Deck 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood

Question 1

Which of the following biological reasons explains women's increased resistance to infections and degenerative diseases?

A)Estrogen production and the additional X chromosome
B)Lower cholesterol levels and improved lung function
C)Postmenopausal hormone levels and increased body water
D)Better osmoregulation and lower trans fat

Answer 1

Estrogen production and the additional X chromosome

Question 2

In 2011,which of the following countries had the highest life expectancy?

A)United States
B)Japan
C)Monaco
D)Sweden

Answer 2

Monaco

Question 3

Which of the following biological theories of aging states that people age because their cells' normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules?

A)Cellular clock theory
B)Free-radical theory
C)Telomerase-injection theory
D)Hormonal stress theory

Answer 3

Free-radical theory

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a biological theory explaining aging?

A)Cellular clock theory
B)Free-radical theory
C)Mitochondrial theory
D)Reverse neurogenesis theory

Question 5

What is the average life expectancy for individuals born today in the United States?

A)69.3 years
B)72.3 years
C)75.3 years
D)78.7 years

Question 6

What is the main difference between the way younger people and older people respond to stress?

A)Younger people have a slower restorative process after a stressful episode.
B)Younger people have better coping strategies for dealing with stress.
C)The process of aging increases the pituitary gland's response to stress,making it work harder.
D)Older people keep stress hormones in their system for longer periods.

Question 7

The tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function,growth,and repair are known as:

A)Lewy bodies.
B)ribosomes.
C)chromosomes.
D)mitochondria.

Question 8

Which of the following countries had the lowest estimated life expectancy in 2011?

A)South Africa
B)Singapore
C)Japan
D)United States

Question 9

Which of the following is a similarity of the cellular clock,free-radical,and mitochondrial theories?

A)They attribute the process of aging to hormonal changes.
B)They attempt to explain aging at the cellular level.
C)They discount the role of genetics in aging.
D)They emphasize the effects of ecological factors on aging.

Question 10

Telomeres and telomerase are increasingly thought to be key components of the _____ process,providing a possible avenue to restrain cancer and delay aging.

A)hormone production
B)antibody proliferation
C)free radical regeneration
D)stem cell regeneration

Question 11

According to evolutionary theory,natural selection is linked to _____,which is present in the earlier part of adulthood.

A)reproductive fitness
B)neurogenesis
C)cognitive and perceptual fitness
D)muscular and skeletal strength

Question 12

_____ theory states that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times,and that as we age our cells become less capable of dividing.

A)Evolutionary
B)Cellular clock
C)Free-radical
D)Hormonal stress

Question 13

With age:

A)brain weight decreases; brain volume does not decrease.
B)brain volume decreases; brain weight does not decrease.
C)both brain weight and brain volume decrease.
D)neither brain weight nor brain volume decreases.

Question 14

The _____ is one area that shrinks more than others with aging.

A)prefrontal cortex
B)amygdala
C)hypothalamus
D)premotor cortex

Question 15

Researchers have extended the life of a human cell by:

A)removing the cap of the DNA molecule.
B)injecting it with telomerase.
C)rearranging the DNA sequences.
D)splicing the 18th and 19th chromosome.

Question 16

_____ is the number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live.

A)Life expectancy
B)Life span
C)Longevity
D)Life extension

Question 17

According to the cellular clock theory,after about 70 or 80 replications,the cell no longer can reproduce and the _____ are dramatically reduced.

A)mitochondria
B)telomeres
C)chromosomes
D)sperm cells

Question 18

All of the following are characteristics associated with centenarians EXCEPT:

A)Exercise.
B)Smoking.
C)Weight control.
D)Delayed onset of disease.

Question 19

_____ are DNA sequences that cap chromosomes.

A)Free radicals
B)Polymers
C)Telomeres
D)Mitochondria

Question 20

According to evolutionary theory,which of the following is the reason Alzheimer disease not been eliminated by evolution?

A)It appears only in adolescence or early adulthood.
B)It is a genetic disorder.
C)It is caused by improper diet and inadequate physical activity.
D)It does not appear until late middle adulthood or late adulthood.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major diseases that can impair the vision of older adults?

A)Myopia
B)Cataract
C)Glaucoma
D)Macular degeneration

Question 22

_____ is a condition in which individuals may have relatively normal peripheral vision but are unable to see clearly what is right in front of them.

A)Glaucoma
B)Cataracts
C)Macular degeneration
D)Retinal hardening

Question 23

A recent national survey revealed that _____ percent of adults 70 years and older had a hearing loss defined as an inability to hear sounds at frequencies higher than 25 dB with their better ear.

A)15
B)28
C)50
D)63

Question 24

Which of the following is a region of the adult human brain where neurogenesis has been documented?

A)Amygdala
B)Hippocampus
C)Prefrontal cortex
D)Hypothalamus

Question 25

Jace has been diagnosed with _____,a condition characterized by damage to the optic nerve due to buildup of fluid in the eye.

A)glaucoma.
B)cataracts.
C)retinopathy.
D)macular degeneration.

Question 26

The _____ is involved in smell.

A)hippocampus
B)amygdala
C)olfactory bulb
D)prefrontal cortex

Question 27

Severe reductions in the production of dopamine have been linked with:

A)Parkinson disease.
B)Alzheimer disease.
C)dementia other than Alzheimer disease.
D)brain cancer.

Question 28

According to a study by Coleman that compared the brains of adults at various ages,from the forties through the seventies,the:

A)growth of dendrites increased.
B)growth of dendrites decreased.
C)number of axons increased.
D)number of neurons increased.

Question 29

Researchers are exploring _____ buffering strategies,such as exercise,in an effort to find ways to attenuate some of the negative effects of stress on the aging process.

A)stress
B)cognitive
C)emotional
D)physical

Question 30

Which of the following statements regarding smell and taste in the elderly is TRUE?

A)There is no sign of decline in these senses as we age.
B)Older adults show a greater decline in their sense of taste than in their sense of smell.
C)Smell and taste decline less in healthy older adults than in their less healthy counterparts.
D)Smell and taste become more sensitive as we age.

Question 31

Lung capacity drops _____ percent between the ages of 20 and 80,even when disease is not present.

A)20
B)40
C)50
D)60

Question 32

Reductions in _____ have been linked to small declines in memory functioning and to the severe memory loss associated with Alzheimer disease.

A)gamma-aminobutyric acid
B)dopamine
C)acetylcholine
D)adrenaline

Question 33

_____ are the most noticeable changes in physical appearance in late adulthood.

A)Loss of hair and brittle nails
B)Osteoporosis of the bones
C)Reduction in height and weight
D)Wrinkles and age spots

Question 34

The vision of older adults can be affected by age-related changes.One of these changes,which can make steps and curbs difficult to manage,is a decline in:

A)eye-hand coordination.
B)depth perception.
C)ocular elasticity.
D)color vision.

Question 35

Cynthia is 91 years old.Her optic nerves have been damaged due to buildup of fluid in the eye.The doctor has told her that her condition can be treated with eye drops.The disease that has impaired Cynthia's vision is:

A)glaucoma.
B)cataracts.
C)retinopathy.
D)macular degeneration.

Question 36

Identify the region of the human brain in which neurogenesis has been documented in adults.

A)Amygdala
B)Hypothalamus
C)Prefrontal cortex
D)Olfactory bulb

Question 37

Color vision declines with age due to:

A)the yellowing of the lens of the eye.
B)a decline in the effectiveness of the cones to discriminate colors.
C)cataracts preventing certain parts of the light spectrum from entering the lens of the eye.
D)a reduction of the light entering the peripheral area of the visual field.

Question 38

The _____ is involved in memory.

A)hippocampus
B)amygdala
C)prefrontal cortex
D)olfactory bulb

Question 39

Deterioration of the myelin sheath that encases axons is called:

A)demyelination.
B)anti-myelination.
C)unmyelination.
D)synaptic pruning.

Question 40

Gisela is suffering from a condition that involves thickening of the lens of her eyes.This causes her vision to become cloudy or distorted.Identify the condition that Gisela is suffering from.

A)Glaucoma
B)Nearsightedness
C)Macular degeneration
D)Cataracts

Question 41

Exercise is linked to the prevention or delayed onset of chronic diseases,such as:

A)type 2 diabetes.
B)type 1 diabetes.
C)hemophilia.
D)asthma.

Question 42

_____ are the leading cause of injury deaths among adults who are 65 years and older.

A)Household fires
B)Falls
C)Motor vehicle accidents
D)Heart conditions

Question 43

A recent study revealed that _____ improves the sleep profile of older adults.

A)a high-calorie diet
B)an inactive lifestyle
C)regular exercise
D)antidepressant medication

Question 44

Women are especially vulnerable to _____,which is the leading cause of broken bones in women.

A)osteoporosis
B)arthritis
C)osteomalacia
D)muscular dystrophy

Question 45

At least _____ percent of older adults report at least some persistent pain.

A)20
B)45
C)60
D)95

Question 46

Compared with elderly men,elderly women are LESS likely to have:

A)arthritis.
B)hypertension.
C)visual problems.
D)hearing problems.

Question 47

Mrs.Hernandez has considerable pain and swelling in her wrists,fingers,and knees.It is becoming very difficult for her to maintain her usual routines as her stiffness increases.Mrs.Hernandez has:

A)arteriosclerosis.
B)diabetes.
C)arthritis.
D)osteoporosis.

Question 48

_____ involves an extensive loss of bone tissue.

A)Arteriosclerosis
B)Diabetes
C)Arthritis
D)Osteoporosis

Question 49

_____ is the most common chronic disorder in late adulthood.

A)Glaucoma
B)Diabetes
C)Arthritis
D)Kidney disease

Question 50

Ellie is 75 years old.According to your text,she is MOST likely to complain about:

A)back pain.
B)peripheral neuropathic pain.
C)chronic joint pain.
D)leg pain.

Question 51

Gerontologists recommend _____ training in addition to aerobic activity and stretching for older adults.

A)strength
B)marathon
C)anaerobic
D)special

Question 52

Which of the following is observed in older adults?

A)Lung capacity increases.
B)Lungs become more elastic.
C)The diaphragm strengthens.
D)The chest size decreases.

Question 53

A new study revealed that sleeping at least _____ hours a night was linked to longer telomere length.

A)4
B)5
C)6
D)7

Question 54

Salina walks with a marked stoop now that she is old.This is most likely due to:

A)bursitis.
B)osteoporosis.
C)arthritis.
D)diabetes.

Question 55

Felicia is an American between 65-74 years of age.Her doctor should be most concerned about her developing _____,the leading cause of death for her age group.

A)cancer
B)influenza
C)lung disease
D)cardiovascular disease

Question 56

_____ becomes less frequent in males with age,occurring in every second to third attempt rather than every time.

A)Resolution
B)Orgasm
C)Arousal
D)Excitement

Question 57

The most current recommendation regarding exercise for older adults is to engage in moderate-intensity aerobic activity for:

A)2 ½ hours a day.
B)2 ½ hours a week.
C)1 ½ hours three times a week.
D)1 hour every day.

Question 58

The cognitive benefits for older adults who exercise include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Better attentional allocation.
B)Ability to process information more quickly.
C)Expanded short-term memory capacity.
D)Delays in cognitive decline.

Question 59

Which of the following is the leading cause of death in the 75-84 and 85 and over age groups?

A)Cardiovascular disease
B)Kidney disease
C)Cancer
D)Hypertension

Question 60

The physical benefits for older adults who exercise include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Delayed onset of chronic diseases.
B)Improved cardiovascular health.
C)Improved hearing and vision.
D)Delayed onset of type 2 diabetes.

Question 61

An example of _____ attention is making a decision about which stimuli to attend to when making a left turn at an intersection.

A)executive
B)divided
C)sustained
D)selective

Question 62

Although there are differences in the quality of care in nursing homes and other extended-care facilities in the United States,more than _____ are considered to be seriously deficient.

A)one-quarter
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)three-quarters

Question 63

The term _____ refers to the ability to focus on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant to the task at hand while ignoring others that are irrelevant.

A)divided attention
B)selective attention
C)attention deficit
D)sustained attention

Question 64

_____ attention,which consists of focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant,generally decreases in older adults.

A)Selective
B)Perceptive
C)Inductive
D)Sustained

Question 65

Which of the following is TRUE about attention?

A)The more difficult the competing tasks are,the more effectively older adults divide attention than younger adults.
B)When the two competing tasks are reasonably easy,age differences among adults are minimal or nonexistent.
C)On simple tasks involving a search for a feature,age differences are dramatic even when individuals are given sufficient practice.
D)Generally,older adults are more adept at selective attention than younger adults are.

Question 66

A person's knowledge about the world is called _____ memory.

A)schematic
B)functional
C)normative
D)semantic

Question 67

The retention of information about the when and where of life's happenings is called _____ memory.

A)episodic
B)prospective
C)source
D)semantic

Question 68

In the study by Rodin and Langer,which of the following was found to be the result of older adults having perceived control over their own lives?

A)It led to fewer social interactions.
B)It significantly reduced life expectancy.
C)It increased the levels of stress.
D)It was found to increase longevity.

Question 69

Remembering the name of your favorite toy when you were a child is an example of _____ memory.

A)prospective
B)implicit
C)semantic
D)episodic

Question 70

_____ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object,task,event,or some other aspect of the environment.

A)Selective
B)Sustained
C)Divided
D)Executive

Question 71

_____ is likely to delay biochemical alterations such as the age-related rise in cholesterol and triglycerides observed in both humans and animals.

A)Vitamin restriction
B)Calorie overload
C)Calorie restriction
D)Protein-restricted diet

Question 72

The Lumosity program used by older adults in a study to improve their selective attention focuses on all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Problem solving.
B)Mental calculation.
C)Vocabulary development.
D)Working memory.

Question 73

Zack is having a conversation with his friend Ben in a crowded room.Despite the presence of many voices around him,Zack focuses on what Ben is saying.This is an example of _____ attention.

A)selective
B)divided
C)implicit
D)executive

Question 74

In a classic study,Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer found that an important factor related to health,and even survival,in a nursing home is:

A)the provision of emergency geriatric care.
B)the availability of trained staff to care for the oldest-olds.
C)the patient's feelings of control and self-determination.
D)the opportunity to interact with family member(s)during the stay.

Question 75

An example of _____ attention is the ability to focus on one voice among many in a crowded room or a noisy restaurant.

A)selective
B)divided
C)sustained
D)executive

Question 76

Which of the following is a term used to describe sustained attention?

A)Executive functioning
B)Transitivity
C)Vigilance
D)Multitasking

Question 77

Your elderly aunt Marie was recently admitted to a nursing home where there is a "residents advisory board" made up of the people who live in the home.They consult with the staff on changes that affect their lives and help to plan the monthly activities. Based on research by Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer,you would expect that Aunt Marie will:

A)be happier than if she did not have any input into decisions affecting her life.
B)be stressed by having to make decisions; that's what she pays the staff to do.
C)be even more depressed that she is not able to live on her own anymore.
D)be apathetic about what happens to her.

Question 78

Remembering where you went on vacation last summer is an example of _____ memory.

A)situational
B)semantic
C)prospective
D)episodic

Question 79

Older adults who were given speed of processing training showed improvements in their _____ attention.

A)selective
B)perceptive
C)inductive
D)sustained

Question 80

Older adults who participated in 20 one-hour video game training sessions with the program Lumosity showed improvements in their:

A)selective attention.
B)perceptive attention.
C)inductive attention.
D)sustained attention.