Deck 17: Glacial Geomorphology: Processes and Landforms

Question 1

On the upstream side of a frozen river,___[1]_____ pressure builds on the ice.However,on the downstream side of a frozen river,___[2]____ pressure builds up on the ice causing the ice to stretch.
Answer 1-2 Choices
basal slip
compression
dipping
folding
tension

Answer 1

Answer1: compression
Answer2: tension

Question 2

Freshly fallen snow is roughly ______ air.

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 40%
D) 60%
E) 80%

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Ice covered ___________% of the Earth's surface 18,000 years ago.

A) 0
B) 15
C) 30
D) 46
E) 87k

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Most glacial movement is a result of internal

A) formation.
B) instability.
C) deformation.
D) stability.
E) balance.

Question 5

Ice currently covers _________% of the Earth's surface.

A) 0
B) 6
C) 11
D) 23
E) 42

Question 6

What type of feature is formed by the gradual thickening,compaction,and recrystallization of snow and water over time?

A) glacier
B) firn
C) ablated precipitation
D) accumulated snow
E) compact ice

Question 7

What percentage of the freshwater stored on land occurs as ice?

A) 55%
B) 68%
C) 29%
D) 84%
E) 77%

Question 8

When there is more accumulation of snow than there is loss,the equilibrium line moves ___[1]____ the valley and the glacier ___[2]_____.
Answer 1 Choices
down
up
up and down
Answer 2 Choices:
advances
at equilibrium
decreases in size
has a varying position
retreats

Question 9

______ is the compact,granular substance that is the transition stage between snow and glacial ice.

A) Firn
B) Firm
C) Till
D) An ice cap
E) Blue ice

Question 10

Full transformation into an active glacier begins when the snow and ice reach a depth of about

A) 40 feet.
B) 130 feet.
C) 90 feet.
D) 170 feet.
E) 70 feet.

Question 11

___________ usually forms when the glacial ice flows over a small ridge in the bedrock.

A) Internal deformation
B) Basal slip
C) A crevasse
D) Glacial running
E) Glacial collision

Question 12

A deep crack in a glacier is also known as a(n)

A) fracture.
B) tear.
C) crevasse.
D) ice gap.
E) deep-ice crack.

Question 13

When meltwater accumulates at the base of a glacier,providing a lubricant between the underlying rock and the glacier,the glacier moves through the process called

A) internal deformation.
B) surging.
C) natural glacial flow.
D) basal slip.
E) a crevasse.

Question 14

The name of a slowly moving mass of dense ice is

A) firn.
B) compact ice.
C) accumulated snow.
D) glacier.
E) frazil ice.

Question 15

After the transition from snow to firn,the resulting dense material is _______ solid ice.

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 75%
E) 90%

Question 16

Through the process of surging,typical glaciers can move as much as _______ inches per day.

A) 12
B) 24
C) 30
D) 36
E) 44

Question 17

Glacial formation requires ____[1]____ during the ___[2]_____.
Answer 1 Choices:
at least 25 inches of frozen precipitation
rainfall
temperatures above freezing
temperatures below freezing
Answer 2 Choices:
entire year
spring and fall
summer months
winter months

Question 18

Basal slip can cause a glacier to move relatively rapidly through a process called

A) internal deformation.
B) surging.
C) natural glacial flow.
D) glacial running.
E) a crevasse.

Question 19

An elevated U-shaped valley formed by a tributary alpine glacier is called a

A) horn.
B) hanging valley.
C) glacial trough.
D) tarn.
E) cirque.

Question 20

A(n)___________ is a bowl-like depression that serves as a source for some alpine glaciers.

A) cirque
B) ice field
C) ice crater
D) ice depression
E) ice ring

Question 21

The Greenland ice sheet covers _____% of the island of Greenland.

A) 99
B) 95
C) 80
D) 46
E) 35

Question 22

How many basic kinds of ice masses occur in mountainous areas?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 23

Where glaciers flow in steep-sided valleys,they are called

A) tidewater glaciers.
B) piedmont glaciers.
C) valley glaciers.
D) calving glaciers.
E) alpine glaciers.

Question 24

A deep,U-shaped valley carved by an alpine glacier is called a

A) horn.
B) hanging valley.
C) glacial trough.
D) tarn.
E) cirque.

Question 25

When a large block of ice breaks off the front of a glacier,the process is called

A) cracking.
B) fracturing.
C) calving.
D) an iceberg.
E) faulting.

Question 26

A mountain with three or more arêtes on its flanks is called a

A) horn.
B) hanging valley.
C) glacial trough.
D) tarn.
E) cirque.

Question 27

________________ is a landform produced by glacial abrasion and plucking that has a shallow slope on one side and a steep slope on the other side.

A) Roche moutonée
B) A tarn
C) An arête
D) An erratic
E) Glacial plucking

Question 28

__________ is unsorted sediment deposited indirectly or directly by a glacier.

A) Glacial till
B) Glacial drift
C) Glacial meltwater
D) Basal till
E) Ablation till

Question 29

Which side of the Roche moutonêe in the following image is pitted and rough due to plucking?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 30

When a glacier terminates (ends)at the ocean,it is called a

A) tidewater glacier.
B) piedmont glacier.
C) valley glacier.
D) calving glacier.
E) alpine glacier.

Question 31

Which side of the Roche moutonêe in the following image is polished smooth by abrasion?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 32

When a large block of ice from a glacier breaks off and falls into the ocean,it is termed

A) floating ice.
B) an ice block.
C) an iceberg.
D) terminal ice.
E) free-flowing ice.

Question 33

Continental glaciers are also known as

A) ice sinks.
B) ice features.
C) ice blankets.
D) ice sheets.
E) ice fields.

Question 34

When glaciers extend entirely out of a valley into the lowland beyond the mountain front,they are called

A) tidewater glaciers.
B) piedmont glaciers.
C) valley glaciers.
D) calving glaciers.
E) alpine glaciers.

Question 35

Which letter(s)in the following image represents the leeside of the Roche moutonêe?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 36

The Antarctic ice sheet covers __[1]___% of the continent of Antarctica and contains __[2]__% of all glacial ice on Earth.
Answer 1 Choices
33
58
66
85
90
Answer 2 Choices
51
61
71
81
91

Question 37

Which letter(s)in the following image represents the stoss side of the Roche moutonêe?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 38

The suite of processes that occur in arctic environments or along the margins of ice sheets is termed

A) periglacial processes.
B) permafrost.
C) ground ice.
D) the active layer.
E) the nonactive layer.

Question 39

Rounded bedrock hills that have a gradual slope on one side that are created by moving glaciers are called

A) arêtes.
B) Roche moutonnées.
C) horns.
D) cirques.
E) tarns.

Question 40

The edge of the glacier where snow melts is called the

A) zone of accumulation.
B) equilibrium line.
C) wasting zone.
D) zone of ablation.
E) melt-frozen line.

Question 41

During the Last Glacial period (18KYBP),__________% of the Earth was covered by ice.

A) 10
B) 30
C) 57
D) 84
E) 100

Question 42

A ___________ moraine forms at the front of the glacier and marks the long-term,stationary position of the farthest advance of the glacier.

A) recessional
B) ground
C) terminal
D) medial
E) lateral

Question 43

Concerning the process of glacial formation,the lowest deposits of snow compress and form a granular substance called

A) moraine.
B) till.
C) firn.
D) hoar frost.

Question 44

Sediment deposited by meltwater streams emanating from a glacier is called a(n)

A) glacial outwash.
B) kame.
C) outwash plain.
D) esker.
E) kettle lake.

Question 45

This is a streamlined landform created when a glacier deforms previously deposited till.

A) glacial till
B) glacial meltwater
C) glacial drift
D) moraine
E) drumlin

Question 46

A ___________ moraine forms when the retreat of ice is slow but steady,allowing a wide,irregular pattern of deposition.

A) recessional
B) ground
C) terminal
D) medial
E) lateral

Question 47

_________ is a winding ridge formed by a stream that flows beneath a glacier and is then filled in later by the melting glacier.

A) Glacial outwash
B) Kame
C) Outwash plain
D) Esker
E) Kettle lake

Question 48

The part of the glacier where snow builds up is called the

A) zone of accumulation.
B) equilibrium line.
C) wasting zone.
D) zone of ablation.
E) melt-frozen line.

Question 49

Which of the following is in the correct chronological order (oldest to most recent)?

A) Illinoisan → Nebraskan → Kansan
B) Nebraskan → Illinoisan → Kansan
C) Nebraskan → Kansan → Illinoisan
D) Kansan → Nebraskan → Illinoisan
E) Illinoisan → Kansan → Nebraskan

Question 50

This is a winding,ridgelike feature that forms at the front or side of a glacier or between two glaciers.

A) glacial till
B) glacial meltwater
C) glacial drift
D) moraine
E) drumlin

Question 51

A large mound of sediment deposited in depressions of a glacier and then deposited by the melting glacier along the front of a slowly melting or stationary glacier is called a(n)

A) glacial outwash.
B) kame.
C) outwash plain.
D) esker.
E) kettle lake.

Question 52

A __________ moraine forms on the edge or side of a glacier.

A) recessional
B) ground
C) terminal
D) medial
E) lateral

Question 53

This area is the distinct zone of frozen water that occurs in permafrost regions.

A) periglacial processes
B) permafrost
C) ground ice
D) the active layer
E) the nonactive layer

Question 54

Glaciers that carry large boulders long distances and then deposit them on the landscape once it melts are called

A) glacial troughs.
B) glacial erratics.
C) glacial plucking.
D) glacial striations.
E) glacial tarns.

Question 55

The ______________ is the part of the soil that melts and freezes on a daily or seasonal basis.

A) periglacial process
B) permafrost
C) ground thaw
D) active layer
E) ice variability

Question 56

__________ is unsorted sediment deposited directly by a glacier.

A) Glacial till
B) Glacial drift
C) Glacial meltwater
D) Basal till
E) Ablation till

Question 57

___________ is ground that is permanently frozen.

A) The periglacial process
B) Permafrost
C) Ground ice
D) The active layer
E) None of these

Question 58

Lakes that are created by moving glaciers are called

A) arêtes.
B) Roche moutonnées.
C) horns.
D) cirques.
E) tarns.

Question 59

The zone of a glacier where melting exceeds the accumulation of snow is called the zone of ablation.

Question 60

Peaks of mountains with multiple cirques that are created by moving glaciers are called

A) arêtes.
B) Roche moutonnées.
C) horns.
D) drumlins.
E) tarns.

Question 61

The location on a glacier where accumulating snow is in balance with melting and ablating snow is called the tipping point.

Question 62

Marks that are left in rocks by glaciers are called

A) glacial troughs.
B) glacial erratics.
C) glacial pluckings.
D) glacial striations.
E) glacial tarns.

Question 63

The transitional material produced when a glacier forms is called firn.

Question 64

The process in which large boulders are picked up from the landscape by moving glaciers is called

A) glacial trough.
B) glacial erratic.
C) glacial plucking.
D) glacial striation.
E) glacial tarns.

Question 65

Most glacial movement is a result of internal deformation.

Question 66

The region where snow accumulates on a glacier is called the zone of ablation.

Question 67

Currently,ice covers 30% of the Earth's surface.

Question 68

Glaciers are known to advance as much as 12 inches per day.This is called surging.

Question 69

The most recent glaciation impacting the United States was the Wisconsin glacial period.

Question 70

Another name of the zone of ablation is wastage.

Question 71

A slow-moving mass of dense ice is called a glacier.

Question 72

The point on a glacier where snow melts and builds up at the same rate is called the

A) zone of accumulation.
B) equilibrium line.
C) wasting zone.
D) zone of ablation.
E) melt-frozen line.

Question 73

When meltwater accumulates at the base of a glacier,allowing for more efficient movement,it is called ice regulation.

Question 74

Nearly 77% of all freshwater on Earth is stored as ice.

Question 75

Freshly-fallen snow is roughly 20% air.

Question 76

Landforms along ridges that are created by multiple cirques along either side and that take their name from a translation meaning "fishbone" are called

A) arêtes.
B) Roche moutonnées.
C) horns.
D) drumlins.
E) tarns.

Question 77

A deep crack in a glacier is called a crevasse.

Question 78

A deep,U-shaped valley carved by an alpine glacier is called a glacial trough.

Question 79

Modern continental glaciers can be up to 50,000 feet thick in some places.

Question 80

Icebergs are blocks of ice that break off from glaciers and fall into the ocean.