Deck 3: Seeking and Receiving Health Care

Question 1

With equal symptoms,who is most likely to seek health care?

A) A 45-year-old man who runs his own business
B) A 45-year-old unemployed man
C) A 55-year-old woman with a very low level of stress
D) A 55-year-old woman with a very high level of stress

Answer 1

A 55-year-old woman with a very high level of stress

Question 2

Alexander Segall proposed that the sick role includes three rights and privileges and three responsibilities.Which of these factors is a responsibility of people who have adopted the sick role?

A) making decisions about one's health-related issues
B) making an attempt to get better
C) the duty to perform everyday chores
D) the duty to depend on other people for assistance

Answer 2

making an attempt to get better

Question 3

Gail has not been feeling well lately.According to the model of illness conceptualization described by Howard Leventhal and his colleagues,Gail is likely to

A) deny her symptoms.
B) try to label her symptoms in a non-threatening way.
C) repress her symptoms and get to the point where she believes she does not experience them.
D) exaggerate her symptoms and attempt to get all the sympathy she can.

Answer 3

try to label her symptoms in a non-threatening way.

Question 4

The function of illness behavior is to

A) determine health status.
B) alleviate symptoms.
C) seek a cure.
D) increase compliance.

Question 5

Edna waited almost 2 weeks after her sinuses started bothering her before she made the appointment to see her doctor.Making the appointment would be considered

A) sick role behavior.
B) illness behavior.
C) psychotic behavior.
D) health-seeking behavior.

Question 6

Although the terms "disease" and "illness" are often used interchangeably,they have somewhat different meanings.Technically,disease refers to

A) psychological disorders.
B) the experience of being sick.
C) the process of physical damage.
D) an existing, official diagnosis.

Question 7

Joshua has been told by friends that he does not look well.He feels flushed and decides to take his temperature to determine if he has a fever.His actions would be defined as

A) self-defeating behavior.
B) disease behavior.
C) illness behavior.
D) socialized behavior.

Question 8

Which of these people is most likely to seek health care?

A) A 19-year-old college man with a knot on his leg
B) A 19-year old college woman who misinterprets HIV symptoms for the flu
C) A 9-year-old boy knocked unconscious from a fall off his bicycle
D) A 40-year-old women worried about a lump in her breast

Question 9

Maud has not been feeling well due to a sore throat.She has taken aspirin and spent most of the day in bed.Her actions would be defined as

A) sick role behavior.
B) illness behavior.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b

Question 10

People experiencing high levels of stress are _____ likely to report symptoms and ______ likely to have their symptoms acknowledged as indicating a disease.

A) more . . .more
B) more . . .less
C) less . . .less
D) less . . .more

Question 11

In the United States,people are considered to be ill

A) after they have been officially diagnosed by a health care provider.
B) if they have an elevated temperature for at least 24 hours.
C) when a disease process first begins.
D) whenever they feel sick.

Question 12

Who is most likely to seek health care?

A) a 55-year-old women with a rapid heart beat
B) a 26-year-old man with a sprained ankle
C) a 70-year-old women who attributes her symptoms to age
D) an unemployed 30-year-old mother with four children

Question 13

Which of these factors was NOT among the factors identified by Howard Leventhal as a component in the conceptualization of illness?

A) identification of the disease
B) monetary cost of the illness and treatment
C) cause of the disease
D) consequences of the disease

Question 14

Finding a label for symptoms

A) tends to catastrophize the problem.
B) tends to make women believe that the problem is more serious but tends to make men believe that the problem is less serious.
C) is an important component of personal understanding of illness.
D) is less important than receiving support from family and professionals.

Question 15

Women are more likely than men to seek health care,possibly because

A) they feel less stress than men.
B) they tend to be more introverted.
C) they have more diseases than men.
D) they may be more sensitive to their internal body status.

Question 16

According to David Mechanic,which of these symptom characteristics is LEAST likely to determine people's response to illness?

A) cost of treatment and hospitalization
B) perceived severity of the illness
C) visibility of the symptoms
D) the extent to which the symptoms interfere with normal daily functioning

Question 17

Jane and Betty are both experiencing fever and nausea.Jane's friend Myrna asks her if she is sick and tells her that she looks terrible,but when she sees Betty,Myrna says nothing about Betty's appearance.Research suggests that Jane

A) is likely to seek health care but to advise Betty not to.
B) is more likely than Betty to seek health care.
C) will seek alternative health care rather than go to a physician.
D) and Betty will both make appointments with a physician.

Question 18

Which of these statements expresses a healthy attitude toward seeking medical care?

A) "I believe that if I feel well, I'm healthy."
B) "Only severe symptoms of a disease are worth worrying about."
C) "When I don't understand my doctor's explanations or instructions, I'll ask questions until I do understand."
D) "When facing a stressful medical procedure, I try not to think about it."

Question 19

Which of these people is most likely to seek health care?

A) Mildred is 72 years old and simply does not feel well. She refers to her symptoms as "the crud."
B) Melvin is a 63-year-old owner of his own profitable business. He began to feel chest pains yesterday and is concerned.
C) Elmer is 68 years old, never married, and lives alone. For the past 2 years, Elmer has experienced "shortness of breath."
D) Ida is 92 years old and feels fine. However, she is lonely and would "like to talk to someone about her health."

Question 20

Several symptom characteristics predict a person's readiness to seek health care.Which of these is NOT one of these characteristics listed by David Mechanic?

A) severity of the symptom as seen by medical authorities
B) visibility of the symptom
C) frequency and persistence of the symptom
D) extent to which symptoms interfere with daily life

Question 21

Malone has been in the hospital for two weeks due to injuries from an automobile crash.Because he is hospitalized,he does not have to work; he receives three healthy meals a day; and most of his normal,everyday decisions are made for him.In such circumstances,Malone will probably

A) enjoy his hospital stay.
B) become addicted to pain medication.
C) experience less stress than usual.
D) experience more stress than usual.

Question 22

When diabetes patients viewed their illness as acute,rather than chronic,their illness management was

A) better.
B) worse.
C) unchanged.
D) better for a few months, then worse.

Question 23

In the United States,

A) most people with health insurance are either employed or have a family member who is employed.
B) all citizens must possess health insurance.
C) every person 65 or older receives free prescription drugs.
D) private health insurance is not available to people with Medicare.

Question 24

When people without health insurance are in serious need of medical attention,they are most likely to go to

A) an emergency room.
B) an alternative health provider.
C) a pharmacist.
D) another country.

Question 25

Poor people,in comparison to wealthy people,utilize health care _______,and when they do their illnesses are _________.

A) less often; severe
B) less often; not severe
C) more often; severe
D) more often; not severe

Question 26

Women and those with higher education are more likely to seek health information from

A) their friends and family.
B) the Internet.
C) newspapers and magazines.
D) television.

Question 27

To help people 65 years old and older,the United States Congress established

A) the Health Maintenance Act.
B) Medicaid.
C) Medicare.
D) the Dole/Clinton Act of 2001.

Question 28

The "nonperson" treatment that hospital patients experience arises from

A) the requirement that patients follow hospital routine.
B) intentional efforts by hospitals to transfer control from patients to staff.
C) physicians who do not care about their patients' well-being.
D) all of these.

Question 29

Alex found some information about a new treatment for asthma on the Internet and shares this information with her doctor.Since Alex's information is accurate and relevant,her relationship with her doctor will most likely

A) deteriorate, as her doctor feels challenged.
B) benefit, as Alex and her doctor can discuss this new information.
C) end, as Alex no longer trusts her doctor to provide her with new information.
D) Both a and c.

Question 30

Margaret finds a lump in her breast but delays seeking medical attention because she is worried it might be breast cancer.According to Leventhal,Margaret is worried about the

A) consequences of her disease
B) timeline of her disease
C) determination of her disease
D) identity of her disease

Question 31

A _______ is the event that separates illness behavior from sick role behavior.

A) heart attack
B) diagnosis
C) hospitalization
D) death

Question 32

Which of these factors reflects a significant trend in the health care system during the past 30 years?

A) Hospital stays are much longer.
B) Medical schools are graduating fewer physicians.
C) The percentage of general practitioners has increased dramatically.
D) Hospitalized patients are more severely ill than they were 30 years ago.

Question 33

Most adults would profit from the techniques that hospitals use to prepare children for hospitalization.The main barrier to preparing all patients who undergo stressful medical procedures is that

A) adults do not have the time for these procedures.
B) these procedures add to medical costs.
C) patients find the preparation as stressful as the procedures, so preparation adds to the overall stress of hospitalization.
D) these procedures are not effective.

Question 34

Patients' _________ with their practitioner can lead to patients following medical advice and continual use of medical services,like obtaining checkups.

A) payment plan
B) satisfaction
C) differences
D) all of the above

Question 35

Medical errors cause some deaths in the United States.Research suggests that the number of such deaths per year is at least

A) 2,000.
B) 6,000.
C) 21,000.
D) 44,000.

Question 36

Which of these industrialized nations has the greatest restrictions on access to health care?

A) France
B) China
C) Germany
D) the United States

Question 37

Parents who reassure children who are about to undergo stressful medical procedures,telling them that "There's nothing to be afraid of,"

A) provide effective models.
B) decrease the anxiety level in their children, but raise it in themselves.
C) are more effective than filmed models in helping a child cope with the stressful medical procedure.
D) tend to increase rather than decrease their children's fears.

Question 38

Of all ethnic groups,_____ are the most likely to report a visit to a physician.

A) Asian Americans
B) European American
C) African Americans
D) Mexican Americans

Question 39

People with a disease are also ill.

Question 40

Using modeling to help children in the hospital prepare for stressful medical procedures

A) is not successful in helping children prepare for surgery but can help with less serious procedures.
B) is successful with children but not with adolescents or adults.
C) can be as successful as drugs when modeling is combined with a cognitive behavioral intervention.
D) can be effective if the parents of the young patient are not allowed to participate.

Question 41

People are more likely to seek care for conditions they perceive as having a physical cause rather than mental or spiritual causes.

Question 42

Differentiate illness behavior from sick role behavior and give examples of each.

Question 43

In addition to being ill,what makes hospitalization stressful? Why don't hospitals make changes to alleviate these circumstances?

Question 44

People often seek medical information from their family and friends,also known as their lay referral network.

Question 45

Young adults show the greatest reluctance to seek health care.

Question 46

Those actions people undertake to learn whether or not they are ill are called illness behaviors.

Question 47

How people understand disease is critical for their behavior when they believe they are ill.Discuss each of the five components that Leventhal and his associates have identified as components of illness conceptualizations in terms of the implications for illness behavior.

Question 48

In the United States,medical errors are the second leading cause of death.

Question 49

African Americans are more likely than European Americans to visit a physician.

Question 50

Emily is trying to decide between two doctors: one is female and one is male.Research on how doctors interact with their patients,suggest that Emily may want to consider choosing the female doctor,as this doctor is more likely to spend more time with her and be more positive when communicating with her.

Question 51

Women are more likely than men to seek health care,even when pregnancy and childbirth are not considered.

Question 52

What personal and social factors influence seeking health care?

Question 53

Sick role behaviors occur before a person has seen a health care provider and prior to receiving a diagnosis from that health care provider.

Question 54

What circumstances restrict people's access to adequate health care?

Question 55

Men tend to report only life-threatening situations,such as heart disease,whereas women tend to report more body symptoms and distress.