Deck 15: Peers

Question 1

Dodge (2011a)found that aggressive boys are more likely to perceive another child's actions as

A) hostile when their intentions are ambiguous.
B) ambiguous when their intentions are hostile.
C) friendly when their intentions are hostile.
D) hostile when their intentions are hostile.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

At what age do children prefer same-sex playmates?

A) 3 years of age
B) 4 years of age
C) 6 years of age
D) 8 years of age

Answer 2

A

Question 3

___________________ may serve a function of providing emotional support for girls who are striving to be perfect but know they are not.

A) Parents
B) Teachers
C) Male friends
D) Cliques of girls

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When you are informed that 8-year-old Gerald was named "most popular" by his classmates,you would least expect him to be identified as

A) conceited.
B) talkative.
C) self-confident.
D) attentive.

Question 5

Maggie acts like herself in the company of others.She also communicates well with others and is generally happy.Based on this description you would expect that Maggie

A) has permissive parents.
B) is popular with her friends.
C) has had a traumatic childhood.
D) is neglected by peers.

Question 6

Peer relations begin to take on an important role in

A) infancy.
B) early childhood.
C) middle childhood.
D) adolescence.

Question 7

When Rudy enters a party,he begins to process the social information around him.According to Dodge (1993),the first step in this process would involve Rudy _____________________ the actions of individuals around him.

A) joining into
B) enacting
C) decoding social cues of
D) searching for a response to

Question 8

Social isolation involves

A) stereotypic "rocking" behavior.
B) improved social interaction.
C) an inability to connect socially.
D) the active seeking-out of others.

Question 9

Parent-child relationships

A) generally have no effect on peer relations.
B) develop after peer relationships are cemented.
C) develop independently of peer relations.
D) serve as emotional bases for enjoying peer relations.

Question 10

Research has found that adolescents with secure attachment to their parents have been linked to

A) obsessive peer relations.
B) positive peer relations.
C) isolation from other peers.
D) helicoptor parenting.

Question 11

Theorists and researchers argue that parent-child relationships serve as emotional bases for

A) positive parental interactions.
B) optimal physical development.
C) enjoying peer relations.
D) conformity to teacher requests.

Question 12

Peers are children of about the same

A) IQ.
B) age or maturity level.
C) level of social isolation.
D) social status.

Question 13

According to Dodge (1993),aggressive children are more likely than nonaggressive children to

A) have friends.
B) perceive ambiguous behavior as hostile.
C) be more introspective.
D) have no siblings.

Question 14

Peer influences

A) can be either positive or negative.
B) are almost always positive.
C) are almost always negative.
D) rarely affect social development.

Question 15

Lyn Brown and Carol Gilligan conducted in-depth interviews of _______________________ to find out their views on friendships.

A) preadolescent girls
B) preadolescent boys
C) high-school girls
D) high-school boys

Question 16

Children who have ______________________________ can modulate their emotional expressiveness in contexts that evoke intense emotions,as when a peer says something negative.

A) ineffective self-regulatory skills
B) effective self-regulatory skills
C) ineffective self-esteem
D) effective personal worth

Question 17

Neglected children are

A) infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
B) frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
C) infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are not disliked by their peers.
D) frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are not disliked by their peers.

Question 18

Which one of the following statements does not fit with the concept of peer relations?

A) Peer relations are more likely to occur on an equal basis.
B) Peer relations do not encourage children to formulate and assert their own opinions.
C) Peer relations encourage children to appreciate the perspective of peers.
D) Peer relations do not encourage children to hold back their ideas in terms of negotiating solutions.

Question 19

Developmentalists have distinguished three types of children other than popular children.They are neglected,rejected,and

A) moderate.
B) motivated.
C) aggressive.
D) controversial.

Question 20

Gender plays a role in peer interactions as illustrated by boys' need to play

A) rough and tumble.
B) with competition.
C) with dominance seeking.
D) All of these.

Question 21

Erik Erikson viewed the purpose of play as

A) practicing adult roles.
B) advancing cognitive development.
C) increasing exploration of the world.
D) providing a means to master anxieties and conflict.

Question 22

The key factor in predicting whether rejected children will engage in delinquent behavior later is their

A) impulsiveness.
B) disruptiveness.
C) aggression toward peers.
D) self-confidence.

Question 23

Eight-year-old Mary seems to be very upset about something and the school psychologist believes there may be trouble in her home.In an effort to confirm his suspicion,the psychologist has Kay go to a room containing dolls,a toy kitchen,and other household items and "pretend to be a mommy taking care of her baby girl." This psychologist is using

A) behavior modification.
B) client-centered therapy.
C) a Piagetian approach.
D) play therapy.

Question 24

Children that have been bullied are most likely to

A) experience depression.
B) engage in suicidal ideation.
C) attempt suicide.
D) All of these.

Question 25

Researchers have often found it is __________________ to improve the social skills of adolescents who are actively disliked and rejected.

A) somewhat easy
B) very easy
C) impossible
D) difficult

Question 26

As a school counselor aware of developmental research,you would likely predict a future of delinquent behavior for the child who is _____________________ with peers.

A) rejected by and noninteractive
B) neglected by and noninteractive
C) rejected by and has a past history of aggression
D) neglected by and has a past history of aggression

Question 27

Rejected children are

A) infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
B) frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively liked by their peers.
C) infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are not disliked by their peers.
D) frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are not disliked by their peers.

Question 28

When Desmond is asked why he is shooting baskets,he says,"It is something that is just fun to do." His comment would indicate that Desmond considers basketball

A) work.
B) play.
C) a sport.
D) a hobby.

Question 29

While watching a child play in a sandbox,who is most likely to think to herself,"By pouring sand back and forth between two different-sized buckets,the child is learning about conservation"?

A) a Piagetian
B) a Freudian
C) a behaviorist
D) a humanist

Question 30

___________________ is verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful.

A) Educational training
B) Power
C) Bullying
D) Helping

Question 31

__________________________ believed that play is an excellent setting for cognitive development.He was especially interested in the symbolic and make-believe aspects of play.

A) Freud
B) Vygotsky
C) Skinner
D) Erikson

Question 32

Controversial children are

A) infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
B) frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
C) infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are not disliked by their peers.
D) frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are not disliked by their peers.

Question 33

If a child is bullied,he or she could be which of the following?

A) an aggressive victim
B) a passive victim
C) None of these.
D) an aggressive or a passive victim

Question 34

The major goal of programs designed to assist rejected children involves

A) training them to imitate the behavior of popular children.
B) teaching them to interact with peers without dominating situations.
C) helping them attract attention from their peers in positive ways.
D) assisting them with getting their needs met by adults rather than peers.

Question 35

According to Freud and Erikson,play

A) helps children master anxieties and develop ways to cope with problems.
B) is overrated as a form of human adjustment.
C) hinders children's ability to focus on solving everyday problems.
D) does little to help children relieve tension,making it hard for them to cope with their frustrations.

Question 36

Bullies are a very troubled group.What might you expect in this group?

A) They display the highest level of conduct problems.
B) They display the highest level of school problems.
C) They display the highest level of relationship problems.
D) All of these.

Question 37

To reduce bullying,schools can do all of the following,except

A) use only same-age peers to serve as monitors for bullying and intervene when they see it taking place.
B) develop school-wide rules and sanctions against bullying and post them throughout the school.
C) form friendship groups for adolescents who are regularly bullied by peers.
D) None of these.

Question 38

Who is likely to be bullied?

A) girls in the lower grades
B) boys in middle schools
C) younger middle-school children
D) both B and C

Question 39

Which statement is a suggestion on how to reduce bullying? Teachers can

A) get older peers to serve as monitors.
B) tell older peers not to intervene in any bullying.
C) form friendship groups for adolescents who are regularly bullied by peers.
D) have older peers serve as monitors and form friendship groups for adolescents who are bullied by their peers.

Question 40

Eight-month-old Cole enjoys playing with a ball that makes noise and bounces.According to Piaget,Cole is engaging in __________ play.

A) sensorimotor
B) constructive
C) practice
D) pretend

Question 41

Which types of play have been researched?

A) constructive play
B) practice play
C) pretense/symbolic play
D) All of these.

Question 42

__________ play is play that involves interaction with peers.This play increases dramatically during the preschool years.

A) Practice
B) Symbolic
C) Social
D) Constructive

Question 43

The most consistent finding in the last two decades of research on friendships is that one important feature of friendship is

A) competition.
B) secrecy.
C) intimacy.
D) generativity.

Question 44

The type of play that involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned is called _________ play.

A) social
B) pretend
C) practice
D) sensorimotor

Question 45

Having children create a play about a social studies topic involves ________ play.

A) constructive
B) pretend
C) practice
D) sensorimotor

Question 46

Friendships in early adolescence are a significant predictor of self-worth

A) in high school.
B) at the start of college.
C) in early adulthood.
D) in mid life.

Question 47

If Paul becomes a great hockey player as an adult,his father might reflect back on the hours of skating that Paul did as a child that served as a foundation of his current superior status.In doing so,Paul's father is noting the important role that _________________ play has in developing sporting skills.

A) symbolic
B) pretend
C) practice
D) sensorimotor

Question 48

Play that involves interaction with peers is called __________ play.

A) social
B) pretend
C) practice.
D) sensorimotor

Question 49

Children's friendships serve the purpose of helping children maintain an impression of themselves as competent and attractive,which Gottman and Parker (1987)call

A) ego support.
B) companionship.
C) physical support.
D) social comparison.

Question 50

Children's friendships serve the function of providing information about where children stand vis-à-vis others,which Gottman and Parker (1987)call

A) ego support.
B) social comparison.
C) physical support.
D) stimulation.

Question 51

The type of play that occurs when the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol is called ___________ play.

A) sensorimotor
B) practice
C) pretense/symbolic
D) social

Question 52

Which of the following are elements that are associated with activities such as games?

A) pleasurable; grounded in rules
B) meant only for large groups
C) sometimes competitive
D) pleasurable,grounded in rules,and sometimes competitive

Question 53

Who is best known for research on the importance of friendships?

A) Harry Stack Sullivan
B) Mary Ainsworth
C) Philip Zimbardo
D) Mildred Parten

Question 54

Children's friendships serve the function of providing resources and assistance,which Gottman and Parker (1987)call

A) companionship.
B) stimulation.
C) physical support.
D) ego support.

Question 55

After what age are games not as interesting to children?

A) 6 years of age
B) 8 years of age
C) 10 years of age
D) 12 years of age

Question 56

When 5-year-old Austin takes the cardboard cylinder found in the center of a roll of toilet paper,looks through it,and says,"I'm a sailor searching for a whale," he is engaging in _________ play.

A) practice
B) symbolic
C) constructive
D) sensorimotor

Question 57

When Mr.Alden's third-grade class writes a script for and reenacts "The First Thanksgiving Feast," which category of play are they engaging in?

A) games
B) practice
C) symbolic
D) constructive

Question 58

Concerning functions of friendship,which does not belong?

A) stimulation
B) affection
C) ego support
D) symbolic interaction

Question 59

Three-year-old Joan spends hours each day jumping rope.What kind of play does this exemplify?

A) sensorimotor
B) constructive
C) practice
D) pretend

Question 60

Play that occurs when children engage in self-regulated creation is called __________ play.

A) pretend
B) practice
C) constructive
D) sensorimotor

Question 61

Peer influences are an important part of childhood development even with the positives and negatives involved.List the pros and cons of peer influences.

Question 62

How is an adolescent crowd different from an adolescent clique?

A) Crowds are smaller and more personally demanding.
B) Cliques are smaller and more intimate.
C) Crowds are larger and more cohesive.
D) Cliques are larger and more impersonal.

Question 63

The most common same-sex partner is usually

A) a close friend.
B) a casual acquaintance.
C) a much older person.
D) None of these.

Question 64

When 16-year-old Bonnie informs Sally that she is afraid of boys and has never been on a date,by definition she is

A) violating accepted gender norms.
B) modeling her parents.
C) decreasing the intimacy of the relationship.
D) assessing the trust versus mistrust level of the relationship.

Question 65

A great deal of peer conformity,such as dressing like one's friends and wanting to spend huge chunks of time with members of a clique,is __________________ and reflects the desire to be _______________________.

A) negative; a victim
B) not necessarily negative; loner
C) not necessarily negative; involved in a peer world
D) negative; completely separate from parents

Question 66

Cliques and crowds assume more important roles in the lives of ________________ than _________________.

A) children; adolescents
B) adolescents; children
C) children; adults
D) adults; adolescents

Question 67

The __________________ is the largest and least personal of adolescent groups.

A) peer group
B) clique
C) non-peer group
D) crowd

Question 68

What purpose might dating provide?

A) recreation
B) status
C) finding a mate
D) All of the above.

Question 69

___________________ are smaller,involve greater intimacy among members,and have more group cohesion than crowds.

A) Peer groups
B) Cliques
C) Non-peer groups
D) Classrooms groups

Question 70

Parents have a legitimate concern that their child will engage in delinquent behavior or early sexual behavior if they associate with

A) children with police records.
B) children from their place of employment.
C) mixed age groups.
D) None of these.

Question 71

An adolescent's dating experiences can be affected by their

A) attachment history with their parents.
B) parents' marital relationship.
C) mother's marital satisfaction.
D) All of these.

Question 72

What is the largest and least personal of adolescent groups?

A) clique
B) crowd
C) gang
D) peer group

Question 73

Who of the following would you expect to have the highest self-esteem?

A) the captain of the football team
B) a habitual marijuana user
C) the "class brain"
D) a "normal," middle-of-the-road student

Question 74

_________________________ is defined narrowly as self-disclosure or sharing of private thoughts and private or personal knowledge with a friend.

A) Similarity
B) Intimacy in friendship
C) Social comparison
D) Physical support

Question 75

_____________________ are small groups that range from 2 to about 12 individuals and average about 5 to 6 individuals.

A) Peer groups
B) Gangs
C) Crowds
D) Cliques

Question 76

A negative outcome of an adolescent girl having an older romantic partner is

A) increased alcohol use.
B) early sexual intercourse.
C) increased delinquent behaviors.
D) All of these.

Question 77

According to research by Connolly and McIsaac in 2009,who of the following would be considered to be in the most advanced adolescent social system?

A) Lori,who spends most of her time by herself
B) Victoria,who hangs around with a small clique of girls from her class
C) Kyra,who spends most of her time exclusively with her boyfriend
D) Megan,who spends most of her time on double dates with one of several other couples she and her boyfriend hang out with

Question 78

Which is not an example of peer relations?

A) talking on the telephone with a friend from the same grade level
B) going to a dance with friends
C) playing with a sibling
D) meeting friends for a school activity

Question 79

There are certain predominant characteristics of friendship throughout the childhood and adolescent years.Which of the following is a characteristic?

A) similar attitudes toward school
B) similar education aspirations
C) closely aligned achievement orientations
D) All of these.

Question 80

Sixteen-year-old Joey dresses and acts a lot like the friends he hangs out with,even though they never directly ask him to do so.This behavior is best explained by the concept of

A) obedience.
B) symmetrical intimacy.
C) peer pressure.
D) self-disclosure.