Deck 5: Foundations of Employee Motivation

Question 1

Intensity refers to how long an activity is the focus of a person's attention.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Extrinsic motivation results from positive internal feelings generated by doing well.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Theory Y is a pessimistic view of employees: that they dislike work, must be monitored, and can only be motivated with rewards and punishment.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Our personality has nothing to do with our motivation.

Question 5

Motivation refers to the processes that underlie the persistence of behavior, but not its intensity.

Question 6

Content theories of motivation revolve around the notion that an employee's needs influence motivation.

Question 7

Content theories of motivation focus on identifying internal factors that energize motivation.

Question 8

Direction pertains to the amount of effort being invested in an activity.

Question 9

Motivation is inferred from one's behavior or from the results obtained; it cannot be viewed directly.

Question 10

Process theories of motivation focus on identifying external factors that influence motivation.

Question 11

The two general categories of motivation theories are intrinsic and extrinsic.

Question 12

Process theories are more dynamic than content theories.

Question 13

Maslow's need hierarchy and Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theories are both examples of content theories.

Question 14

Needs are psychological or physiological deficiencies that arouse behavior.

Question 15

Motivation comes from both person and environmental factors.

Question 16

Motivation can be viewed directly.

Question 17

Motivation refers to psychological processes that underlie the direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior or thought.

Question 18

The two types of motivation are goal-oriented and failure-avoiding.

Question 19

Intrinsic motivation is dependent on external factors.

Question 20

In intrinsic motivation, we give ourselves rewards like satisfaction and self-praise.

Question 21

Process theories of motivation include equity theory and Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory.

Question 22

Research strongly supports Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.

Question 23

In Maslow's need hierarchy, the most basic need (and the one that must be met first) is safety.

Question 24

Expectancy theory is a model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness.

Question 25

When a person perceives his/her outcome to input ratio is greater than that of a relevant comparison person, he/she is experiencing negative inequity.

Question 26

According to research, perceptions of justice are strongly related to most organizational behavior outcomes.

Question 27

In Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction arise from different sets of factors.

Question 28

According to self-determination theory, a manager should provide tangible resources, time, contacts, and coaching to improve employee competence.

Question 29

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, motivators are more frequently associated with the content of the task being performed.

Question 30

Theory X and Theory Y are sets of assumptions about human nature.

Question 31

In equity theory, a person compares his/her outputs and inputs to those of another person.

Question 32

Self-determination theory states that our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are learned over time.

Question 33

Distributive justice reflects the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are allocated.

Question 34

According to McClelland, the positive side of the need for power is institutional power, and the negative side is personal power.

Question 35

Georgia, one of your employees, appears to be motivated by a high need for achievement. Therefore, as her manager, you should put her in charge of projects.

Question 36

People who have a high need for affiliation tend to avoid conflict.

Question 37

Research does not support the two-factor aspect of Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory.

Question 38

The "acquired needs" identified by McClelland include the need for achievement, the need for affiliation, and the need for esteem.

Question 39

Equity theory holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes.

Question 40

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, one of the factors that can cause employees to become dissatisfied is salary.

Question 41

Job crafting is driven by employees, not managers.

Question 42

A manager can apply expectancy theory by setting goals and giving feedback.

Question 43

Participation by subordinates in determining how to achieve the goal is essential for the goal-setting process to work effectively.

Question 44

Job enrichment increases the intrinsic motivators in a job.

Question 45

Valence refers to the positive or negative value people place on outcomes.

Question 46

______ refers to amount of effort that we invest in an activity.

A) Persistence
B) Direction
C) Volume
D) Intensity
E) Integration

Question 47

_____________ results when an individual gains positive internal feelings that are generated by doing well.

A) Extrinsic motivation
B) Intrinsic motivation
C) Job satisfaction
D) Job dissatisfaction
E) Organizational citizenship behavior

Question 48

Managers should motivate their subordinates by telling them to "do your best."

Question 49

The elements of expectancy theory are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation.

Question 50

In the job characteristics model, task identity and autonomy are critical psychological states.

Question 51

An expectancy represents an individual's belief that a particular outcome is contingent on accomplishing a specific level of performance.

Question 52

The job characteristics model is based on the idea that all people desire a high amount of the five core job characteristics.

Question 53

Goals that are specific and difficult lead to higher performance.

Question 54

Research has supported the job characteristics model as an important way for managers to increase employee job satisfaction.

Question 55

___________ results from the potential or actual receipt of external rewards.

A) Extrinsic motivation
B) Intrinsic motivation
C) Job satisfaction
D) Job dissatisfaction
E) Organizational citizenship behavior

Question 56

Job enlargement puts more variety into a worker's job.

Question 57

The process of altering a job with the intent of improving the quality of the employee's job experience is called job analysis.

Question 58

The two general categories of motivation theories are:

A) Extrinsic and intrinsic
B) Reward and punishment
C) Content and process
D) Job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction
E) Internal and external

Question 59

An expectancy of "1" indicates that you have no confidence in your ability to perform a given task.

Question 60

Motivation refers to the psychological processes that underlie:

A) Extrinsic and intrinsic factors
B) Direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior or thought
C) Content and process
D) Satisfaction and dissatisfaction
E) Power, achievement, and affiliation

Question 61

People who want to control others and often manipulate people for their own gratification are described as:

A) High in personal power
B) High in institutional power
C) High in need for affiliation
D) High in need for achievement
E) High in Theory X

Question 62

The need for prestige and reputation is part of the need for:

A) Love
B) Esteem
C) Self-actualization
D) Safety
E) Physiological

Question 63

Manuel wanted friendly and close interpersonal relationships with his colleagues. According to McClelland's need theory, this desire is known as ____.

A) Need for power
B) Need for achievement
C) Need for affiliation
D) Need for motivation
E) Need for safety

Question 64

In Maslow's needs hierarchy theory, _______ is the lowest level and __________ is the highest level.

A) Safety; self-actualization
B) Safety; esteem
C) Love; esteem
D) Physiological; esteem
E) Physiological; self-actualization

Question 65

________ is a positive set of assumptions about people at work.

A) Acquired needs theory
B) Theory Y
C) Theory X
D) Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory
E) Self-determination theory

Question 66

______ theory(ies) of motivation revolve(s) around the idea that employees' needs influence their motivation.

A) Content
B) Process
C) Extrinsic
D) Equity
E) Expectancy

Question 67

Which of the following is not a motivating factor?

A) Stimulating work
B) Advancement
C) Salary
D) Recognition
E) Responsibility

Question 68

ABC Company recently held a company picnic. _________ theory would suggest that this kind of event is good because it increases employees' ________.

A) Self-determination; competence
B) Theory Y; performance
C) Maslow's needs hierarchy; satisfaction of physiological needs
D) Self-determination; relatedness
E) Expectancy; valences

Question 69

The theory of motivation that states that motivation is a function of five basic needs that are met sequentially is:

A) Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation
B) Theory X and Theory Y
C) Maslow's need hierarchy
D) Herzberg's motivator-hygiene
E) Acquired needs

Question 70

In applying Herzberg's theory to motivate employees, managers should first:

A) Build motivators into subordinates' jobs
B) Provide positive feedback
C) Increase subordinates' autonomy
D) Provide opportunities for self-actualization
E) Eliminate sources of dissatisfaction

Question 71

_________ theory assumes that competency, autonomy, and relatedness influence our behavior and well-being.

A) Acquired needs
B) Self-determination
C) Job characteristics
D) Expectancy
E) Herzberg's motivator-hygiene

Question 72

As the mother of two small children, Jen struggles to make ends meet on her minimum-wage job. After paying rent and child care expenses, there is sometimes not enough money left at the end of the month to pay the heating bill. More than once the family has gone without warmth on cold nights, and she and kids have gone to bed hungry. Which of the five basic needs is Jen struggling to meet?

A) Safety
B) Esteem
C) Love
D) Physiological
E) Self-actualization

Question 73

Gerry, one of your subordinates, seems to care so much about being liked that he rarely states strong opinions in meetings of your department. Based on this, Gerry probably:

A) Has a strong need for personal power
B) Has a strong need for institutional power
C) Has a strong need for affiliation
D) Has a strong need for achievement
E) Has a low need for achievement

Question 74

In McClelland's acquired needs theory,

A) There are five basic needs: power, affiliation, achievement, esteem, and self-actualization.
B) The affiliation need may be either institutional or personal.
C) We are born with our needs, and they merely become stronger over time.
D) We have a need to be satisfied in our jobs.
E) We learn needs as we live our lives.

Question 75

The theory of motivation that focuses on two sharply contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature is:

A) Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation
B) Theory X and Theory Y
C) Maslow's need hierarchy
D) Herzberg's motivator-hygiene
E) Acquired needs

Question 76

Which of the following is not an example of a hygiene factor?

A) Supervision
B) Company policies
C) Salary
D) Working conditions
E) Recognition

Question 77

Which of the following is not a content theory of motivation?

A) Acquired needs theory
B) Maslow's needs hierarchy of needs theory
C) Self-determination theory
D) Expectancy theory
E) Theory X and Theory Y

Question 78

The need for self-confidence and strength is part of the need for:

A) Love
B) Esteem
C) Self-actualization
D) Safety
E) Physiological

Question 79

In Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory,

A) Hygiene factors come from the job itself.
B) Motivators come from the work context.
C) Satisfaction comes from motivating factors, and dissatisfaction comes from hygiene factors.
D) Satisfaction comes from hygiene factors, and dissatisfaction comes from motivating factors.
E) Job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are opposites.

Question 80

The five needs identified in Maslow's needs hierarchy model, in order from lowest to highest, are:

A) Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization
B) Physiological, safety, esteem, love, self-actualization
C) Safety, physiological, love, esteem, self-actualization
D) Safety, physiological, love, self-actualization, esteem