Deck 7: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Question 1

Which of the following is characterized as a negative emotion?

A)Joy
B)Love
C)Enthusiasm
D)Anxiety

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion?

A)Embarrassment
B)Surprise
C)Sadness
D)Disgust

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is characterized as a positive emotion?

A)Guilt
B)Anxiety
C)Enthusiasm
D)Anger

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The _____ cry is triggered by a high-intensity stimulus.

A)hunger
B)anger
C)pain
D)reflexive

Question 5

The emotions that appear in the first six months of the human infant's development are known as the _____ emotions.

A)basic
B)primary
C)social
D)self-conscious

Question 6

A basic cry in which excess air is forced through the vocal cords is knows as _____ cry.

A)anger
B)pain
C)hunger
D)colicky

Question 7

When the cry of a baby is following a rhythmic pattern consisting of a cry,followed by a briefer silence,then a shorter inspiratory whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry,then another brief rest before the next cry,then it is called the _____ cry.

A)anger
B)colicky
C)pain
D)basic

Question 8

When infants are stressed,they show better biological recovery from the stressors when their caregivers

A)are abusive.
B)are neglectful.
C)ignore them.
D)are sensitive.

Question 9

When mothers who had experienced negative emotions were reunited with their infants,the infants

A)were oblivious to the mother's emotional state.
B)were curious about their mother's emotional state.
C)appeared to synchronize with the mother's emotional state.
D)started crying immediately.

Question 10

The _____ aspect is at the forefront of emotion in infancy.

A)communication
B)motivation
C)personality
D)disposition

Question 11

_____ is defined as feeling,or affect,that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her.

A)Perception
B)Emotion
C)Attention
D)Affection

Question 12

Which of the following conditions is MOST likely to incite a basic cry?

A)Joy
B)High-intensity stimulus
C)Amusement
D)Hunger

Question 13

Parents who elicited talk about emotions with their toddlers had toddlers who

A)were more likely to share and be helpful.
B)were emotionally withdrawn.
C)had difficulty with their siblings.
D)showed early signs of jealousy.

Question 14

According to your text,Japanese parents

A)encourage their children to laugh and cry.
B)try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions.
C)try to help their children cope after experiencing negative emotions.
D)are more expressive in their emotions than non-Latino White parents.

Question 15

A _____ cry is a sudden long,initial loud cry followed by breath holding.

A)anger
B)pain
C)colicky
D)basic

Question 16

According to Lewis' classification,_____ emotions involve a sense of "me." An example of such an emotion is pride.

A)non-social
B)primary
C)basic
D)self-conscious

Question 17

_____ is the most important mechanism that the newborns have for communicating with others.

A)Smiling
B)Gesturing
C)Crying
D)Shouting

Question 18

Which of these is a primary emotion according to Michael Lewis?

A)Pride
B)Empathy
C)Surprise
D)Guilt

Question 19

Infant Carolina is more likely to show jealousy-related behaviors when her mother gives attention to a

A)car.
B)book.
C)doll.
D)chair.

Question 20

Which of these emotional expressions is a baby's first form of communication when interacting with their parents?

A)Speech
B)Smiles
C)Gestures
D)Postures

Question 21

Kagan's uninhibited children fall into which of the following dimensions of temperament according to Rothbart and Bates classification?

A)Negative affectivity
B)Extraversion/surgency
C)Shyness
D)Effortful control

Question 22

According to Rothbart and Bates' classification of temperament,the _____ category of temperament includes positive anticipation,impulsivity,activity level,and sensation-seeking tendencies.

A)self-regulation
B)negative affectivity
C)extraversion/surgency
D)inhibition

Question 23

_____ is critical as a means of developing a new social skill and is a key social signal.

A)Fear
B)Smiling
C)Anxiety
D)Crying

Question 24

Which of the following terms refers to individual differences in behavioral styles,emotions,and characteristic ways of responding?

A)Stranger anxiety
B)Temperament
C)Separation protest
D)Social referencing

Question 25

Which of the following is the MOST frequent expression of an infant's fear?

A)Separation protest
B)Transition apprehension
C)Stranger anxiety
D)Social consciousness

Question 26

A child who is generally in a positive mood,quickly establishes regular routines in infancy,and adapts easily to new experiences is referred to as a(n)_____ child.

A)easy
B)difficult
C)inhibited
D)slow-to-warm-up

Question 27

According to Rothbart and Bates' classification of temperament,the negative affectivity dimension includes

A)positive anticipation,impulsivity,activity level,and sensation-seeking tendencies.
B)attentional focusing and shifting,inhibitory control,perceptual sensitivity,and low-intensity pleasure conditions.
C)shyness,subduedness,and timidity factors.
D)fear,frustration,sadness,and discomfort factors.

Question 28

Kagan's inhibited children fall into which category of temperament according to Rothbart and Bates' classification?

A)Negative affectivity
B)Effortful control
C)Shyness
D)Surgency

Question 29

According to research,difficulties in infant soothability at 6 months of age was predictive of

A)a secure attachment at 12 months of age.
B)an insecure attachment at 12 months of age.
C)a tendency to become more autonomous at 2 years of age.
D)greater expression of emotion during adolescence.

Question 30

According to Rothbart and Bates' classification of temperament,which of the following dimensions includes attentional focusing and shifting,inhibitory control,perceptual sensitivity,and low-intensity pleasure capabilities?

A)Extraversion
B)Neuroticism
C)Negative affectivity
D)Effortful control

Question 31

A child,who has a low activity level,is somewhat negative,and displays a low intensity of mood,is called a(n)_____ child.

A)easy
B)difficult
C)uninhibited
D)slow-to-warm-up

Question 32

Which of the following terms refers to an infant's distressed reaction when the caregiver leaves?

A)Stranger anxiety
B)Social consciousness
C)Transition apprehension
D)Separation protest

Question 33

Children included under which dimension of Rothbart and Bates' classification are easily distressed?

A)Effortful control
B)Inhibition
C)Negative affectivity
D)Extraversion

Question 34

A _____ smile occurs in response to an external stimulus.In the case of a young infant,this stimulus is often a face.

A)superficial
B)social
C)conscious
D)reflexive

Question 35

Which of the following is one of the categories of temperament included in Rothbart and Bates' classification of temperament?

A)Openness to experience
B)Agreeableness
C)Neuroticism
D)Effortful control

Question 36

A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and usually appears during sleep is known as the _____ smile.

A)reflexive
B)social
C)conscious
D)joyful

Question 37

Which of the following is a part of the brain that plays an important role in fear and inhibition?

A)Amygdala
B)Cochlea
C)Vestibule
D)Pinna

Question 38

A(n)_____ child reacts negatively and cries frequently,engages in irregular daily routines,and is slow to accept change.

A)easy
B)slow-to-warm-up
C)difficult
D)inhibited

Question 39

Physiological characteristics have been linked with different temperaments.In particular a(n)_____ temperament is associated with a unique physiological pattern that includes high and stable heart rate,a high level of the hormone cortisol,and high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.

A)inhibited
B)extraverted
C)negative
D)uninhibited

Question 40

According to Bates,the development of effortful control is linked to advances in the _____ lobes of the brain.

A)parietal
B)frontal
C)temporal
D)occipital

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT considered a self-regulatory dimension of temperament?

A)Adaptability
B)Soothability
C)Persistence
D)Creativity

Question 42

According to Margaret Mahler,the _____ process involves the development of self.

A)separation
B)individuation
C)rapprochement
D)internalization

Question 43

Who among the following psychiatrists argued that the child goes through a separation and then an individuation process in their theory on personality development?

A)Margaret Mahler
B)Erik Erikson
C)John Bowlby
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 44

By _____ months of age infants respond to people differently from the way they do to objects,showing more positive emotions toward people than inanimate objects such as puppets.

A)two to three
B)four to five
C)six to seven
D)eight to nine

Question 45

The physiological pattern associated with inhibited temperament is tied to the excitability of the _____.

A)cerebellum
B)pons
C)thalamus
D)amygdala

Question 46

Julia,a two-year-old girl,looks at her mother for cues when she is offered a toy by a neighbor in order to decide whether to take it or not.If the mother looks happy,Julia might take the doll,and if she has a still response Julia will not take it.This behavior of Julia shows that she has developed

A)joint attention.
B)goal-oriented behavior.
C)social referencing.
D)reciprocal socialization.

Question 47

With reference to Erikson's stages of development,the toddlers who are consistently overprotected by their parents or continuously criticized for accidents develop an excessive sense of _____.

A)autonomy
B)trust
C)identity
D)shame

Question 48

_____ occurs when the caregiver and the infant focus on the same object or event.

A)Joint attention
B)Habituation
C)Sustained attention
D)Attachment

Question 49

According to Harry Harlow,infants' attachment depends on

A)sensitive care.
B)contact comfort.
C)oral satisfaction or food.
D)responsiveness.

Question 50

Which of the following terms refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope?

A)Separation protest
B)Goodness of fit
C)Stranger anxiety
D)Effortful control

Question 51

Infant Chloe demonstrates fairly high levels of behavior inhibition.According to the concept of goodness of fit,Chloe will show the greatest adjustment with parents from

A)Canada.
B)the United States.
C)China.
D)Finland.

Question 52

John Bowlby,on the basis of ethological evidence,suggested that

A)both infants and their primary caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.
B)the critical element in attachment process of infants is constant care and contact comfort.
C)infant's sense of trust developed due to sensitive care is the foundation for attachment.
D)infants become attached to a person who provides oral satisfaction and food.

Question 53

Samuel is 18 months old.He can walk,climb,and open and close a door on his own.He takes pride in all his accomplishments and likes to do things independently. According to Erikson,Samuel is in the _____ stage of development.

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)trust versus mistrust
C)identity versus role confusion
D)industry versus inferiority

Question 54

The physiological pattern associated with an inhibited temperament includes high and stable heart rate,high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain and high levels of the _____ hormone.

A)oxytocin
B)vasopressin
C)cortisol
D)epinephrine

Question 55

Twenty-five-month-old Allen is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose.Allen will most likely

A)touch his nose to wipe off the spot.
B)touch the image of his nose in the mirror to try and wipe the spot off of his own nose.
C)touch the spot on the mirror because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.
D)crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose.

Question 56

Erikson describes the second stage of development as the stage of _____.

A)trust versus mistrust
B)initiative versus guilt
C)autonomy versus shame and doubt
D)identity versus role confusion

Question 57

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,in phase 1 of development

A)attachment becomes focused on one figure,usually the primary caregiver.
B)infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.
C)infants actively seek contact with regular caregivers,such as the mother or father.
D)infants are aware of others' feelings and take it into account in forming their actions.

Question 58

_____ is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a specific situation.

A)Joint attention
B)Social referencing
C)Cognitive sensitivity
D)Reciprocal socialization

Question 59

Which of the following helps infants to understand the intentions and goal-oriented behavior of others?

A)Individuation
B)Attachment
C)Joint attention
D)Habituation

Question 60

According to Erik Erikson,the first year of life is characterized by the _____ stage of development.

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)initiative versus guilt
C)industry versus inferiority
D)trust versus mistrust

Question 61

With reference to the Strange Situation,_____ babies often cling to the caregiver and then resist her by fighting against the closeness,perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

A)insecure avoidant
B)securely attached
C)insecure resistant
D)insecure disorganized

Question 62

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the attachment theory?

A)It acknowledges the importance of the role played by genetic characteristics and temperament on a child's social competence.
B)It emphasizes that infants are highly resilient and adaptive.
C)It ignores the diversity of socializing agents and contexts that exists in an infant's world.
D)It considers the influence of culture on nature of attachment in infants.

Question 63

In the Strange Situation,the babies who engage in no interaction with the caregiver are described as _____ babies.

A)insecure avoidant
B)securely attached
C)insecure resistant
D)insecure disorganized

Question 64

With reference to the Strange Situation,babies that show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance,or display behaviors like extreme fearfulness around the caregiver will be classified as _____ babies.

A)insecure avoidant
B)securely attached
C)insecure resistant
D)insecure disorganized

Question 65

Caregivers of insecure avoidant babies

A)are sensitive to their signals and are consistently available to respond to their infants' needs.
B)often let their babies have an active part in determining the onset and pacing of interaction in the first year of life.
C)often don't respond to their babies' signals and have little physical contact with them.
D)tend to be inconsistent; sometimes they respond to their babies' needs,and sometimes they don't.

Question 66

Even though there are cultural variations in attachment classification,the most frequent classification in every culture studied so far is _____.

A)insecure avoidant
B)insecure disorganized
C)insecure resistant
D)secure attachment

Question 67

The _____ model focuses on connections between a wide range of biological,cognitive,and socioemotional processes and often includes social contexts as well.

A)developmental cascade
B)all-inclusive developmental
C)developmental triarchic
D)monumental developmental

Question 68

Which type of early attachment pattern is MOST strongly linked to externalizing problems such as hostility and aggression?

A)Secure
B)Avoidant
C)Resistant
D)Disorganized

Question 69

Infants who were insecurely attached to both parents ("double insecure")at the age of 15 months

A)had more externalizing problems.
B)were often attached to a grandparent.
C)had more positive peer evaluations in preschool.
D)were shorter in stature than their securely attached counterparts.

Question 70

With reference to the Strange Situation,babies that use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment will be classified as _____ babies.

A)insecure avoidant
B)securely attached
C)insecure resistant
D)insecure disorganized

Question 71

When baby Jeremy's mother leaves the room,he cries.However,when she returns to the room,Jeremy does not usually reestablish contact with her and sometimes even turns his back on her.According to Mary Ainsworth,Jeremy's attachment to his mother is

A)secure.
B)insecure avoidant.
C)insecure resistant.
D)insecure disorganized.

Question 72

In terms of attachment,social cognitive advances that allow infants to develop expectations for the caregiver's behavior include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Caregiver face recognition
B)Caregiver voice recognition
C)An internal working model of expectations about the caregiver
D)The presence or absence of life-like dolls in the environment

Question 73

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,when babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers,such as the mother or father,they are said to be in _____.

A)phase 1
B)phase 2
C)phase 3
D)phase 4

Question 74

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,in phase 4 of development

A)attachment becomes focused on one figure,usually the primary caregiver.
B)infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.
C)infants actively seek contact with regular caregivers,such as the mother or father.
D)infants are aware of others' feelings and begin to take it into account in forming their actions.

Question 75

Which of the following factors is MOST likely to be linked to secure attachment in infants?

A)Physical comfort
B)Maternal sensitivity
C)Social referencing
D)Reciprocal socialization

Question 76

The Strange Situation developed by Mary Ainsworth is an observational measure of

A)self-directed behavior.
B)infant attachment.
C)infant's response to cues.
D)habituation.

Question 77

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,in phase 2 of development

A)attachment becomes focused on one figure,usually the primary caregiver.
B)infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.
C)infants actively seek contact with regular caregivers,such as the mother or father.
D)infants are aware of others' feelings and take it into account in forming their actions.

Question 78

When put on the floor to play,Lillian cries as if she wants to be held.When her mother picks her up,Lillian pushes her away with both arms and turns her head away.Mary Ainsworth would say that Lillian is a(n)_____ baby.

A)insecure avoidant
B)insecure resistant
C)securely attached
D)insecure disorganized

Question 79

Positive mental health,high self-esteem,self-confidence,and socially competent interaction with peers are all associated with the _____ attachment pattern.

A)secure
B)avoidant
C)resistant
D)disorganized

Question 80

Caregivers of insecure disorganized babies

A)are sensitive to their signals.
B)often let their babies have an active part in determining the onset and pacing of interaction in the first year of life.
C)tend to be inconsistent; sometimes they respond to their babies' needs,and sometimes they don't.
D)often neglect or physically abuse them.