Deck 23: The United States and the Cold War, 1945-1953

Question 1

The Truman Doctrine

A) accepted different types of government.
B) adhered to non-interference policies.
C) produced a language that helped Americans make sense of the Cold War.
D) was supported by Democrats only.
E) provided aid to democratic governments only.

Answer 1

produced a language that helped Americans make sense of the Cold War.

Question 2

How did the Freedom Train suggest the meaning of freedom remained controversial?

A) Protests erupted in a number of cities over the required recitation of the Freedom Pledge and signing of the Freedom Scroll for access to the exhibit.
B) American Heritage Foundation members were unhappy the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were withdrawn from the documents to be displayed.
C) The Wagner Act, the law guaranteeing workers' right to form unions, was removed from inclusion in the documents display.
D) The international press criticized the spectacle accompanying the American train when millions of people were suffering amid the ruins of World War II.
E) Many viewers were upset that Native American treaties that showed the United States in a negative light were included.

Answer 2

The Wagner Act, the law guaranteeing workers' right to form unions, was removed from inclusion in the documents display.

Question 3

Why did American policymakers agree to spend billions of dollars on the economic recovery of Europe under the Marshall Plan?

A) They hoped to provoke the Soviet Union with this program.
B) They were trying to further solidify the division between the East and the West on the continent.
C) They were happy to provide their own constituents with profitable defense contracts.
D) They were afraid that otherwise, western European nations might fall under Soviet influence.
E) Most Americans still had immediate family in Europe and felt a strong personal connection.

Answer 3

They were afraid that otherwise, western European nations might fall under Soviet influence.

Question 4

The Truman Doctrine assumed

A) the United States would only help democratic governments in its quest against communism.
B) communism had already been defeated.
C) the United States would first and foremost focus on its internal problems.
D) the United States would provide aid to any anticommunist regime, even if it was not a democratic one.
E) the U.S. Army should have a presence in every country dealing with the communist threat.

Question 5

Who was prevented from seeing the American Freedom Train exhibit in 1947?

A) All blacks in the South were banned.
B) People in Memphis and Birmingham were not allowed, because the train's organizers refused to segregate the viewing.
C) Chinese people in California cities were not allowed to view the exhibit.
D) Blacks in the South were only permitted to view exhibits after 8 p.m. when whites were done touring the train.
E) Immigrants who were naturalized citizens were banned from boarding the train.

Question 6

What obstacle did Harry Truman face when he assumed the presidency following the death of Franklin Roosevelt in April 1945?

A) Roosevelt's popularity made it difficult for Truman to win the respect of Congress and the people.
B) At this time in the war, Americans were looking for a president with a military background, something Truman could not offer.
C) Truman had been such an aggressive power player in Congress that he was likely to face stiff opposition there.
D) Harry Truman had absolutely no experience in foreign policy, the most important qualification at this point in American history.
E) Roosevelt had become so unpopular with the American people that his vice president was likely to have to pay for the sins of his predecessor.

Question 7

After World War II, the only nation that could rival the United States was

A) China.
B) France.
C) the Soviet Union.
D) Japan.
E) Great Britain.

Question 8

The policy of "containment" can best be described as

A) preventing the expansion of U.S. economic interests in Latin America to appease growing unrest in impoverished regions.
B) a focus on the containment of further military conflict in the postwar world.
C) preventing the spread of communism worldwide.
D) fighting for the complete destruction of communism anywhere in the world.
E) containing capitalism within its own safe sphere.

Question 9

Why was it unlikely that the Soviet Union was going to embark on a new military campaign in the years following World War II?

A) The communist nation had suffered more than 20 million casualties, along with immense devastation.
B) Stalin was eager to demonstrate to eastern Europeans the pacifist credentials of his communist regime.
C) The Soviet Union had made enormous territorial gains during the war and had every interest in securing them first.
D) Stalin was shocked and appalled by the American use of the nuclear bomb in Japan and vowed to his people never to sink to that level.
E) The Soviet politburo had replaced the warmongering Joseph Stalin with the decidedly pacifist Nikola Khrushchev.

Question 10

Why was it inevitable that the United States and the Soviet Union would eventually come into conflict after the war ended?

A) FDR had privately told his advisers that the wartime friendly relationship between both nations could never last.
B) Historically, both nations had never shared long-term interests or values.
C) It was clear as early as the Tehran conference that Stalin had never intended to follow through on any of the Grand Alliance agreements.
D) Exploitation of Iran's northern oil fields suggested the Soviet Union was already ahead of the United States in postwar economic development.
E) The Soviet Union had not fulfilled its obligations from the Yalta conference.

Question 11

The "Iron Curtain"

A) separated south and north Vietnam.
B) isolated Japan from the world economy.
C) was a term used to ridicule the Soviet Union.
D) separated Japan from the rest of Asia.
E) was a term used in reference to the division between the capitalist West and the communist East.

Question 12

Assess the effects of the Marshall Plan.

A) It was a disaster because China became a Communist country.
B) It never went into effect because the U.S. Congress provided very little funding.
C) The plan struggled because the Soviet Union embezzled half of the funds.
D) The plan was controversial due to the discovery of George Marshall being a communist spy.
E) It helped to jump-start the economies of western Europe.

Question 13

Which of the following happened right after World War II?

A) The United States emerged as the world's greatest power because it had the most powerful air force and navy.
B) The United States accounted for almost all of the world's manufacturing capacity.
C) Only the United States and the Soviet Union could manufacture an atomic bomb.
D) The League of Nations was created.
E) The United States built the Berlin Wall.

Question 14

What was the result of the Korean War?

A) North Korea won, but then gave half of its territory to China.
B) The United States became divided on the home front as large peace demonstrations occurred in opposition to the war.
C) South Korea unified its country and then kicked out the United States.
D) Korea remained divided along the thirty-eighth parallel.
E) The Soviet Union sent troops to occupy Korea.

Question 15

Why did the United States allow West Germany to become part of a defensive alliance less than ten years after the defeat of Nazi Germany?

A) East Germany had positioned nuclear missiles along the border to the west.
B) The United States depended heavily on the expertise of German rocket scientists.
C) The United States made this concession in order to win access to lucrative German consumer markets.
D) The Soviet detonation of a nuclear bomb underlined the importance of a militarily united West.
E) The United States had thoroughly "de-nazified" the country.

Question 16

Why were American diplomats particularly dismayed that the Soviets had installed a procommunist government in Poland in 1945?

A) U.S. forces had hoped to include Poland in the western European security pact that later became known at NATO.
B) The Soviet Union had ruled Poland brutally prior to the war and was responsible for most of the killings that took place there in the war.
C) Stalin had promised Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt at Yalta that he would allow a democratic government in Poland.
D) Americans feared that Soviet control of Poland would make it easier for the Red Army to capture and control all of Germany.
E) Poland had significant oil reserves that British and U.S. interests had planned to tap in an expanded Baltic Trade Agreement after the war.

Question 17

The Berlin Blockade was

A) a barrier erected by Allied forces in postwar Berlin to shield them from angry protests of starving residents.
B) a means for the United States to justify its threat to mobilize Allied forces stationed in Turkey.
C) erected because the United States threatened to invade the Soviet Union.
D) the Soviet Union's reaction to the establishment of a separate currency in the western occupied zones.
E) a temporary defensive measure by the United States that was soon taken down.

Question 18

Which of the following events occurred after Truman's 1947 speech to Congress?

A) A precedent was established for the United States to support terroristic regimes everywhere in their struggles against communism.
B) Congress approved $400 million in U.S. military aid to West Germany.
C) Truman received only immediate, short-term Republican support for his containment policies.
D) The Central Intelligence Agency and the Atomic Energy Commission were established with strict democratic oversight.
E) A precedent was set to create military alliances against the Soviet Union.

Question 19

Which statement about the Korean conflict is correct?

A) The United Nations authorized the use of force to repel the North Koreans.
B) Chinese troops threatened to enter the conflict, but never did.
C) General MacArthur argued against an invasion of China and for the use of nuclear weapons.
D) Truman removed General Eisenhower from command when he criticized Truman.
E) The war ended with a formal peace treaty.

Question 20

Why did France and other European nations understand NATO as a form of double containment?

A) The organization would keep both the United States and the Soviet Union in check.
B) NATO would prevent the expansion of the British empire as well as of American imperialism.
C) The pact would guard them against Soviet aggression as well as Germany's resurgence.
D) NATO would contain communism but also contain the costs of defense for European nations.
E) NATO would counterbalance Soviet influence and that of the United Nations.

Question 21

Japan's constitution, which Americans had written, provided for the first time in Japanese history

A) immigration guidelines.
B) women's suffrage.
C) freedom of speech.
D) decision power to the lower classes.
E) labor rights.

Question 22

The principle of human rights-the idea of basic rights belonging to all persons because they are human-was introduced into international relations

A) after the Holocaust.
B) after the dropping of the atomic bomb.
C) when NATO was established.
D) in the revolutionary period of the late eighteenth century.
E) when the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted.

Question 23

How did the Soviet focus on social and economic rights in the Cold War human rights debate affect American attitudes?

A) It caused millions of Americans to be jealous of and become curious about the Soviet Union.
B) It inspired American politicians to invoke the example of the Soviet Union in order to push for bolder reincarnations of the New Deal.
C) In the climate of anticommunist hysteria, it prompted many Americans to condemn these rights as a first step to socialism.
D) It gave Americans comfort to know that their own emphasis on social and economic rights placed them far ahead of the Soviet Union.
E) It secured voting rights for women along with a quota system for political leadership positions.

Question 24

"Militant Liberty" was the code name for a national security agency that

A) patrolled the border in search of illegal aliens.
B) encouraged Hollywood to produce anticommunist movies.
C) required labor unions to purge suspected communist leaders.
D) forced schools to fire teachers and professors suspected of teaching Marxist ideas.
E) encouraged artists to paint work in a Norman Rockwell style.

Question 25

During the Cold War, the United States considered all anticommunist regimes as part of the free world even when the government was oppressive to its own people. Which of the following nations fit this description?

A) South Africa
B) France
C) Great Britain
D) Soviet Union
E) Argelia

Question 26

Japan

A) failed to renounce a policy of war and armed aggression.
B) received no international aid to facilitate the country's economic reconstruction.
C) was under the control of the U.S. military until 1960.
D) sided with the Soviet Union.
E) adopted a new democratic constitution.

Question 27

In 1949, Mao Zedong

A) was forced into exile.
B) was elected as China's representative in front of the United Nations.
C) invaded Taiwan.
D) won the Chinese Civil War and created the People's Republic of China.
E) invaded Japan.

Question 28

After World War II, which country gained its independence from Great Britain?

A) Ireland
B) Germany
C) the Philippines
D) India
E) Vietnam

Question 29

What introduced the concept of human rights to the broader world?

A) the Russian Revolution
B) the United Nations
C) the Covenant of the League of Nations
D) the European Union
E) the American and French Revolutions

Question 30

Which statement accurately describes what NSC-68 called for?

A) more spending on scientific research
B) enforcement of the Marshall Plan
C) isolationism
D) an elimination of military arsenals
E) a permanent military buildup to fight communism

Question 31

How did Truman respond to Joseph Stalin's blockade around Berlin?

A) He asked the United Nations to get involved.
B) He invaded East Berlin.
C) He ordered an airlift.
D) He started a long process of diplomatic negotiations.
E) He sent supplies by ship.

Question 32

To wage the cultural Cold War, the Central Intelligence Agency and Defense Department

A) promoted the work of artist Norman Rockwell.
B) censored the work of modern artists.
C) funded artistic publications, concerts, performances, and exhibits.
D) sought to censor the work of painter Jackson Pollock.
E) imposed artistic conformity.

Question 33

The Marshall Plan

A) assumed economic prosperity and promoted communism.
B) provided economic assistance to Latin American countries.
C) was broadly capitalist, but incorporated a few key Marxist ideals.
D) did not reach its objectives and was rapidly canceled.
E) was popularized by the use of the slogan "Prosperity Makes You Free."

Question 34

What country's inclusion in the "Free World" does the textbook portray as hypocritical?

A) South Africa
B) France
C) Philippines
D) Canada
E) India

Question 35

According to some critics, how did the casting of the Cold War as a worldwide struggle between freedom and slavery have unfortunate consequences?

A) It made it difficult to discern legitimate postwar struggles for economic and political freedom from those simply motivated by American interests.
B) It required Americans to sympathize with communism, which many were unwilling to do.
C) It prevented any long-term establishment of a diplomatic presence in Moscow.
D) It unfortunately positioned the United States as the leader in military aggression, rather than a beacon of peace.
E) It backfired on Americans whose ancestors had been slaveowners.

Question 36

How was Truman's national health insurance plan defeated?

A) Doctors did not have enough support from patients.
B) It appeared to be something that Nazis would endorse.
C) It was painted as socialist.
D) Insurance companies endorsed the plan.
E) Too many doctors faced malpractice suits.

Question 37

Why did the United States back away from pressuring its European allies to grant self-government to colonies in Asia and Africa?

A) American diplomats valued nations like France more highly for their alliance in the European Cold War.
B) Since the United States was expanding its own empire, it was losing the moral high ground against European colonial powers.
C) American strategists reasoned that national independence in Asia and Africa was likely to benefit the Soviet Union more than the United States.
D) Southern Democrats in Congress did not want to inspire civil rights campaigns at home by supporting national independence in Asia or Africa.
E) The United States depended on European nations to wage war against communists in the developing world.

Question 38

What were the Nuremberg trials?

A) court cases that put Adolf Hitler in power
B) trials in which German officials were prosecuted for crimes against humanity
C) congressional hearings in regard to communists in Hollywood
D) Soviet Union court cases in Poland in regard to the German invasion
E) trials that resulted in Japanese military officials being held accountable for their treatment of prisoners of war

Question 39

According to Time magazine's Henry Luce, what was the key word to explain the essence of the United States?

A) capitalism
B) money
C) liberty
D) freedom
E) opportunity

Question 40

How did Walter Lippmann view the Cold War?

A) He saw it as a long, protracted war that the United States must win at all costs.
B) He saw the Soviet Union as a supporter of freedom.
C) He believed the United States needed to support colonization in order to gain allies.
D) He believed the United States should give in to Soviet demands.
E) He did not want U.S. foreign policy to turn into an ideological crusade.

Question 41

The committee that drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was led by

A) President Truman.
B) Dwight Eisenhower.
C) Eleanor Roosevelt.
D) Franklin Roosevelt.
E) Winston Churchill.

Question 42

Why did southern Democrats fear losing their position in the Democratic Party following its national convention of 1948?

A) Their numbers were ever shrinking in proportion to northern Democrats.
B) The migration westward had significantly reduced the southern Democratic constituency.
C) President Truman used the convention to bolster the position of his fellow Democrats from the northeastern establishment.
D) Party liberals under the leadership of Hubert Humphrey had added a strong civil rights plank to the party platform.
E) The success of Republicans in the South was eroding the constituency base for southern Democrats.

Question 43

In addition to despising racism, what motivated President Truman to push for civil rights?

A) He hoped to gain reparations for African-Americans who had descendants that had been slaves.
B) He wanted to increase the number of black voters in the Republican Party.
C) It was part of his strategy to win reelection.
D) He thought it would silence Joe McCarthy in his attempt to weed out communism.
E) He wanted to protect jobs for women.

Question 44

In the 1950s, what did the term "totalitarianism" describe?

A) democratic governments in Latin America
B) states that left no room for individual rights or alternative values
C) America's enemies in the Cold War
D) liberalism and the free market
E) the foreign policy of containment

Question 45

What did the Soviet Union claim to provide to all its citizens?

A) democratic rights
B) civil liberties
C) free health care
D) social and economic rights
E) the right to vote

Question 46

Besides failing to unionize the South, what other intended goal did Operation Dixie not meet?

A) ending segregation in southern public schools
B) weakening the political control of conservative Democrats in the South
C) creating more military bases in the South
D) lessening the influence of the Communist Party in America
E) moving textile jobs from the South to the North

Question 47

What artist had his work promoted by the CIA but at the same time had his paintings criticized as un-American?

A) Norman Rockwell
B) Mark Rothko
C) Willem de Kooning
D) Fred Busbey
E) Jackson Pollock

Question 48

During the Cold War, American culture

A) became virtually nonexistent as most wartime financial efforts were directed elsewhere.
B) witnessed how the Central Intelligence Agency and Defense Department emerged as patrons of the arts.
C) was absent from the daily lives of the common men and women.
D) faced no intervention from the national government.
E) was not politicized.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true of the Fair Deal?

A) The Fair Deal included a provision to reduce public housing.
B) Congress passed Truman's Fair Deal to raise the standard of living for Americans.
C) The Fair Deal included a provision to freeze the minimum wage.
D) The Fair Deal included a provision to create a national health insurance program.
E) The Fair Deal included a provision to cut Social Security coverage.

Question 50

What led to Republican control of both houses of Congress in 1946?

A) Large numbers of middle-class voters voted Republican, while workers stayed at home.
B) Martin Luther King led civil rights demonstrations, and Democrats were painted as a party for African-Americans.
C) Congress failed to pass the national health-care plan so Democrats lost support.
D) The additional New Deal programs were not extensive enough.
E) France lost control of its Vietnamese colony.

Question 51

Along with freedom, which was the other concept the United States used to mobilize support at home and abroad?

A) a greater good
B) geopolitics
C) totalitarianism
D) liberalism
E) equality

Question 52

How did President Truman react to the postwar strike wave of 1946?

A) He sent federal troops to the strike areas.
B) He did not actively get involved with any of the strikes.
C) He asked for union leaders to be removed from the Democratic Party.
D) He praised the strike leaders and asked for patience from the American public.
E) He used a court order to require coal miners to return to work.

Question 53

Which long-held U.S. territory was granted independence in 1946?

A) Falkland Islands
B) Guantanamo
C) the Philippines
D) Hawaii
E) Puerto Rico

Question 54

How had the political climate changed in the South during World War II and in the early Cold War years?

A) The mass exodus of African-Americans for the West Coast and Northeast left the region almost exclusively white.
B) The high concentration of prisoner-of-war camps in the region had made these southerners savvy in foreign affairs.
C) The number of African-Americans in the region that were registered to vote increased sevenfold.
D) In light of the fight against an enemy with a racial ideology, the states of the Upper South abolished segregation and Jim Crow rule.
E) The region's central role in the development of the atomic bomb made it the capital of militant Cold War politics.

Question 55

Who were the "Dixiecrats"?

A) members of the national press corps who covered the story of Strom Thurmond's breakaway from the Democratic Party
B) southern Democrats who walked out of the 1948 convention to form the "States' Rights Democratic Party"
C) southern labor organizers who campaigned against passage of the Taft-Hartley Act
D) Republicans who favored maintaining segregation in the South in support of the principle of states' rights
E) members of the Commission on Civil Rights

Question 56

President Truman's civil rights plan called for which of the following?

A) a permanent federal civil rights commission
B) national laws regulating the poll tax
C) affirmative action in employment
D) reparations
E) separate and equal education

Question 57

Before breaking the color barrier in Major League Baseball, Jackie Robinson did what?

A) He served overseas in the navy during World War II.
B) He organized a march for voting rights in Selma, Alabama.
C) He dropped as a paratrooper in Normandy for D-Day.
D) He opposed segregated seating on a bus at Fort Hood, Texas.
E) He attempted to break the color barrier of the National Basketball Association.

Question 58

Why did nearly 5 million workers walk off their jobs over the course of 1946?

A) Returning veterans had been given preferential treatment in hiring and promotion.
B) The millions of women who had worked in defense industries were refusing to leave their jobs.
C) The postwar wave of deflation was dramatically reducing the value of workers' wages.
D) The removal of price controls resulted in a drop in workers' real income.
E) American workers had accumulated months of vacation and overtime during the war years.

Question 59

What was To Secure These Rights?

A) a World War II propaganda film that denounced fascism
B) an indictment of racial inequality in America issued by the Commission on Civil Rights
C) a government film on how the United States needed to stand up to the Soviet Union
D) a Major League baseball report recommending how to integrate blacks into the sport
E) a documentary about creating the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

Question 60

Between 1945 and 1952, what was one way in which black Americans gained more rights?

A) The Voting Rights Act was passed.
B) No lynchings took place during these seven years.
C) Eleven states established fair employment practices commissions.
D) The first African-American senator was elected.
E) Jackie Robinson joined the New York Giants in 1947.

Question 61

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A) established an enforcing mechanism.
B) protected people against arbitrary governments.
C) failed to include freedom of religion.
D) was drafted by Delano Roosevelt.
E) failed to include economic rights.

Question 62

What did the McCarren-Walter Act of 1952 permit?

A) the holding of political prisoners
B) the barring of Jews from working at the State Department
C) the revocation of U.S. citizenship if deemed necessary
D) the president to decide who could enter the country
E) unlimited immigration

Question 63

The McCarran-Walter Act

A) removed immigration quotas based on nationality.
B) made immigration law much more flexible for Asians and Latinos.
C) recognized the need for political asylum for refugees from South Africa.
D) authorized the deportation of communists, including naturalized citizens.
E) was supported by President Truman.

Question 64

Why did anticommunist Harry Truman veto the McCarran-Walter Act?

A) The anticommunist measures targeting immigrants did not go far enough for Truman.
B) The McCarran-Walter Act closely mirrored the Committee on Immigration's report, Whom Shall We Welcome, an investigation commissioned by Truman's political enemies.
C) Truman had become alarmed at the excesses of the anticommunist crusade.
D) Truman did not actually veto the act, preferring to propose an alternative bill.
E) The bill did not adequately address how to respond to illegal aliens.

Question 65

Who made a name for himself with the Alger Hiss spy case?

A) John Kennedy
B) Henry Kissinger
C) Daniel Ellsberg
D) Lyndon Johnson
E) Richard Nixon

Question 66

How did white supremacists take advantage of anticommunist rhetoric?

A) They pointed to the interracial society of the Soviet Union as a warning sign.
B) They stressed the fact that African-Americans were twenty times more likely to be communist than whites.
C) They pointed out that the United States' only reliable ally against the Soviet Union was the apartheid regime of South Africa.
D) They charged African-American civil rights leaders with a communist agenda.
E) They proposed deputizing the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) as an anticommunist paramilitary unit.

Question 67

The charges against which of the following organizations led to the downfall of Joseph McCarthy in 1954?

A) the Defense Department
B) the Voice of America
C) the State Department
D) the army
E) the Communist Party

Question 68

The Taft-Hartley Act

A) was drafted by President Truman.
B) was vetoed by President Truman.
C) empowered workers and unions.
D) was opposed by the large majority of women.
E) promoted workers' rights.

Question 69

Operation Dixie was

A) a military operation in Berlin.
B) a propaganda campaign led by the national government.
C) an effort to stop segregation in the northern states.
D) a campaign hoping to eliminate anti-labor conservatives from the South.
E) an initiative to reeducate GIs.

Question 70

In the aftermath of World War II

A) most women were able to retain their jobs.
B) the divorce rate plummeted.
C) the majority of soldiers went back to work.
D) the government managed to control prices.
E) Truman refused to go back to anything similar to the New Deal.

Question 71

Which of the following became an incentive for reconsidering what it meant to be American?

A) totalitarianism
B) segregation
C) labor rights
D) the economic market
E) communism

Question 72

Which of the following accurately depicts one of the uses of anticommunism?

A) Businesses resisted government regulatory efforts as "socialism."
B) Conservative Catholic congregations were investigated for enforcing "principles of communist conformity" among parishioners.
C) New Deal Democrats accused Republicans of "subversion."
D) Progressives supported the implementation of tough anticommunist measures as a defense against Democratic charges of "disloyalty."
E) The McCarran-Walter Act abolished immigration quotas but authorized the execution of immigrants identified as communists.

Question 73

Which of the following statements describes a sign that racial relations were changing after World War II?

A) Hoping to cast their votes, southern blacks started to emigrate to the North.
B) Jackie Robinson, the baseball player, came close to joining the Dodgers.
C) The number of interracial marriages grew considerably.
D) In several episodes of his radio show, Superman fought against the Ku Klux Klan.
E) Lynching practices considerably declined.

Question 74

During the Cold War, Americans

A) formed anticommunist groups who pressured public libraries to remove "un-American" books from their shelves.
B) were united in their outrage over the jailing of Communist Party leaders.
C) fired teachers who refused to sign loyalty oaths.
D) remained generally unconcerned over the prospect of communists living in America.
E) made a concerted effort to better understand Soviet ideologies.

Question 75

What helped Harry Truman win reelection?

A) He toned down his attacks on segregation.
B) He revived New Deal rhetoric.
C) He talked about easing tensions with the Soviet Union.
D) He avoided commitment on controversial issues.
E) The Republican candidate faced an embezzlement scandal.

Question 76

The 1948 presidential race

A) was a three-way race.
B) was the last to occur before television forever changed campaigning.
C) ended the movement of southern Democrats into the Republican Party.
D) highlighted gender as a campaign issue for the Republican Party.
E) had Strom Thurmond as a close second to Harry Truman.

Question 77

Joseph McCarthy

A) had the full support of the Senate during his anticommunist crusade.
B) successfully uncovered the communist infiltration of the federal government.
C) successfully uncovered the communist infiltration of the U.S. Army.
D) was hailed as an American hero for his fight against communism.
E) was an embarrassment to his party by 1954.

Question 78

Why did Harry Truman's loyalty review system target homosexuals working for the government?

A) The president was an outspoken homophobe.
B) Joseph McCarthy's announcement that there were over fifty homosexuals in the State Department had forced Truman's hand.
C) Homosexuals were legally prohibited from working for the government.
D) Homosexuals were considered susceptible to blackmail and thought to be lacking the manly qualities necessary to fight communism.
E) Truman was alleged to be gay himself and sought to deflect any suspicions.

Question 79

Which of the following statements about the Cold War's impact on American life are true?

A) The Cold War froze old immigration policies.
B) The Cold War halted the expansion of higher education.
C) Cold War policy neglected scientific research in medicine and computers.
D) The Cold War contributed to the dismantling of segregation.
E) Cold War military spending weakened the economy.

Question 80

In 1948, the Progressive Party

A) advocated expanded social welfare programs.
B) supported segregation.
C) supported Truman's civil rights proposals.
D) agreed with Truman's Cold War policies.
E) did not allow socialists or communists to join.