Deck 11: The Self and Identity

Question 1

What individuals might become,what they would like to become,and what they are afraid of becoming is referred to as the ________ self.

A) possible
B) integration
C) barometric
D) fluctuating

Answer 1

A

Question 2

One afternoon while finger painting,2-year-old Chelsey itches her nose.Later in the day while passing a mirror she sees herself,stops,and wipes a colorful smudge mark off her nose.In doing so,Chelsey has demonstrated visual

A) connectedness.
B) self-recognition.
C) diffusion.
D) ethnocentrism.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Seven-year-old Abbey's reference to herself as Jewish and a Brownie scout provides an example of the ______________ aspect of self,which emerges in the elementary years.

A) cognitive
B) personal
C) social
D) recognition

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Maxine Hong Kingston's book entitled The Story of Maxine Hong Kingston,Bridging Cultural Worlds,shows that she wants to guide people in how to find meaning in their lives,especially by exploring their cultural backgrounds.Her book is about

A) Chinese ancestry.
B) the struggle of immigrants.
C) her parents' struggles to adapt to American culture.
D) All of these.

Question 5

The mirror technique is used to test infants'

A) self-awareness.
B) perspective taking.
C) visual self-recognition.
D) self-esteem.

Question 6

Concerning self-understanding,early childhood is to middle childhood as

A) internal is to external.
B) physical is to psychological.
C) inactive is to active.
D) abstract is to concrete.

Question 7

If Bill and Kate's son has just acquired the ability to recognize himself,how old is he?

A) 3 months old
B) 8 months old
C) 10 months old
D) 18 months old.

Question 8

A person's cognitive representation of self is referred to as the individual's

A) self-esteem.
B) self-orientation
C) self-recognition.
D) self-understanding.

Question 9

Adolescents are more likely than children to describe themselves with

A) concrete examples.
B) non idealistic examples.
C) abstract and idealistic labels.
D) None of these.

Question 10

All of the characteristics of a person is a description of

A) self.
B) self-knowledge.
C) self-evaluation.
D) self-starter.

Question 11

An infant's mother puts a dot of lipstick on his nose.Observers watch to see how often the infant touches his nose.Next,the infant is placed in front of a mirror,and observers detect whether nose touching increases.They are studying the infant's

A) self-awareness.
B) visual self-recognition.
C) representation of the self.
D) theory of the self.

Question 12

George understands that he is a student,a brother,a hockey player,and a baseball player.This representation of his self reflects

A) self-esteem.
B) self-awareness.
C) self-recognition.
D) self-understanding.

Question 13

In early childhood,children usually conceive of the self in ________ terms.

A) physical
B) psychological
C) passive
D) active

Question 14

Social comparisons can be said to

A) be common in preschoolers.
B) alter self-understanding by forcing a child to consider her abilities in relation to others.
C) lead to a decrease in self-esteem.
D) typically result in identity diffusion.

Question 15

The adolescent's self is characterized by

A) instability across situations.
B) the lack of construction of a more unified theory of self.
C) Both of these answers are correct.
D) Neither of these answers is correct.

Question 16

When describing the basic characteristics of a typical 14-year-old's self,which term would a psychologist be least likely to use?

A) fluctuating
B) concrete
C) differentiated
D) contradictory

Question 17

When adolescents are asked to describe themselves,they are more likely than children to

A) give short answers.
B) use abstract labels.
C) use idealistic labels.
D) use both abstract and idealistic labels.

Question 18

When Fran says that she is a young adult,a New Yorker,a member of the pep squad,and a vegetarian,she is describing her

A) self-esteem.
B) self-reflection.
C) self-recognition.
D) self-understanding.

Question 19

Given the contradictory nature of the self in adolescence,it is not surprising that the self fluctuates across

A) situations.
B) times.
C) situations and times.
D) neither situations nor times.

Question 20

During eighth grade,Matt joins the debate team,the football team,and the Young Republicans,and is named a hall monitor.These activities will increase his

A) self-esteem.
B) self-concept.
C) self-recognition.
D) self-understanding.

Question 21

Harter's (1985)Self-Perception Profile for Children is used to evaluate

A) self-understanding.
B) possible selves.
C) perspective taking.
D) self-concept.

Question 22

Which is not a type of "possible self"?

A) what you might become
B) what you would like to become
C) what you are afraid of becoming
D) what you used to be

Question 23

Domain-specific evaluations of the self are referred to as

A) self-esteem.
B) self-concept.
C) self-awareness.
D) self-understanding.

Question 24

Which represents a statement of self-esteem?

A) "I'm a good person."
B) "I'm fabulous-looking."
C) "I'm intellectually gifted."
D) "I may be the greatest hockey player in the world."

Question 25

The Self-Perception Profile for Children is designed to be used with

A) preschoolers.
B) kindergartners.
C) third-grade through sixth-grade children.
D) seventh-grade through twelfth-grade children.

Question 26

If a child receives empty praise,it is likely that the child will have

A) appropriate self-esteem.
B) inflated self-esteem.
C) deflated self-esteem.
D) None of these.

Question 27

In research on boys' self-esteem,all of the following parenting attributes were associated with boys' high self-esteem,except

A) harmony in the home.
B) strict discipline.
C) setting clear and fair rules.
D) expression of affection.

Question 28

The Self-Perception Profile for Children taps all of the following domains of self-concept,except:

A) emotional well-being.
B) social acceptance.
C) physical appearance.
D) scholastic competence.

Question 29

Who is best known for research on the relationship between perspective taking and self-understanding?

A) Robert Selman
B) Erik Erikson
C) Susan Harter
D) Carl Rogers

Question 30

The global evaluative dimension of the self is called

A) self-esteem.
B) self-concept.
C) self-awareness.
D) self-understanding.

Question 31

Self-concept is to self-esteem as

A) concrete is to abstract.
B) specific is to global.
C) positive affectivity is to negative affectivity.
D) understanding is to evaluation.

Question 32

Children exhibiting high levels of perspective taking have been found to

A) increase self-understanding.
B) improve peer group status.
C) improve quality of relationships.
D) All of these.

Question 33

Which of the following is not one of the four ways that children's self-esteem can be improved?

A) identifying the causes of low self-esteem
B) emotional support and social approval
C) achievement reduction
D) coping with problems

Question 34

In one study both boys and girls had high self-esteem in childhood.Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Self-esteem got higher in adolescence.
B) Self-esteem remained the same in adolescence.
C) Self-esteem declines in childhood.
D) Self-esteem declines in adolescence.

Question 35

How is the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents different from the Self-Perception Profile for Children?

A) The Adolescent Profile includes sections on job competence,romantic appeal,and close friendships.
B) The Adolescent Profile does not generate a global self-worth score.
C) The Child Profile has fewer mathematical and logical items.
D) The Child Profile does not assess different domains of self.

Question 36

Adolescents believe that it is socially undesirable if they acknowledge engaging in

A) social comparison.
B) using their false selves.
C) using their ideal selves.
D) discussing their possible selves.

Question 37

Christa reads a story in which some children make fun of another child because that child is physically handicapped.The children are then reprimanded by their teacher for their behavior.Later,some of these same children meet a mentally retarded teenager.After reading the story,Christa is asked,"How do you think the children will react?" Given this description,you would expect that the person studying this situation is interested in

A) self-concept.
B) perspective taking.
C) self-esteem.
D) possible selves.

Question 38

Children with high self-esteem

A) show greater initiative.
B) are more likely to defend victims against bullies.
C) are more likely to be bullies.
D) All of these.

Question 39

A child's multiple selves reflect their experiences in navigating their multiple worlds of

A) family.
B) peers.
C) school.
D) All of these.

Question 40

Gina encourages her daughter to identify and value areas in which she is competent,such as playing the piano and swimming,because Gina knows that this will enhance her daughter's

A) self-esteem.
B) self-concept.
C) self-awareness.
D) perspective taking.

Question 41

What is Erikson's fifth developmental stage?

A) trust versus mistrust
B) industry versus inferiority
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) identity versus identity confusion

Question 42

Lena's father tells her,"Your grandmother was a minister,your mother was a minister,and you should be a minister." Without giving thought to her options,Lena agrees to be a minister.Concerning her career,Lena is in identity

A) diffusion.
B) foreclosure.
C) achievement.
D) moratorium.

Question 43

Vicki is a senior who has been drifting through high school.Her grades are mediocre and she has no plans for after graduation.In addition,she has no interest in world events or political issues.James Marcia would describe Vicki as being in identity

A) foreclosure.
B) diffusion.
C) moratorium.
D) achievement.

Question 44

In which of Marcia's identity statuses has a commitment been made?

A) foreclosure and diffusion
B) foreclosure and achievement
C) moratorium and diffusion
D) moratorium and achievement

Question 45

At bare minimum,__________________ involves commitment to a vocational direction,an ideological stance,and a sexual orientation.

A) networking
B) identity
C) self-understanding
D) attachment

Question 46

Identity moratorium is characterized by a(n)of crisis and a(n)of commitment.

A) presence; presence
B) presence; absence
C) absence; presence
D) absence; absence

Question 47

College sophomore Brandi has made several appointments with her advisor to discuss whether she should continue to major in psychology or switch to art.When talking with her advisor she says,"I like the interpersonal aspect of psychology,but I also enjoy the creativity of art." According to James Marcia,Brandi is best thought of as

A) being in a crisis.
B) demonstrating connectedness.
C) exhibiting trust versus mistrust.
D) being psychologically abstract.

Question 48

Even though David has had an achieved identity for some time now,he reflects that throughout his life he has fluctuated between identity achievement and another identity status.What is this other status likely to be?

A) diffusion
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) confusion

Question 49

Who proposed four statuses of identity,or ways of resolving the identity crisis?

A) Susan Harter
B) James Marcia
C) Henry Tajfel
D) Carl Rogers

Question 50

Erik Erikson argued that the central issue in adolescence is

A) competence.
B) identity.
C) gender-role development.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 51

Which one of the following is associated with identity?

A) career and work path
B) conservative,liberal,or middle-of-the-road stance
C) spiritual beliefs
D) All of these.

Question 52

Marcia's identity statuses are based on

A) Tajfel's social identity theory.
B) Selman's theory of perspective taking.
C) Erikson's theory of identity development.
D) Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Children.

Question 53

Eighteen-year-old Heidi resides in a highly technical society.According to Erikson,the central component of Heidi's identity would be linked to her current

A) family roles.
B) public roles.
C) vocational roles.
D) interpersonal relationship roles.

Question 54

According to James Marcia,__________________ is defined as a period of identity development during which the adolescent is exploring meaningful alternatives.

A) moratorium
B) self-perception
C) crisis
D) exploration

Question 55

A short definition of _____ is who the person is.

A) internalization
B) identity
C) identification
D) isolation

Question 56

The adolescent search for identity is important due to

A) their huge number of choices.
B) an increased sense of responsibility.
C) the search for what they will do.
D) All of the above

Question 57

In Erikson's theory,the gap between the secure roles of childhood and the full independence of adulthood is known as

A) self-efficacy.
B) psychosocial moratorium.
C) the barometric self.
D) ethnocentrism.

Question 58

Identity formation involves commitment to

A) vocational direction.
B) an ideological stance.
C) sexual orientation.
D) All of these.

Question 59

When 17-year-old Joey is asked what he wants to do after graduating from high school,what reply would indicate that he has adopted identity diffusion?

A) "I haven't really thought about a career that much."
B) "An engineer,since I'm good at math."
C) "A doctor,just like my mother."
D) "I have several options that I am currently exploring."

Question 60

Frances told her parents that she was going to take time off from college and take some time to find herself.What identity status is she in?

A) foreclosure
B) diffusion
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 61

Erikson thought the struggle to maintain ethnic identities while blending in with the majority culture has been the driving force in the founding of

A) churches.
B) empires.
C) revolutions.
D) All of these.

Question 62

Individuality,according to Catherine Cooper,consists of which two dimensions?

A) self-assertion and separateness
B) separateness and mutuality
C) mutuality and permeability
D) self assertion and development

Question 63

Ethnic _____________________ is an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.

A) foreclosure
B) diffusion
C) identity
D) confusion

Question 64

What is a common pattern of individuals who develop positive identities?

A) "MAMA" cycles of moratorium-achievement-moratorium-achievement
B) "DADA" cycles of diffusion-achievement-diffusion-achievement
C) "FAFA" cycles of foreclosure-achievement-foreclosure-achievement
D) "MADA" cycles of moratorium-achievement-diffusion-achievement

Question 65

Second-generation immigrants are more likely to

A) think of themselves as "American" because citizenship is granted at birth.
B) resist learning English.
C) join social networks.
D) resist learning English,but join social networks.

Question 66

Catherine Cooper has proposed that optimal identity development occurs in a family atmosphere that promotes

A) individuality and connectedness.
B) self-esteem and efficacy.
C) crisis and commitment.
D) moratorium and foreclosure.

Question 67

The indicators of identity often differ for each succeeding generation of immigrants.First-generation immigrants are

A) likely to be secure in their identities.
B) unlikely to change.
C) unlikely to learn English.
D) likely to be secure in their identities and unlikely to change.

Question 68

Eighteen-year-old Sylvia had a difficult time selecting a college but finally settled on a private school in Washington State.During her first year at school,she struggled with selecting a major but finally decided on psychology.This pattern of crisis and resolution is called

A) temperament.
B) connectedness.
C) the "MAMA" cycle.
D) psychosocial moratorium.

Question 69

When an individual connects with their own ethnic culture and with the majority culture is identified as

A) ethnic identity.
B) culturalization.
C) bicultural identity.
D) ethnic culture.

Question 70

With regard to family influences on identity,when connectedness is strong and individuation is weak,adolescents often have what identity status?

A) foreclosure
B) diffusion
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 71

What drives the changes from infancy through adolescence in terms of self-understanding? Perspective taking,which is linked to Piaget's cognitive theory,is one possibility.Explain how perspective taking and the answer you give are connected.

Question 72

_____________________ may force people to see themselves as cut off from the majority group and may encourage them to seek the support of their own ethnic culture.

A) Discrimination
B) Nondiscrimination
C) Church affiliation
D) None of these.

Question 73

A part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do is called

A) crisis.
B) commitment.
C) deliberation.
D) moratorium.

Question 74

Individuality consists of what two dimensions?

A) crisis and commitment
B) mutuality and permeability
C) personality and role experimentation
D) self-assertion and separateness

Question 75

The degree to which first-generation immigrants begin to feel "American" appears to be associated with all of the following except whether or not they

A) learn English.
B) develop social networks.
C) live in the same immediate neighborhood as those speaking their language.
D) become competent in their new country.

Question 76

Concerning identity formation during one's lifetime,the "MAMA" cycle refers to

A) moratorium-achievement-moratorium-achievement.
B) making-another-monumental-adjustment.
C) more-acceptance-more-acrimony.
D) minor-anger-major-attitude.

Question 77

Of the following,who is most likely to be identity achieved?

A) a high-school freshman
B) a high-school senior
C) a freshman in college
D) a senior in college

Question 78

Identify the five main characteristics of self-understanding in young children.

Question 79

Which of the following elements affect ethnic identity?

A) minority status
B) generational immigrant
C) Both of these answers are correct.
D) Neither of these answers is correct.

Question 80

Connectedness consists of which two dimensions?

A) self-assertion and separateness
B) separateness and mutuality
C) mutuality and permeability
D) self assertion and development