Deck 5: Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

Question 1

When 3-year-old Mario plows his tricycle into the side of his 1-month-old brother Michael's crib,what response will Michael show?

A) Moro reflex
B) Babinski reflex
C) grasping reflex
D) rooting reflex

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Learning how to _________________ is a dynamic process that is linked with sensory information from the skin,joints,and muscles,which tell humans where we are in space.

A) eat
B) use correct posture
C) solve cognitive problems
D) use only fine motor skills

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When a child learns how to walk,which two controls are closely linked?

A) locomotion and eye-hand coordination
B) postural and language
C) locomotion and postural
D) None of these.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What reflexes disappear around 3 months of age and are replaced by the infant's voluntary eating?

A) sucking and tonic neck
B) sucking and rooting
C) Moro and rooting
D) tonic neck and rooting

Question 5

Calvin notices that whenever his newborn son's cheek comes in contact with a soft blanket,his son turns toward the blanket and makes a sucking motion.His friend explains that this is in part due to the

A) Moro reflex.
B) Babinski reflex.
C) rooting reflex.
D) grasping.

Question 6

Gesell believes that motor development comes about through the unfolding of a genetic plan called

A) organogenesis.
B) maturation.
C) memory.
D) an activity plan.

Question 7

According to the dynamic systems view,even universal milestones,such as crawling,reaching,and walking,are learned through this process of:

A) accomplishment.
B) adaptation.
C) accommodation.
D) assimilation.

Question 8

Gannon reacted to the pan dropping on the floor by arching his back and throwing his head,arms,and legs out,which demonstrates what reflex?

A) movement
B) rooting
C) sucking
D) Moro

Question 9

The stories of Stevie Wonder and Andrea Bocelli address the point that

A) in extreme cases people with disabilities can succeed in everyday life.
B) people who are blind are most likely excellent singers.
C) children who lose one channel of sensation often compensate for their loss by enhancing their sensory skills in another area.
D) None of these.

Question 10

What percentages of children continue to suck their thumbs after they have started school?

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 40 percent
D) 80 percent

Question 11

Parents proudly announce milestones such as crawling,sitting alone,and first steps.These milestones

A) show that a child is being transformed from a baby to a toddler.
B) make sure that no other child is doing as well as their child.
C) intimidate other parents who have slower children.
D) None of these.

Question 12

Kiley was born with the reflex to obtain food-this is the ____________ reflex.

A) movement
B) rooting
C) sucking
D) more

Question 13

If you touch an infant's palms,you will elicit the ________ reflex.

A) rooting
B) Moro
C) grasping
D) Babinski

Question 14

What would you not expect of a newborn's introduction to being immersed in water?

A) The newborn would stiffen his or her body and pull back from the water.
B) The newborn would have no fear of the water.
C) The newborn would hold his or her breath naturally.
D) The newborn would contract his or her throat to keep water out.

Question 15

Who is associated with the dynamic systems view of how people develop their motor skills?

A) Arnold Gesell
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Jean Piaget
D) Erik Erikson

Question 16

What are built-in reactions to certain stimuli that govern the newborn's movements?

A) reflexes
B) habits
C) reactions
D) responses

Question 17

When Carmen touches a rattle to her baby's palm,the baby's hand automatically closes around it.Based on this description,you should conclude that this infant is under

A) 3 months old and is demonstrating the grasping reflex.
B) 6 months old and is demonstrating the grasping reflex.
C) 2 months old and is demonstrating the Babinski reflex.
D) 6 months old and is demonstrating the Babinski reflex.

Question 18

Which of the following reflexes is permanent?

A) rooting
B) stepping
C) blinking
D) grasping

Question 19

In order to develop motor skills,infants must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to finely tune their movements.This is the same as saying

A) perception is not important to motor development.
B) motivation is only a very small part of the motor development.
C) motor skills represent solutions to the infant's goals.
D) motor skills represent complete withdrawal.

Question 20

Which statement below is not true about a baby's posture?

A) Within a few months,an infant can hold his head erect.
B) By 2 months of age,babies can sit while supported on someone's lap.
C) By 6 or 7 months,a baby should be able to sit independently.
D) By 8 months,a baby can usually pull herself up and hold on to a chair.

Question 21

What division of childhood will Rafael be in if he can demonstrate all of the following skills: running,climbing,skipping rope,swimming,bicycle riding,and skating?

A) toddlerhood
B) early childhood
C) elementary grades
D) both toddlerhood and elementary grades

Question 22

Which one of the following should occur if you are a coach of children's sports?

A) You should yell at the children to get them to perform at the highest capability.
B) You should compare the child to siblings or to more talented children.
C) You should equate sports with work.
D) You should convince the child that he or she is making a good effort.

Question 23

Children's participation in sports can provide

A) exercise.
B) opportunities to learn how to compete.
C) positive self-esteem.
D) All of these.

Question 24

When a child takes large steps that can exceed their leg length,it may mean they

A) have increased balance and strength.
B) are early risk takers.
C) have early signs of ADHD behavior.
D) lack all sense of balance.

Question 25

The interpretation of what is sensed is called

A) sensation.
B) perception.
C) stimulation.
D) habituation

Question 26

In regard to grasping,____-month-olds are more likely to touch to determine how they will grip an object,whereas ____-month-olds are likely to use vision as a guide.

A) 4; 8
B) 8; 4
C) 2; 3
D) 10; 12

Question 27

When sound waves produced by an animal excite receptors in 2-year-old Ben's ears,_______________ has occurred.When that sound is identified as being the "moo" of a cow,______________ has occurred.

A) sensation; perception
B) basic perception; intermodal perception
C) perception; sensation
D) reception; sensation

Question 28

Kiley is a 3-year-old in preschool.She is learning to play ball with a ball glove that has Velcro inside and a ball that will stick to the glove.This toy would be representative of the research with infants called sticky

A) ball.
B) toy.
C) glue.
D) mittens.

Question 29

By ages _______ to _______ children begin to show manipulative skills similar to the abilities of adults.

A) 6; 8
B) 8; 10
C) 10; 12
D) 12; 14

Question 30

Sensation is to perception as

A) vision is to hearing.
B) transmission is to interpretation.
C) dominant is to recessive.
D) gross motor is to fine motor.

Question 31

Which statement below is true about elementary-aged children?

A) Generally they have difficulty in sitting and paying attention for short periods of time.
B) They are as physically fit as they will ever be.
C) They become more fatigued by long periods of sitting than by running and jumping.
D) They can engage better in passive learning rather than active learning.

Question 32

Which of the following is not a fine motor skill?

A) grasping a toy to play
B) using a spoon to eat
C) running across the toddler playground
D) zipping a jacket to go play outside

Question 33

What could be a negative outcome of participating in sports?

A) a highly competitive personality
B) win-at-all-costs attitude
C) physical strain on the child's body
D) All of these.

Question 34

When cultural variations in infant's motor development such as stroking,massaging,or stretching occur the infants

A) often reach milestones later than children without the physical stimulation.
B) often reach milestones at the same time as children without the physical stimulation.
C) often reach milestones earlier than children without the physical stimulation.
D) are not consistent enough in their activity to draw a conclusion.

Question 35

Which of the following skills is needed in order to walk upright?

A) balance on one leg while the other is swinging forward
B) shift weight from one leg to another
C) take steps that are at least 10 inches apart
D) the ability to both balance on one leg and to shift weight from one leg to another.

Question 36

Child development experts believe that motor activity during the second year is vital to the child's competent development and they should have

A) as many restrictions as possible.
B) only restrictions for safety.
C) only restriction for social development
D) no restrictions.

Question 37

Infants hardly have any control over fine motor skills at birth.However,when learning to reach and grasp

A) the sensory cues do not guide reaching by a 4-month-old infant.
B) the infant does not have to see her own hands in order to reach for an object.
C) the infant does not try to coordinate his thumb and forefinger.
D) the infant's grasp of objects will not vary differently depending on the object's size

Question 38

At what age would a child be expected to walk?

A) 6 months
B) 8 months
C) 12 months
D) 15 months

Question 39

Jacob is 4 years old.Which of the following is true about his fine motor skills?

A) He sometimes has trouble building high towers with blocks because he wants to place each block perfectly.
B) He has lost some interest in building towers because he wants to build a house or store.
C) His fine motor skills are much more precise than they were at 3 years of age.
D) Although he sometimes has trouble building high towers with blocks because he wants to place each block perfectly,he has fine motor skills that are more precise than when he was 3 years of age.

Question 40

Coaches of children's sports should do all of the following except

A) make sports fun.
B) show respect for a child's sport participation.
C) talk to the children to see if you can insist on having a change in attitude toward effort.
D) be a good role model.

Question 41

Studying whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli is referred to as the visual ________ method.

A) discrimination
B) preference
C) covering
D) cognition

Question 42

To assess an infant's attention to sound,researchers often use a method called

A) high-attitude sucking.
B) disinterested sucking patterns.
C) high-amplitude sucking.
D) None of these.

Question 43

_______________________ is the recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes.

A) Size constancy
B) Shape constancy
C) Perceptual constancy
D) Depth perception

Question 44

If you visited Robert Fantz's vision lab you would most expect to see a

A) looking chamber.
B) strange situation paradigm.
C) visual cliff.
D) photographic dome.

Question 45

If Chad is _________ old,you would expect that he looks at different things for different lengths of time.He prefers pattern displays rather than non pattern displays.

A) 1 month
B) 2 months
C) 3 months
D) between 2 and 3 weeks

Question 46

According to Gibsons' ideas,which one of the below is not an affordance?

A) A pot may afford you with something in which to cook.
B) A pot may afford you with something on which to bang.
C) A chair may afford you with something on which to sit.
D) All of these.

Question 47

By four weeks,babies can distinguish between _______________________.All of the eye's color-sensitive receptors (cones)function by 4 months of age.

A) blue and red
B) red and green
C) yellow and green
D) red and black

Question 48

The recent use of infant eye-tracking headgear allows researchers to measure memory,joint attention,and facial processing as a possible predictor of

A) autism.
B) seizures.
C) depression.
D) schizophrenia.

Question 49

According to Eleanor and James Gibson we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us.Perception brings us into contact with the environment in order to interact with and adapt to it.These ideas support the

A) Freudian view.
B) social emotional view.
C) ecological view.
D) ethological view.

Question 50

________________________ is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.

A) Habituation
B) Dishabituation
C) Discrimination
D) Situation paradigm

Question 51

The newborn's vision is estimated to be ______________ on the well-known Snellan chart used for eye examinations.

A) 20/20
B) 20/40
C) 20/100
D) 20/240

Question 52

Newborns typically turn their eyes and heads in the direction of an interesting sound or sight.This technique is called

A) tracking.
B) nontracking.
C) visualization.
D) spatialization.

Question 53

The two types of perceptual constancy are

A) monocular and size.
B) bionucular and shape.
C) mononuclear and bionucular.
D) size and shape.

Question 54

Research completed with infants 5 to 9 months of age using a bouncing ball and perception with a gradually occluded wall found that infants were more likely to predict the path of the ball when it disappeared _______.

A) gradually
B) suddenly
C) abruptly
D) imploded

Question 55

________________________ is the recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation.

A) Habituation
B) Dishabituation
C) Discrimination
D) Situation paradigm

Question 56

________________________ is the recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes.

A) Size constancy
B) Shape constancy
C) Perceptual constancy
D) Depth perception

Question 57

Robert Frantz placed infants in a "looking chamber" that had two displays on the ceiling above the infant's head.This approach is used to study a child's

A) hearing.
B) vision.
C) heart rate.
D) arm movement.

Question 58

Scott Johnson did research in the area of perception of occluded objects.In his research he found that learning,experience,and self-directed exploration via eye movements play key roles in the development of ______ completion in young infants.

A) constancy
B) perceptual
C) size
D) sensational

Question 59

Among the measures researchers might use in habituation studies,which one of the following is not used?

A) sucking behaviors
B) heart rate
C) respiration
D) All of these are used.

Question 60

________________________ is when sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant.

A) Size constancy
B) Shape constancy
C) Perceptual constancy
D) Depth perception

Question 61

Reading Dr.Seuss's classic story The Cat in the Hat to the child in the mother's womb,according to a recent research project,showed that the

A) newborn prefers hearing the story after birth.
B) infant sucked on a nipple in a different way when the mother read the story.
C) infant's brain has a remarkable ability to learn even before birth.
D) All of these.

Question 62

Jennifer has a newborn son.She and her husband are deciding if the boy should be circumcised.What will be a concern in making this decision?

A) Will he experience pain if he is circumcised when he is 3 days old?
B) Will he be resilient after the procedure?
C) If he is allowed,will he drift off into a deep sleep,which serves as a coping mechanism?
D) All of these.

Question 63

When Derrick can detect the origin of a sound,he is

A) familiarizing.
B) localizing.
C) sequencing.
D) originating.

Question 64

Sensitivity to taste is present in an infant

A) before birth.
B) at 1 month.
C) at 3 months.
D) at 6 months.

Question 65

What smell do newborns not like?

A) strawberry
B) vanilla
C) fish
D) None of these.

Question 66

____________________ involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities such as vision and hearing.

A) Taste
B) Smell
C) Intermodal perception
D) Elementary perception

Question 67

What would we expect from Lisa,who is 3 months old,as she views a regularly alternating (such as left,right,left,right)series of pictures?

A) Lisa would begin to anticipate the location of the picture,looking at the side on which it was expected to appear.
B) Lisa would not at all be interested in anticipating where the picture would appear next.
C) Lisa would just reach out to touch the picture.
D) Lisa would have difficulty focusing on the movement.

Question 68

Pitch is the perception of the frequency of a sound.Infants

A) are less sensitive to low-pitched sounds.
B) are more likely to hear high-pitched sounds.
C) have no ability to distinguish sounds with different pitches until about 3 years old.
D) are less sensitive to low-pitched sounds and are more likely to hear high-pitched sounds.

Question 69

The main thrust of research in Esther Thelen's ____________________________ is to explore how people assemble motor behaviors for perceiving and acting.

A) dynamic systems approach
B) ecological
C) perception-cognition
D) perception-motor coupling

Question 70

A baby as young as ____________ can differentiate between the smell of his mother's breast milk from the nursing pad and that of a clean pad.

A) 1 day old
B) 6 days old
C) 10 days old
D) 2 weeks old

Question 71

Elizabeth Spelke showed a 4-month-old infant two films simultaneously.In each film,a puppet jumped up and down,but in one of the films the soundtrack matched the puppet's dancing movements and in the other film it did not.By measuring the infant's gaze,she found the infant looked more at the puppet whose actions were synchronized with the soundtrack,which is an example of ________ perception.

A) mono
B) solo
C) intermodal
D) elementary

Question 72

What question were Gibson and Walk investigating by constructing a miniature cliff with a drop-off covered by glass in their laboratory? (They placed infants on the edge of this visual cliff and their mothers coaxed them to crawl onto the glass.)

A) How fast can a young child crawl?
B) Can a young child be separated from his mother without concern?
C) How early in life does depth perception develop?
D) Does a child become upset when being tested when the mother does not physically hold the child?

Question 73

Which of the statements below is true?

A) Perceptual and motor development do not occur in isolation from one another but instead are coupled.
B) Perceptual and cognitive development do occur in isolation and are not coupled.
C) Perceptual development is always displayed separately.
D) Motor development is always displayed separately.

Question 74

In the past,why was it assumed that no anesthesia was necessary to perform a circumcision?

A) It was believed to be dangerous to give a newborn anesthesia.
B) It was believed that newborns did not feel pain.
C) The expense was too great.
D) Not only was it believed to be dangerous to give a newborn anesthesia,but it was also believed that newborns did not feel pain.

Question 75

With regard to smell,newborns' expressions on their faces indicate that

A) they do not differentiate odors.
B) they do differentiate odors.
C) they can clearly show a preference.
D) not only can they differentiate orders,but they can clearly show a preference.

Question 76

Watching an object while exploring it manually helps infants to discriminate its texture,size,and hardness.This is an example of ________ educates ________.

A) perception; action
B) action; perception
C) perception; a verbal response
D) action; a withdrawal from the object

Question 77

The main theme of the ________________ approach of Elenore and James J.Gibson is to discover how perception guides action.

A) dynamic systems
B) ecological
C) perception-cognition
D) perception-motor coupling

Question 78

__________________ exploratory forms of intermodal perception exist in newborns.

A) Intermediate
B) Crude
C) Excellent
D) None of these.

Question 79

How early in life have children been tested for depth perception?

A) 2 months old
B) 6 months old
C) 1 year old
D) 18 months old

Question 80

When a child is about 4 or 5 years old,most children's eye muscles are developed enough for them to move their eyes efficiently across a series of letters.What,then,would we expect of a child who is entering the first grade at 6 years old?

A) The child will not be able to focus far away.
B) The child at this age is farsighted.
C) The child can focus his or her eyes and sustain the attention effectively on close-up objects.
D) Although the child at this age is farsighted,the child can focus his or her eyes and sustain the attention effectively on close-up objects.