Deck 2: Chemical Composition of the Body

Question 1

Of the major ions in the body,the only one that carries a negative charge is

A)Chloride
B)Sodium
C)Potassium
D)Hydrogen
E)Calcium

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Free radicals

A)React rapidly with other atoms
B)Include hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide
C)Contain two electrons in the outermost orbital
D)React rapidly with other atoms and include hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide are correct
E)All of the choices are correct

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Hydrolysis

A)Involves removal of water molecules from larger molecules
B)Involves breaking of covalent bonds within water molecules and transfer of the resulting ions to other molecules
C)Results in the breakdown of large molecules in the body
D)Both involves removal of water molecules from larger molecules and involves breaking of covalent bonds within water molecules and transfer of the resulting ions to other molecules are correct
E)Both involves breaking of covalent bonds within water molecules and transfer of the resulting ions to other molecules and results in the breakdown of large molecules in the body are correct

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The pH of a solution

A)Is a measure of the concentration of H atoms in solution
B)Is a measure of the concentration of bound H⁺ ions in solution
C)Is a measure of the concentration of free H⁺ ions in solution
D)Increases as the acidity of the solution increases
E)Both is a measure of the concentration of free H⁺ ions in solution and increases as the acidity of the solution increases are correct

Question 5

In an atom,the number of

A)Protons always equals the number of neutrons
B)Of protons always equals the number of electrons
C)Of neutrons always equals the number of electrons
D)Both protons always equals the number of neutrons and of protons always equals the number of electrons are correct
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 6

A covalent bond between two atoms is

A)Formed when each atom shares one of its inner-orbit electrons with the other atom
B)Formed when each atom shares one of its outer-orbit electrons with the other atom
C)The strongest of the chemical bonds
D)Formed when each atom shares one of its inner-orbit electrons with the other atom and the strongest of the chemical bonds
E)Formed when each atom shares one of its outer-orbit electrons with the other atom and the strongest of the chemical bonds

Question 7

Ions are

A)Electrically neutral
B)Electrically charged
C)Formed by the gain or loss of protons from the nucleus
D)Electrically charged and formed by the gain or loss of protons from the nucleus
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 8

Compounds A,B and C have molecular weights of 10,50 and 100 respectively.If 5 grams of each compound were put into 1 liter of water,which compound will have the greatest molar concentration?

A)Compound A
B)Compound B
C)Compound C
D)All will have the same molar concentration

Question 9

If a free radical reacts with another molecule the free radical will

A)Remove electrons from the other molecule
B)Form an unbreakable bond with the other molecule
C)Remove protons from the other molecule
D)Stabilize the other molecule
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 10

Molecules that have properties of both polar and nonpolar molecules are called

A)Hydrophobic
B)Hydrophilic
C)Amphipathic
D)All of the choices are correct
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 11

Electrolytes

A)Are ions
B)Conduct electricity when dissolved in water
C)Are found in pure water
D)Both are ions and conduct electricity when dissolved in water are correct
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 12

If a sports beverage advertises that it replaces the body's electrolytes,it will replace

A)Sugars that were broken down for energy
B)Ionic forms of mineral elements
C)Lipids that form the membranes of cells
D)Oxygen and gases used by metabolism
E)Vitamins

Question 13

When magnesium loses electrons to become an ion it forms

A)A covalent bond
B)A cation
C)An anion
D)A new element

Question 14

Organic molecules

A)Always contain oxygen
B)Always contain carbon
C)Are always macromolecules
D)Both always contain oxygen and always contain carbon are correct
E)Both always contain carbon and are always macromolecules are correct

Question 15

An atom's identity is directly determined by

A)The number of electrons it has
B)The number of neutrons it has
C)The number of protons it has
D)The number of bonds it can form
E)Its atomic weight

Question 16

A polar molecule

A)Contains a significant proportion of polar bonds relative to nonpolar bonds
B)May contain ionized groups
C)Can form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules
D)Contains a significant proportion of polar bonds relative to nonpolar bonds and may contain ionized groups are correct
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 17

Most of the body weight of an average young adult male is

A)Water
B)Protein
C)Minerals
D)Lipids
E)Carbohydrates

Question 18

Carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes.They differ in the number of

A)Protons
B)Neutrons
C)Electrons
D)Chemical bonds they can form
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 19

Which of the following is not true of a polar chemical bond?

A)It is covalent
B)It is ionized
C)It has opposite electrical charge at each end
D)It has no net electrical charge
E)None of the choices are false

Question 20

Consider the adage familiar to anyone who has observed oil spills in the ocean or has made a salad dressing: "Oil and water do not mix." Which of the following helps explain this observation?

A)Oil is hydrophobic
B)Oil is nonpolar
C)Oil is composed largely of carbon and hydrogen
D)Water is hydrophilic
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 21

Relative to carbohydrates,lipids

A)Contain fewer carbon atoms per molecule
B)Contain fewer oxygen atoms per molecule
C)Are more hydrophilic
D)Are less abundant in the body

Question 22

Carbohydrates are

A)Composed of equal parts of C atoms and water molecules
B)The major organic molecules of the body
C)Nonpolar
D)Composed of equal parts of C atoms and water molecules and the major organic molecules of the body
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 23

The atomic number of an element is given by the number of electrons in the atom.

Question 24

Proteins are

A)Critically important for physiological processes
B)Composed of fatty acids
C)Composed of nucleic acids
D)Macromolecules with subunits linked by polypeptide bonds
E)Critically important for physiological processes and macromolecules with subunits linked by polypeptide bonds

Question 25

Twelve grams of C contains the same number of atoms as one gram of H.

Question 26

The covalent bond formed between two amino acids is called a(n)

A)Glycosidic bond
B)Peptide bond
C)Phosphodiester bond
D)Ester bond
E)Hydrolytic bond

Question 27

Which of the following lipids have regulatory roles in the body?

A)Steroids
B)Eicosanoids
C)Triacylglycerols
D)Both steroids and eicosanoids are correct
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 28

The mass of an atom is the sum of its protons and electrons.

Question 29

Protons and neutrons have roughly the same mass.

Question 30

Nucleic acids are

A)Macromolecules
B)Composed of nucleotides
C)Distinguished from each other in part by the composition of the sugar they contain
D)Macromolecules and composed of nucleotides
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 31

An atomic nucleus is electrically neutral.

Question 32

Adenosine triphosphate is a(n)

A)Carbohydrate
B)Lipid
C)Protein
D)Nucleotide
E)Amino acid

Question 33

Which of the following correctly describes the strength of the chemical bonds important in protein conformation,from strongest to weakest?

A)Covalent, ionic, hydrogen, van der Waals
B)Ionic, covalent, hydrogen, van der Waals
C)Van der Waals, hydrogen, ionic, covalent
D)Covalent, hydrogen, ionic, van der Waals
E)Covalent, ionic, van der Waals, hydrogen

Question 34

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of

A)Cellulose
B)Starch
C)Triacylglycerol
D)Glycogen
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 35

The atomic number of an element refers to the number of particles in its atomic nucleus.

Question 36

Protein conformation is

A)Independent of the sequence of subunits forming the protein
B)Dependent upon a combination of covalent and noncovalent bonds
C)Affected by interactions with water molecules
D)Independent of the sequence of subunits forming the protein and affected by interactions with water molecules
E)Dependent upon a combination of covalent and noncovalent bonds and affected by interactions with water molecules

Question 37

Hydrogen bonding is very important in maintaining the structure of

A)Lipids
B)Nucleic acids
C)Proteins
D)Nucleic acids and proteins
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 38

The function of adenosine triphosphate is

A)To transfer energy in a cell
B)Catalyze chemical reactions
C)Store large amounts of energy within the cell
D)Act as a template for synthesizing lipids
E)All of the choices are correct

Question 39

Glucose is a

A)Monosaccharide
B)Disaccharide
C)Polysaccharide
D)Glycoprotein
E)Phospholipid

Question 40

An atom is electrically neutral.

Question 41

Molecules with both polar and nonpolar regions are called ambidextrous.

Question 42

All covalent bonds are polar.

Question 43

All of the physiologically important atoms of the body readily form ions.

Question 44

Trace elements such as zinc and manganese are found in minute quantities in the body but do not serve any known function.

Question 45

The number of covalent bonds that can be formed by a given atom depends upon the number of electrons present in the outermost orbit.

Question 46

Water molecules can form covalent bonds with other water molecules.

Question 47

A solution with a pH of 8 is more acidic than one with a pH of 3.

Question 48

The shape of a molecule may change as atoms rotate about their covalent bonds.

Question 49

The carboxyl ion is an anion.

Question 50

The four most common elements in the body are hydrogen,carbon,calcium and oxygen.

Question 51

NaCl is a molecule formed by the covalent bonding of a sodium atom to a chlorine atom.

Question 52

Nitrogen atoms can form a maximum of four covalent bonds with other atoms.

Question 53

In a molecule of water,an oxygen atom forms a double bond with each of two hydrogen atoms.

Question 54

Important mineral elements in the body include Na,Ca and K.

Question 55

The molarity of a solution is a measure of the concentration of the solute.

Question 56

Organic chemistry is the study of oxygen-containing compounds.

Question 57

In general,polar molecules will dissolve in polar solvents,while nonpolar molecules cannot.

Question 58

Polysaccharides are polymers of sugar molecules.

Question 59

Solutes that do not dissolve in water are called hydrophilic.

Question 60

During hydrolysis,hydrogen ions and hydroxyl groups are formed.

Question 61

Triacylglycerol is one subclass of lipid molecules.

Question 62

What is the total (net)charge of an atom of K?

Question 63

In DNA,thymine binds with adenine and cytosine binds with uracil.

Question 64

What is the atomic mass of Na?

Question 65

The symbol indicates that the process is (reversible/irreversible).

Question 66

Cholesterol is a phospholipid.

Question 67

A neutral solution has a pH of ____________.

Question 68

Substitution of one amino acid for another in a given protein will inevitably alter the conformation of that protein to a significant degree.

Question 69

H⁺ represents the ________ ________.

Question 70

What is the atomic mass of H?

Question 71

Sucrose is called "blood sugar" because it is the most abundant carbohydrate in the blood.

Question 72

Saturated fats contain carbon atoms linked by double bonds.

Question 73

COO^- is the ________ ________.

Question 74

R refers to the _____________________.

Question 75

The sequence of amino acids in a protein is known as the secondary structure.

Question 76

Glycoproteins are protein molecules with molecules of glycogen attached to the amino acid side chains.

Question 77

Protein molecules may consist of more than one polypeptide chain.

Question 78

What is the gram atomic mass of C?