Deck 14: Families

Question 1

The mother-father-child grouping represents a _________ subsystem.

A) dyadic
B) polyadic
C) polymorphous
D) multiple-factor

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Infants who have more extensive scaffolding experiences with their parents are more likely to

A) take turns as they interact with their peers.
B) engage in scaffolding with their own children.
C) be securely attached.
D) have easy temperaments.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

All but which one of the following reasons is not linked to more television watching for children?

A) Parents are busy working and do not have time for their children.
B) Children come home from school and have nothing else to do but watch television.
C) There is not much on television for children to watch.
D) Parents do not have time for children even when they are at home.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A child's conformity to cultural group practices and values providing the child with a sense of social identity is an example of which domain specific view of parenting?

A) guided learning
B) group participation
C) reciprocity
D) control

Question 5

Derek has just invented a new game to play with his 18-month-old daughter,Beth.In the game,Derek distorts his facial features and makes an unusual noise.Then,it's Beth's turn to do the same thing.This activity,which is enjoyed by both Beth and Derek,illustrates

A) launching.
B) scaffolding.
C) possible selves.
D) negative reinforcement.

Question 6

A central role to understanding how family processes work is

A) emotion.
B) cognition.
C) Neither of these.
D) Both of these.

Question 7

A child's ability to respond appropriately to danger and to engage in self-regulation of distress is an example of which domain-specific view of parenting?

A) protection
B) reciprocity
C) guided learning
D) control

Question 8

An advantage to having children while the parents are in their thirties is the

A) parents are better established in their careers.
B) parents are in better financial condition.
C) parents are more mature.
D) All of these.

Question 9

The story about Shelley Schwarz,who was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis,sends the following message to people with disabilities when raising a family:

A) You have a greater possibility of raising children who are extremely dependent.
B) Raising a family that includes someone with a disability is not always the worst thing in the world.
C) Parent child relationships suffer greatly if the parent has a disability.
D) You cannot help but let the disability interfere with a relationship between a child and parent.

Question 10

While Emily is very shy,her parents are very outgoing.Her parents' extroverted behavior influences her to be less shy and she,in turn,makes overtures to them.This illustrates

A) scaffolding.
B) bonding.
C) attachment.
D) reciprocal socialization.

Question 11

Reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes are sometimes referred to as being _____.

A) transferrable
B) trending
C) transactional
D) tempting

Question 12

An advantage to having children while the parents are in their twenties is the

A) parents have more physical energy.
B) mothers have fewer medical problems with childbirth.
C) parents have fewer preconceived expectations of their children.
D) All of these.

Question 13

Urie Bronfenbrenner analyzes the social contexts of development in terms of five environmental systems.Which of the following is a correct example of these systems?

A) microsystem,mesosystem,exosystem,macrosystem,chronosystem
B) microsystem,cultural system,mesosystem,exosystem,sociohistorical system
C) microsystem,mesosystem,chronosystem,sociohistorical system,macrosystem
D) mesosystem,chronosystem,sociohistorical system,macrosystem,physio system

Question 14

Studies show that when parents report more intimacy and better communication in their marriage,children benefit by the fact that

A) parents are more affectionate to their children.
B) there is an improvement in parenting.
C) children are healthier.
D) All of these.

Question 15

Media and technology play a role in the family by

A) time spent with a television instead of the family.
B) helping kids experience the world.
C) Both answers are correct.
D) Neither answer is correct.

Question 16

A child's development of moral and principled behavior is an example of which domain-specific view of parenting?

A) guided learning
B) group participation
C) reciprocity
D) control

Question 17

When a parent-child interaction is said to be based on reciprocal socialization,it means that

A) both genetic and environmental factors underlie the behavior.
B) the parent is using both positive and negative consequences.
C) the parent's behavior influences the child and the child's behavior influences the parent.
D) the child has both a mother and a father living in the household.

Question 18

Staci is a happy infant who smiles easily and is content to be left in her crib.As a result,her parents are more relaxed and really enjoy spending time playing with her.This is an example of

A) modeling.
B) scaffolding.
C) automaticity.
D) reciprocal socialization.

Question 19

A change can be seen in families because of an increase in general dissatisfaction and restlessness.The result of this restlessness is a

A) hodgepodge of family structures.
B) greater number of single-parent families.
C) greater number of stepparent families.
D) All of these.

Question 20

Parental behavior that serves to support children's efforts,allowing them to be more skillful than they would be if they relied only on their own abilities,is called

A) bonding.
B) scaffolding.
C) mutuality.
D) reciprocity.

Question 21

Children whose parents are authoritative are

A) self-reliant.
B) socially responsible.
C) socially competent.
D) All of these.

Question 22

The Bringing Baby Home project is a workshop that helps the new parents

A) become acquainted with their baby.
B) strengthen their relationship.
C) improve their parenting skills.
D) All of these.

Question 23

What new issue between parents and children comes up when the child turns 7 years old?

A) modesty
B) fighting with siblings and peers
C) attention seeking
D) monitoring children's lives in school and peer settings

Question 24

What parenting style is associated with child aggression?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

Question 25

The main feature of parenting recommendations of contemporary developmentalists,such as Diana Baumrind,is that

A) the permissive style will enhance creativity and self-esteem.
B) physical-based discipline is preferable to psychological-based discipline.
C) there needs to be clearly established rules and a lot of affection.
D) the key to parenting is to be nonjudgmental toward children and accepting of blame toward self.

Question 26

What parenting style is associated with children's social competence such as increased self-control and self-reliance?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

Question 27

What parenting styles are associated with adolescents' lack of self-control?

A) neglectful and authoritative
B) indulgent and authoritative
C) authoritarian and authoritative
D) neglectful and indulgent

Question 28

When describing his new neighbors,Stu says their parenting style appears to be "We love you,so go and do whatever you feel like doing." What parenting style is this?

A) indulgent
B) neglectful
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Question 29

When dealing with a 2-year-old son and a 5-year-old daughter,a competent parent would

A) attempt to treat them the same.
B) adapt to the special needs of each child.
C) discourage a lot of interaction between the two siblings.
D) be more nurturing with the daughter and more analytical with the son.

Question 30

Who proposed four types of parenting that are associated with different aspects of the child's social behavior?

A) Mary Ainsworth
B) Diana Baumrind
C) Albert Bandura
D) Erik Erikson

Question 31

Todd's parents were highly involved with him but also extremely indulgent with him.As a result,he lacks

A) self-control.
B) creativity.
C) nurturance.
D) social skills.

Question 32

The text refers to parents as ______ of their children.

A) facilitators
B) monitors
C) managers
D) All of these.

Question 33

As children move toward ___________________ years,parents show them less physical affection.

A) early-childhood
B) elementary-school
C) middle-school/junior-high
D) high-school

Question 34

One of the major parent-child interactions changes during the middle- and late-childhood years involves a(n)

A) decrease in time spent with children.
B) decrease in the importance of providing information on how to interact with other adults.
C) increase in the use of physical punishment.
D) increase in the use of guilt and a decrease in the use of reason when attempting to alter an unwanted behavior.

Question 35

Janet's parents encourage her efforts as a member of the school swim team.They also have set firm rules about acceptable academic performance and responsibility for family chores.When Janet does not meet these expectations,there is extensive discussion and well-understood consequences.What parenting style do Janet's parents appear to be using?

A) indulgent
B) neglectful
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Question 36

From infancy through adolescence,___________________ are more likely than ________________ to have a managerial role in parenting.

A) mothers; fathers
B) fathers; mothers
C) mothers; children
D) fathers; children

Question 37

Some parents deliberately rear their children in the indulgent parenting style because they believe the combination of warm involvement and few restraints will produce a

A) creative child.
B) confident child.
C) creative,confident child.
D) child that is neither creative nor confident.

Question 38

Although occasional exceptions have been found,evidence linking authoritative parenting with competence on the part of the child occurs in research across a wide range of

A) ethnic groups.
B) social strata.
C) cultures.
D) All of these.

Question 39

Which best describes the nature of parental control during middle and late childhood?

A) complete autonomy
B) physical maturation
C) synchrony
D) coregulation

Question 40

When Holly is asked to describe her philosophy on parenting,she says,"It's my way or the highway!" This reaction would indicate that Holly is a(n)_________ parent.

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive-neglectful
D) permissive-indulgent

Question 41

_______________________ parents are more likely than _______________ parents to use physical punishment,according to some research studies.

A) Latino; non-Latino white
B) African American; Latino
C) African American; non-Latino white
D) Non-Latino; African American

Question 42

Which statement is not true about sibling birth order?

A) The oldest sibling is expected to exercise self-control.
B) When the oldest sibling is jealous or hostile,parents often side with the oldest sibling against the younger one.
C) The oldest sibling is often more dominant.
D) The oldest sibling is expected to assist and teach younger siblings.

Question 43

In regard to parenting style,which group of parents shows a control that reflects concern and involvement in their children's lives and is best conceptualized as a type of training?

A) Latino
B) Asian
C) Eastern European
D) African American

Question 44

About ______ of parents who were abused themselves when they were young abuse their own children.

A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) three-fourths

Question 45

A longitudinal study found that spanking before age ______ was related to behavioral problems in middle and late childhood.

A) 2
B) 8
C) 10
D) 12

Question 46

A synonym for child abuse and child neglect is

A) sociocultural application.
B) child maltreatment.
C) battered-parent syndrome.
D) mother's-issue syndrome.

Question 47

Teenage autonomy is

A) seldom achieved.
B) often reacted to with anger by parents.
C) dysfunctional.
D) best accomplished through scaffolding.

Question 48

Which is not corporal punishment?

A) spanking
B) slapping
C) kicking
D) threatening to remove toys

Question 49

Punishment

A) tells children what not to do rather than what to do.
B) can be abusive.
C) can instill fear,rage,or avoidance.
D) All of these.

Question 50

Child neglect,physical,sexual,and emotional abuse are all forms of ______.

A) adult abuse.
B) baby miscare.
C) child maltreatment.
D) delinquent parenting.

Question 51

When you first meet Weston,he informs you that he is an only child.Given your accurate knowledge of research on birth-order effects,you would likely initially assume that Weston is

A) easily provoked to aggression.
B) disliked by his peers.
C) driven to achieve.
D) hostile toward his parents.

Question 52

In order to understand abuse in the family,the interactions of __________________ must be studied.

A) the mother and the father
B) the father and the child
C) the mother and the child
D) all family members

Question 53

Your friend informs you that he cannot be held responsible for showing up late for a movie because he is the lastborn child in a family of six.How do you respond?

A) "Those excuses are lame.Birth-order effects are just not that powerful."
B) "You misread the data.Lastborns are the most socially and academically competent of siblings."
C) "You are correct.I'll try to keep that in mind the next time you're late."
D) "Your parents had higher expectations for you than for the other children.You should know better."

Question 54

Which would be the most common reason for an adolescent and his or her parents to be in conflict?

A) a messy room
B) drug use
C) shoplifting
D) differences in sexual values

Question 55

How is the new model of parent-adolescent relationships different from the old model?

A) The old model emphasized autonomy,whereas the new model emphasizes detachment.
B) The old model saw conflict peaking in early adolescence,whereas the new model argues that the timing of conflict has no pattern.
C) The new model emphasizes the rareness of intergenerational conflict,whereas the old model saw conflict as commonplace.
D) The new model characterizes typical conflict as moderate,whereas the old model saw it as an intensive "storm."

Question 56

Parents who do not spend enough time with their children or who have problems in child rearing can benefit from

A) counseling.
B) therapy.
C) both counseling and therapy.
D) neither counseling nor therapy.

Question 57

Corporal punishment is ___________ in ____________ state(s)in America.

A) illegal; some
B) illegal; all
C) legal; all
D) legal; some

Question 58

Which is an example of a term associated with child maltreatment?

A) the monitoring of delinquency
B) manageable supervision
C) educational neglect
D) drug and alcohol avoidance

Question 59

Gender differences characterize autonomy granting in adolescence,with boys being more independent than girls.This was especially true of U.S.families with __________ gender-role orientation.

A) a traditional
B) an advanced
C) a mixed
D) both a traditional and an advanced

Question 60

What percentage of American children has one or more siblings?

A) 33 percent
B) 66 percent
C) 80 percent
D) 95 percent

Question 61

Researches have found ____________ differences in children growing up with lesbian mothers or gay fathers and children growing up with heterosexual parents.

A) many
B) extreme
C) few
D) no

Question 62

When asking parents who are divorcing to provide as much continuity as possible for the child,it is meant that the

A) less children's worlds are disrupted by separation,the better for transition in to a single-parent family.
B) parents should maintain the rules already in place as much as possible.
C) parents should give the children warmth and nurturance.
D) All of these.

Question 63

Which is not a factor to show how individual families vary and how ethnic minority families deal with stress?

A) whether the families are native born or immigrants
B) how long the family has lived in this country
C) the families' socioeconomic status
D) All of these are factors.

Question 64

Lesbian mothers and gay fathers are increasingly choosing parenthood through

A) adoption.
B) in vitro fertilization
C) donor insemination.
D) All of these.

Question 65

_________________________________ parents are more concerned that their children conform to society's expectations.

A) Higher-SES
B) Lower-SES
C) Middle-SES
D) None of these.

Question 66

Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of single-parent families with children under 18 years of age?

A) Japan
B) Canada
C) Sweden
D) United States

Question 67

When divorced parents' relationship with each other is harmonious and they use authoritative parenting,the children's

A) adjustment begins to improve.
B) thoughts are falsely suspecting reconciliation.
C) thinking is very confused.
D) None of these.

Question 68

More than ____ out of every ____ mothers with a child under the age of 5 is in the labor force

A) 1; 2
B) 4; 5
C) 3; 4
D) 1; 10

Question 69

Ellen Galinsky and Judy David developed a number of guidelines for communicating with children about divorce.Which is not one of the guidelines?

A) Explain that separation is not the child's fault.
B) Explain that things will be better very soon.
C) Explain who will take care of them and what the arrangements will be for seeing the other parent.
D) Provide as much continuity as possible in the child's life.

Question 70

Parenting by stay-at-home parents ______________ a positive effect on the child.

A) always has
B) does not always have
C) in other countries has
D) in stepfamilies has

Question 71

What are other factor(s)in children's lives that influence their behavior beyond birth order?

A) heredity
B) models of competency or incompetency that parents present to children on a daily basis
C) peer influences
D) All of these.

Question 72

Approximately ___ percent of lesbians and ____ percent of gay men are parents,most of whom have children from a heterosexual marriage that ended in a divorce.

A) 1; 2
B) 33; 22
C) 10; 20
D) 10; 5

Question 73

Overall,researchers have found _____________________ of maternal employment on children.

A) no detrimental effects
B) extremely negative effects
C) very little negative effect
D) negative effects for sons only

Question 74

Custodial mothers experience the loss of about __________ of their pre-divorce income in comparison with the loss of one-tenth for custodial fathers.

A) one-fourth to one-half
B) one-eighteenth to one-twentieth
C) one-third to one-half
D) There is no difference.

Question 75

What do developmental researchers conclude about the effects of maternal employment on child development?

A) The negative effects of maternal employment increase with the age of the children involved.
B) Full-time maternal employment benefits white children,but harms ethnic minority children.
C) Nonworking mothers' interactions with their children tend to be less anxiety-provoking and create more independent children.
D) No detrimental effects of maternal employment have been identified.

Question 76

Which of the following statements about income following divorce is true?

A) Income usually increases dramatically following divorce for mothers with child custody,whereas income for fathers with custody does not.
B) Income usually decreases dramatically following divorce for mothers with child custody,whereas income for fathers decreases much less.
C) Income usually decreases dramatically following divorce for mothers with custody,whereas income for fathers with custody usually increases.
D) Income usually increases dramatically following a divorce for both mothers with custody and fathers with custody.

Question 77

In terms of the age of the child,researchers have found that _________________________ is an especially difficult time for the formation of a stepfamily.

A) early childhood
B) primary-school children
C) elementary-school children
D) early adolescence

Question 78

Which of the following appears to be the most commonly used parenting strategy around the world?

A) warm and controlling
B) aloof and controlling
C) warm and uncontrolling
D) aloof and uncontrolling

Question 79

Single-parent families are more common among _______________ than among white Americans.

A) African Americans
B) Asians
C) Latinos
D) both African Americans and Latinos

Question 80

Divorce may be better for the family if which one of the following is present?

A) conflict erodes the well-being of the children
B) the mother is not perfectly happy
C) the father spends too much time at work
D) financial arguments are present