by

A)a genetic-endocrine problem.
B)an excess production of oxytocin.
C)an excess production of prolactin.
D)congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Question 24

_____ represents a psychological transition from the behavior and attitudes of a child to the behavior,attitudes,and responsibilities of an adult.

A)Adolescence
B)Infancy
C)Babyhood
D)Prenatal period

Question 25

Both the clitoris in females and the glans penis in males produce gametes and sex hormones.Based on this information,we may say that the clitoris and the glans penis are

A)autologous organs.
B)heterologous organs.
C)analogous organs.
D)monogamous organs.

Question 26

Which of the following statements regarding brain differentiation in males and females is true?

A)The primary sex-differentiated structure is the cerebellum.
B)The differences in the brain structures of males and females are "hardwired" differences present from birth.
C)The hypothalamus is the only region of the brain that does not show gender differentiation.
D)One of the new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)studies have shown that the hypothalamus andamygdala are larger in men than women.

Question 27

Both the clitoris in females and the glans penis in males develop from the same embryonic tissue-the genital tubercle.Thus,we may say that the clitoris and the glans penis are

A)autologous organs.
B)heterologous organs.
C)monogamous organs.
D)homologous organs.

Question 28

The Skene's gland in females and the prostate in males have the same embryonic source-the urethral primordia.The Skene's gland also secretes a fluid that is biologically similar to the milky alkaline fluid secreted by the male prostate.Based on this,we may say that

A)these organs are homologous but not analogous.
B)these organs are analogous but not homologous.
C)these organs are both analogous and homologous.
D)these organs are neither analogous nor homologous.

Question 29

Which of the following organs are both homologous and analogous in the adult female and the adult male respectively?

A)the scrotum and the labia majora (outer lips)
B)the Wolffian duct and the Müllerian duct
C)the hypothalamus and the pituitary
D)the glans penis and the clitoris

Question 30

The primary sex-differentiated structure in the brain is the _____.

A)occipital lobe
B)thalamus
C)hypothalamus
D)parietal lobe

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true of epigenetics?

A)Epigenetics alters the genetic code.
B)Epigenetics refers to a functional change to DNA.
C)An epigenetic change involves the substitution of one base pair of DNA for another.
D)An epigenetic change involves the deletion of one or more base pairs of DNA.

Question 32

The testes in the male are homologous to the _____ in the female.

A)clitoris
B)ovaries
C)labia majora (outer lips)
D)labia minora (inner lips)

Question 33

One of your friends is in medical school.She tells you about a syndrome,where a genetic male produces normal levels of testosterone.However,his body tissues are insensitive to the testosterone and result prenatal development is feminized.After describing the syndrome,your friend forgets its name.You know it and are able to tell her that it is

A)congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
B)androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS).
C)cryptorchidism.
D)Klinefelter's syndrome.

Question 34

In the context of determination of estrogen sensitivity,if testosterone is present during fetal development,the cells that have

A)estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus become insensitive to estrogen present in the blood stream.
B)androgen receptors in the hypothalamus become highly insensitive to the levels of testosterone in the blood stream.
C)androgen receptors in the hypothalamus become highly sensitive to both estrogen and testosterone.
D)estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus become sensitive to the levels of testosterone in the blood stream.

Question 35

According to John Money,the gender variable that defines one's gender at birth,as measured by the appearance of the external genitals,is

A)chromosomal gender.
B)gonadal gender.
C)pubertal hormonal gender.
D)assigned gender.

Question 36

The type of abnormality where the male fetus (sex chromosome configuration is XY)is insensitive to androgen is most likely to result in

A)a woman like external appearance with no uterus and undescended testes.
B)a male with small testes,enlarged breasts,and reduced sex drive.
C)a tall male with unusual sex preferences.
D)a male of exceptional height and weight with borderline mental retardation.

Question 37

_____ is the time during which there is sudden enlargement and maturation of the gonads,other genitalia,and secondary sex characteristics,leading to reproductive capacity.

A)Babyhood
B)Prenatal period
C)Puberty
D)Infancy

Question 38

The embryonic source of the glans penis is the

A)genital tubercle.
B)genital swelling.
C)Müllerian duct.
D)Wolffian duct.

Question 39

One of the most common syndromes that can cause an intersex condition and sometimes results in identifying genetic females as males at birth is

A)congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
B)Triple Y syndrome (YYY).
C)Triple X syndrome (XXX).
D)androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS).

Question 40

John Money referred to individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and androgen-insensitivity syndrome as _____.

A)transgenders
B)hermaphrodites
C)pseudohermaphrodites
D)homosexuals

Question 41

In the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle the

A)follicle turns into a glandular mass of cells called the corpus luteum.
B)endometrium breaks down and is discharged through the cervix.
C)degeneration of the corpus luteum causes a rise in progesterone levels.
D)luteinizing hormone (LH)is no longer secreteD.

Question 42

_____ is a problem faced more often by boys because of the clogging of sebaceous glands during puberty.

A)Acne
B)Obesity
C)Increased secretion of adrenal androgens
D)Growth of pubic hair

Question 43

At age 12,Anna is 5 feet and 2 inches tall,which makes her taller than most boys her age.In the context of pubertal process,this is most likely due to the fact that

A)the growth spurt occurs in girls but not in boys.
B)the growth spurt for girls tends to be longer than the growth spurt for boys.
C)the growth spurt for girls occurs about two years before the growth spurt for boys.
D)the growth spurt for males is reducing with each passing generation.

Question 44

Penis growth,experienced by the average boy during puberty,is most likely to occur at about the same time as the

A)menarche.
B)significant enlargement of the pelvic bone structure.
C)cessation of mensuration.
D)change in his voice.

Question 45

An adolescent boy experiences temporary breast enlargement.This condition is known as _____.

A)spermarche
B)menarche
C)adrenarche
D)gynecomastia

Question 46

Day 1 of the menstrual cycle is

A)the first day of the follicular phase.
B)the first day of menstruation.
C)the last day of menstruation.
D)the day after the last day of menstruation.

Question 47

Human females engage in sexual behavior

A)primarily in the middle of their estrous cycle.
B)throughout the menstrual cycle.
C)only during menstruation because they are least likely to become pregnant during this phase.
D)only when they are in "heat" like other mammals.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true of menarche?

A)Menarche signifies that a girl is capable of becoming pregnant.
B)All girls tend to react positively to their first menstruations.
C)There is a wide range in the age at which menarche occurs.
D)Girls lack a visible sign of having attained menarche.

Question 49

Human females are nearly unique among species in

A)having an estrous cycle.
B)having a menstrual cycle.
C)experiencing slight spotting during ovulation.
D)engaging in sexual intercourse during estrus.

Question 50

The layer of the uterus that is sloughed off during menstruation and creates most of the menstrual discharge is the

A)endometrium.
B)myometrium.
C)exometrium.
D)perimetrium.

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true of adolescence?

A)Modern American culture has an unusually short period of adolescence.
B)It solely represents a biological transition from child to adult
C)A century ago,adolescence was much longer.
D)In some cultures,adolescence does not exist.

Question 52

Adolescence is a socially defined period of development that

A)represents a psychological transition from childhood toward adulthood.
B)is characterized completely by the physiological changes in the body.
C)is marked by the normative and universal time frame of 13 to 18 years.
D)represents the time from conception to birth.

Question 53

The first phase of the menstrual cycle is

A)the luteal phase.
B)ovulation.
C)the follicular phase.
D)mensuration.

Question 54

When comparing the pubertal process in females and males,it is found that

A)girls and boys follow the same pattern of development at the same time.
B)boys begin to change about 2 years later than girls.
C)girls and boys follow significantly different patterns of development,although they occur at the same time.
D)we really cannot say anything definite given our present state of knowledge about sexual development.

Question 55

The phase of the menstrual cycle that is characterized by a sharp decline of both estrogen and progesterone and a shedding of the inner lining of the uterus is the

A)follicular phase.
B)ovulation phase.
C)luteal phase.
D)menstruation phase.

Question 56

Which of the following hormones is most likely to be involved in the initiation of pubertal development?

A)somatostatin
B)kisspeptin
C)secretin
D)gastrin

Question 57

The first sign of puberty in girls is _____.

A)the production of a mature ovum
B)the beginning of menstruation
C)the growth of pubic hair
D)the beginning of breast development

Question 58

Which of the following is true regarding the ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle?

A)This phase follows the luteal phase.
B)During this phase,the follicle ruptures open and releases a mature egg.
C)The level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)rises significantly during this phase.
D)The levels of estrogen drop significantly during this phase.

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true of leptin?

A)It is a male hormone and not present in girls.
B)It stimulates the secretion of kisspeptin.
C)It is a female hormone and not present in boys.
D)It inhibits the release of luteinizing hormone (LH).

Question 60

Which of the following statements is true of the adrenal glands?

A)They are located just below the kidneys.
B)In females,they are the major producers of androgens.
C)Adrenarche generally begins after age 14.
D)They limit the growth of pubic and axillary hair in females.

Question 61

Which of the following is an effect of high levels of prostaglandins?

A)reduction of nerve sensitivity
B)increase in the supply of prolactin in the bloodstream
C)decrease in the supply of oxygen-carrying blood to the uterus
D)cessation of uterine contractions

Question 62

The average length of a normal menstrual cycle is about

A)14 days.
B)28 days.
C)18 days.
D)36 days.

Question 63

Which of the following results in a surge in a woman's basal body temperature on the day after ovulation?

A)high levels of oxytocin
B)low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C)increased production of prolactin
D)increased production of progesterone

Question 64

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is relatively constant in terms of duration?

A)the ovulation phase
B)the follicular phase
C)the luteal phase
D)the menstruation phase

Question 65

If a woman has a regular 38-day menstrual cycle,the day of ovulation is most likely to be about day

A)4.
B)10.
C)14.
D)24.

Question 66

Faye has been experiencing very painful periods that last an unusually long time.According to her gynecologist,Faye's condition is due to the fact that the lining of her uterus is growing in places other than the uterus.From the information provided,which of the following conditions would best characterize her symptoms?

A)dysmenorrhea
B)amenorrhea
C)endometriosis
D)premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Question 67

On the day after ovulation,a woman's average basal body temperature

A)decreases.
B)increases.
C)returns to preovulation temperature.
D)is the same as that during the follicular phase.

Question 68

The time from ovulation to menstruation is always _____ days,give or take only a day or two.

A)7
B)14
C)18
D)21

Question 69

Dried cervical mucus takes on a fern-shaped pattern

A)after ovulation.
B)just before menstruation.
C)during menstruation.
D)just before ovulation.

Question 70

A woman is trying to determine the time at which she ovulates.She keeps track of her basal body temperature every day.She observes a decrease followed by a noticeable increase in the basal body temperature.This signals that she is in the _____ phase of her menstrual cycle.

A)follicular
B)luteal
C)proliferative
D)menstruation

Question 71

The term Mittelschmerz refers to

A)a phenomenon when menstruation occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle.
B)the cessation of menstruation in middle age.
C)a phenomenon where a woman can feel herself ovulate.
D)appendicitis.

Question 72

If a woman has a regular 28-day menstrual cycle,the day of ovulation is most likely to be day

A)4.
B)10.
C)14.
D)20.

Question 73

Which of the following is true about masturbation and menstruation?

A)Masters and Johnson suggested masturbation as a possible remedy for menstrual cramps.
B)Masturbation is not advised during menstruation because it may exacerbate the cramps.
C)Masters and Johnson suggested that fluids become congested in the pelvic region after an orgasm during menstruation.
D)Masturbation is dangerous because orgasm interferes with the uterine contractions necessary for menstrualflow.

Question 74

When luteinizing hormone (LH)production begins,just before ovulation,the cervical mucus is

A)not produced.
B)even more alkaline.
C)even more acidiC.
D)thick and viscous.

Question 75

Which of the following describes dysmenorrhea?

A)It affects males resulting in a condition in which they can no longer produce sperm.
B)Dysmenorrhea is a condition characterized by breast enlargement in men.
C)Dysmenorrhea refers to painful menstruation.
D)It results from the infection of the female prostate.

Question 76

Which of the following is the cause of painful menstruation?

A)a high level of endorphins
B)a high level of prostaglandins
C)a low level of luteinizing hormone (LH)
D)a low level of inhibin

Question 77

Which of the following is a correct statement about the menstrual cycle?

A)Ovulation does not have to occur in every menstrual cycle,especially among girls during puberty and women in their forties.
B)The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle varies in length,especially among women in their thirties.
C)Irrespective of the duration of one's menstrual cycle,ovulation invariably occurs on day 14 from the start of menstruation.
D)The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is the most constant,extending for 10 days from ovulation to menstruation.

Question 78

The body temperature of a woman changes during the menstrual cycle.Her temperature

A)increases during the follicular phase.
B)decreases on the day of ovulation.
C)decreases the day after ovulation.
D)decreases during the luteal phase.

Question 79

When a woman menstruates without ovulating it is

A)called Mittelschmerz.
B)called an anovulatory cycle.
C)a menstrual problem.
D)a sign of sterility.

Question 80

A woman has a 30-day menstrual cycle.She has had a 30-day cycle since she began menstruating.She is most likely to ovulate on about _____.

A)day 24
B)day 15
C)day 16
D)day 20