Deck 16: Schools and Achievement

Question 1

As a minister conscientious about the welfare of her parishioners,the Reverend Douglas creates many roles in her church for retired church members.Pastor Douglas appears to be applying:

A) disengagement theory.
B) socioemotional selectivity theory.
C) evangelical theory.
D) activity theory.

Answer 1

activity theory.

Question 2

The model of selective optimization with compensation proposes that successful aging is related to three main factors.Which of these factors is based on the concept that,in old age,there are reduced capacity and loss of functioning which mandate a reduction of performance in most domains of life?

A) selection
B) optimization
C) compensation
D) remuneration

Answer 2

selection

Question 3

In Erikson's theory,a life review that leads to a positive outcome will result in a sense of:

A) trust.
B) integrity.
C) autonomy.
D) identity foreclosure.

Answer 3

integrity.

Question 4

Which theory challenges the notion that older adults are in despair because of social isolation?

A) socioemotional selectivity theory
B) activity theory
C) Erikson's stage theory
D) social breakdown theory

Question 5

Daria is a 75-year-old widow who loves children.When schoolchildren walk by her house,she gives them flowers from her garden to take to their mothers.All the children in the neighborhood affectionately call her the "flower lady," and they stop by at every chance for a cookie or a story from Daria.Erik Erikson would describe Daria as being in a state of:

A) trust.
B) integrity.
C) autonomy.
D) intimacy.

Question 6

Which theory holds the most positive view of the abilities of elderly adults?

A) activity
B) disengagement
C) social reconstruction
D) selective optimization with compensation

Question 7

Ron is a retired college professor.Ron's arthritis is getting worse,but he wants to remain active and use the skills he has developed.Which of the following would Ron do if his actions were consistent with the model of selective optimization with compensation?

A) continue with his job as he did before he retired
B) discontinue all of his academic work completely
C) continue doing all aspects of his former job,but do all these activities less frequently than before
D) focus on continuing one aspect of his former job,such as teaching,at a reduced rate and discontinue the rest

Question 8

) Erik Erikson believed that people who experience intimacy and generativity in earlier adulthood are more likely to develop ________ in later adulthood.

A) trust
B) integrity
C) autonomy
D) identity foreclosure

Question 9

Life-span developmentalist Paul Baltes and his colleagues believe that successful aging is related to three main factors:

A) assortment,enhancement,and remuneration.
B) option,compensation,and optimization.
C) selection,optimization,and compensation.
D) remuneration,selection,and enhancement.

Question 10

Erikson's last stage of development is characterized by:

A) care.
B) fidelity.
C) wisdom.
D) hope.

Question 11

What is the last stage in life according to Erik Erikson?

A) death versus dying
B) integrity versus despair
C) immortality versus death
D) independence versus dependence

Question 12

According to Baltes,successful aging is based on selection,optimization,and:

A) elaboration.
B) flexibility.
C) adjustment.
D) compensation.

Question 13

Which two theories are most opposite?

A) activity theory and Erikson's stage theory
B) selective optimization with compensation theory and socioemotional selectivity theory
C) activity theory and socioemotional selectivity theory
D) social isolation theory and selective optimization with compensation theory

Question 14

Mr.Widaman-Gibbs is interviewed on his 100th birthday,and a reporter asks,"How do you want to be remembered?" Mr.Widaman-Gibbs reflects for a moment and responds,"I want to be remembered by the traditions I have left behind in my family; my legacy is not who I was but who my children and grandchildren are." Erik Erikson would classify this response as indicating Mr.Widaman-Gibbs's sense of:

A) identity.
B) intimacy.
C) integrity.
D) autonomy.

Question 15

Which theory explains why older adults spend most of their time with familiar individuals and family?

A) activity theory
B) socioemotional selectivity theory
C) social discontinuity theory
D) disengagement theory

Question 16

The model of selective optimization with compensation is based on the idea that older adults fare better when they:

A) ignore their increasing limitations as much as possible.
B) use technology to broaden and increase their daily activities and efforts.
C) develop positive and creative coping strategies to deal with their limitations.
D) limit the scope of their social networks and concentrate on only a few friendships.

Question 17

Erikson believed that elderly adults use their impending death as a motivation to look back and evaluate their life.This form of retrospection is what many theorists call:

A) life review.
B) identity resolution.
C) integrity formation.
D) retrospective spirit.

Question 18

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory,individuals are motivated by two types of goals-emotional and:

A) spiritual.
B) practical.
C) relational.
D) cognitive.

Question 19

Erik Erikson believed that people who experience isolation and stagnation in earlier adulthood are more likely to experience ________ in later adulthood.

A) despair
B) inferiority
C) shame and doubt
D) identity diffusion

Question 20

Now that Nastasya is in late adulthood,the socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that she will:

A) become more socially withdrawn as she prepares for death.
B) continue to actively make new friends.
C) spend most of her time with familiar friends.
D) emotionally invest in peripheral relationships.

Question 21

Which of the following individuals who live alone is most likely to live in poverty?

A) an African-American man
B) an African-American woman
C) a Latino-American man
D) A Latina-American woman

Question 22

Which factor most contributes to the surging health care costs of our elderly population?

A) the rising number of people living longer
B) the number of adults who retire without full health benefits
C) inadequacies in Social Security benefits
D) the rising costs of prescription drugs

Question 23

Which of the following women who live alone is most likely to live in poverty?

A) an oldest-old African-American woman
B) a young-old African-American woman
C) an oldest-old Latina-American woman
D) a young-old Latina-American woman

Question 24

What percentage of elderly Latinas who live alone live in poverty?

A) 30
B) 40
C) 50
D) 60

Question 25

Older adults not being hired for new jobs,being eased out of old ones because they are perceived as too rigid or feebleminded,and being eased out because they are not considered cost-effective are examples of:

A) eldercare.
B) ageism.
C) generational inequity.
D) age incongruity.

Question 26

What percentage of elderly African-American women who live alone live in poverty?

A) 30
B) 40
C) 50
D) 60

Question 27

Don is 68 years old and would like to work part time during his retirement.All of his applications have been turned down,however,even though Don has many years of experience and an excellent work record,and is appropriate for the job.Don may be experiencing:

A) ageism.
B) disengagement.
C) generational inequity.
D) eldercare discrimination.

Question 28

Which of the following personality traits in the "Big Five" factors of personality is associated with mortality (an earlier death)?

A) low conscientiousness
B) low openness
C) low agreeableness
D) low extroversion

Question 29

Older adults focus on ________; the oldest adults focus on ________.

A) family; thinking about life.
B) friends; family.
C) cognitive fitness; physical fitness.
D) family; health.

Question 30

Which of the two personality traits in the Big Five factors of personality are associated with mortality (an earlier death)?

A) low conscientiousness and high neuroticism
B) low religiosity and high materialism
C) low agreeableness and high neuroticism
D) low extroversion and low openness

Question 31

A home-based health care system for elderly adults will require:

A) greater emphasis on curing the patient.
B) that families bear the majority of the cost of heath care.
C) increased cooperation among health care personnel and family members.
D) that patients be willing to give up some control over their health care.

Question 32

Cohabitation is increasing among ________ and is expected to continue to increase.Cohabitation for this age group may be based on a need for companionship and a legal sharing of resources without finances being legally joined.

A) young adults
B) older adults
C) middle-aged adults
D) All of these

Question 33

When it comes to providing eldercare,work,and social policy,reforms are needed to:

A) increase the number of spaces available in high-quality nursing homes.
B) encourage adults to reduce their workload,so they can stay home with elderly relatives.
C) reduce the number of elderly adults who receive care in their homes.
D) give support to adults who are providing care for elderly family members.

Question 34

Over the past 15 years,the percentage of older people living in poverty has held steady at about________.

A) 10%.
B) 25%.
C) 33%.
D) 40%.

Question 35

Stereotypes of old age common among young,middle-aged,and elderly adults:

A) express both positive and negative images of the elderly.
B) portray the elderly mainly as weak and impaired.
C) express a longing for a sweet old age characterized by vigor and wisdom.
D) portray the elderly as kindly but limited in ability.

Question 36

Which two factors appear to be associated with greater poverty in old age?

A) health and place of living
B) years of work and type of employer
C) sex and ethnicity
D) number of children and savings

Question 37

What percentage of elderly women who live alone live in poverty?

A) 12
B) 18
C) 25
D) 44

Question 38

When it comes to helping elderly patients with chronic health conditions,medical services should emphasize ________ rather than ________.

A) care; cure.
B) cure; care.
C) Social Security; Medicare.
D) Medicare ;Social Security.

Question 39

Gina is doing what she can to help her older aunt take care of herself and stay in her own home.Gina often takes meals to her aunt and helps her clean,go shopping,and make visits to the doctor.Gina is providing ________ for her aunt.

A) outpatient service
B) adult day care
C) eldercare
D) generational equity

Question 40

A 2004 study found that ________ were the most satisfied with their marriages.

A) young adults
B) older adults
C) middle-aged adults
D) married teenagers

Question 41

What is the "triple jeopardy" faced by African-American and Latino women when it comes to income and financial levels of support in the elder years?

A) ageism,sexism,and racism
B) Medicare,Medicaid,and welfare
C) unemployment,poverty,and insufficient Medicare
D) inadequate housing,job displacement,and lack of medical care

Question 42

As adults get older,friendships:

A) become less important than in youth.
B) remain equally as important as in youth.
C) become more important for women,less for men.
D) are more important than family for mental health.

Question 43

In general,successful aging requires:

A) a biological predisposition toward having long-lasting,excellent health.
B) the refusal to accept that there are any declines during older adulthood.
C) engaging in an extensive reevaluation of life's meaning during middle age.
D) a commitment to be active,exert effort,and take a problem-solving attitude.

Question 44

Who of the following is MOST likely to live in poverty during later adulthood?

A) a Japanese-American male
B) a Latino male
C) a white female
D) an African-American female

Question 45

According to research evidence,gender roles in the elder years tend to:

A) become more stereotypically defined and divided.
B) stay about the same as they were in earlier adult years.
C) change,with only women becoming more masculine.
D) change,with only men becoming more feminine.

Question 46

Rasulo,Christensen,and Tomassini (2005)reported that when old-old persons (75 or older)had close ties with friends,they were less likely to:

A) die over seven years.
B) become incontinent.
C) suffer memory loss.
D) become mentally incompetent.

Question 47

This theorist suggested that older adults become more selective about their social networks,because they place a high value on emotional satisfaction in their relationships.

Question 48

Maria is an elderly Latina-American woman.Which of the following support systems is she MOST likely to use to cope with the daily difficulties she faces?

A) local service organizations
B) the people in her religious community
C) federally subsidized counseling services
D) elder organizations such as the Gray Panthers

Question 49

Which of the following is true regarding elderly African-American women in the United States?

A) Most elderly African-American women live with other members of their family.
B) Most elderly African-American women are generally well cared for in their older years.
C) More elderly African-American women experience some degree of poverty than do elderly women from other ethnic groups.
D) Fewer elderly African-American women develop significant health problems than do elderly women from other ethnic groups.

Question 50

Currently,approximately __________ of older American adults cohabit (live together).

A) .5%
B) 1%
C) 3%
D) 10%

Question 51

Evidence offered by Turner suggests that as men reach late adulthood,they become more:

A) assertive.
B) sensitive.
C) dominant.
D) placid.

Question 52

According to Antonucci,Lansford,& Akiyama (2001),friendships in late adulthood:

A) are associated with lower levels of depression for women.
B) are associated with lower levels of depression for men.
C) are associated with lower levels of depression for both men and women.
D) are associated with lower levels of depression for the young-old (both men and women),but not for the old-old (both men and women).

Question 53

This theorist proposed the "selective optimization with compensation theory" of aging.

Question 54

This researcher on aging proposes that the process of looking toward death is the primary catalyst for beginning a life review in old age.

Question 55

Luka is 72 years old.According to trends noticed in research about how gender roles may or may not change with age,we can expect that Luka is now ________ she was when she was 50.

A) more feminine than
B) more masculine than
C) less feminine than
D) about as feminine as

Question 56

How do many African Americans cope with the challenges of growing older in a racist and ageist society?

A) they rely on family networks and often the church
B) they rely on the kindness and generosity of whites and other Americans
C) they rely on government programs that make up for the discrimination
D) they rely on the extra welfare and Social Security they will receive for being minority poor

Question 57

Social support is negatively correlated with:

A) happiness.
B) socioeconomic status.
C) longevity.
D) disease.

Question 58

The more ________ a society is,the more respect is accorded to its elderly adults.

A) socialistic
B) competitive
C) collectivistic
D) individualistic

Question 59

The status an elderly person is accorded in a culture depends on the degree to which he or she:

A) has power and autonomy.
B) has power,has valued knowledge,and is integrated into the family.
C) has autonomy,has useful skills,and contributes to family harmony.
D) has useful skills and does not interfere with family functioning.

Question 60

Adult daughters are three times more likely than adult sons to provide older adults with assistance with:

A) finances and bill paying.
B) activities of daily living.
C) housework and food preparation.
D) transportation to and from social and medical appointments.

Question 61

Describe the socioemotional selectivity theory.

Question 62

According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory,this is the name of the eighth and final stage of development.

Question 63

The process of looking back at one's life experiences,evaluating them,interpreting them,and often reinterpreting them.

Question 64

Name and briefly discuss Erikson's final stage of development.

Question 65

The physical and emotional caretaking of older members of the family,whether that care is day-to-day physical assistance or responsibility for arranging and overseeing such care.

Question 66

List at least four false,negative stereotypes that people believe about older adults.

Question 67

Prejudice against individuals because of their age,especially prejudice against older adults.

Question 68

Describe the selective optimization with compensation model.

Question 69

A theory of aging suggests that older adults become more selective about their social networks,because they place a high value on emotional satisfaction in their relationships.

Question 70

A theory of aging that suggests that the more active and involved older adults are,the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives.