Deck 4: Physical Development and Health

Question 1

Like most infants,Jordan learns to throw before he learns to kick.Which principle best explains this developmental pattern?

A) proximodistal
B) dominant-recessive
C) cephalocaudal
D) biodynamic

Answer 1

C

Question 2

As a toddler,Megan's head size is disproportionately large in comparison to the rest of her body.This illustrates what principle of growth?

A) proximodistal
B) cephalocaudal
C) hierarchical
D) independence of systems

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the cephalocaudal pattern of development?

A) head,neck,shoulders,middle trunk
B) middle trunk,shoulders,neck,head
C) trunk,arms and legs,hands,fingers and toes
D) fingers and toes,hands,arms and legs,trunk

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A review of the height and weight of children around the world concluded that two important contributors to height differences are

A) environment and nutrition.
B) ethnic origin and nutrition.
C) environment and ethnic origin.
D) gender and ethnic origin.

Question 5

Infants grow approximately 12 inches during their first year of life.How is this growing spread out over the year?

A) approximately 3 inches every other month
B) most of the 12 inches in the last 6 months
C) approximately 1 inch per month
D) in unpredictable spurts

Question 6

At birth,Kelley weighed 8 pounds.Her mother became concerned when she lost body weight,but her obstetrician assured her that most newborns do lose weight before they learn to adjust to neonatal feeding.About what percent of their body weight is lost before they make this adjustment?

A) 6 percent to 8 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 5 percent to 7 percent
D) 16 percent

Question 7

Since development occurs in a cephalocaudal sequence,what can Sarah,an infant,control first?

A) legs
B) arms
C) head
D) hands

Question 8

When Roberto observes his two children drawing,he notes a striking difference in their motor behaviors.Two-year-old Mona makes crude drawings utilizing mostly upper-arm movement,whereas 6-year-old Mary makes very precise strokes utilizing fine finger movements.This difference is best explained by the ________ principle.

A) proximodistal
B) dominant-recessive
C) cephalocaudal
D) hierarchical

Question 9

The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities is referred to as

A) proximodistal pattern.
B) cephalocaudal pattern.
C) hierarchical integration.
D) independence of systems.

Question 10

Which of the following is the most pronounced physical change in middle and late childhood?

A) head circumference
B) waist circumference
C) leg length
D) proportional changes in relation to height

Question 11

The average age of menarche,a girl's first menstruation,in the United States is approximately ________ old.

A) 10 years
B) 12 ½ years
C) 15 ½ years
D) 18 years

Question 12

What is the average length of a North American newborn?

A) 15 inches
B) 18 inches
C) 19 inches
D) 20 inches

Question 13

______________ is a period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that takes place in early adolescence for both boys and girls.

A) Growth hormone
B) Puberty
C) Physical challenge
D) Menarche

Question 14

The period of middle and late childhood-from about 5 to 11 years of age-involves

A) slow and consistent growth for both boys and girls.
B) a huge growth spurt for girls.
C) a huge growth spurt for boys.
D) slow and consistent growth for boys only.

Question 15

There are wide variations in the onset and progression of puberty.Which of the following is an appropriate example?

A) Puberty might begin as early as 10 years of age or as late as 13 ½ years of age for boys.It might end as early as 13 years of age or as late as 17 years of age.
B) Puberty might begin as early as 8 years of age or as late as 13 ½ years of age for boys.It might end as early as 12 years of age or as late as 17 years of age.
C) There is no prediction of when puberty will begin or end-not even within a range of years or months.
D) There is an exact prediction of when puberty will begin.

Question 16

What is the average weight of a North American newborn?

A) 6 pounds
B) 7 ½ pounds
C) 8 ½ pounds
D) 9 pounds

Question 17

Who is closest to half of her adult height?

A) Kara,who is 5-years old
B) Heather,who is 7-years old
C) Victoria,who is 4-years old
D) Ryan,who is 2-years old

Question 18

In the preschool years,both boys and girls

A) slim down as the trunks of their bodies lengthen.
B) put on additional weight as the trunks of their bodies lengthen.
C) slim down but the trunks of their bodies do not change.
D) put on additional weight but the trunks of their bodies do not change.

Question 19

___________________________ is the absence or deficiency of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow.

A) Growth hormone overactivity
B) Pituitary hormone supply
C) Growth hormone deficiency
D) None of these.

Question 20

Infants double their birth weight by 4 months of age.When do infants triple their birth weight?

A) 6 months of age
B) 10 months of age
C) 12 months of age
D) 18 months of age

Question 21

It is difficult to study brain development in infants because

A) scans pose a radiation risk.
B) infants wiggle too much for the examinations.
C) the latest brain-imaging technologies can't make out fine details.
D) All of these.

Question 22

A neuron is a(an)_______ cell that handles information _______________ at the cellular level.

A) transmission; adaptation
B) underdeveloped; transition
C) nerve; processing
D) nerve; interpretation

Question 23

Depressed brain activity has been found in children who grow up in a(n)

A) enriched environment.
B) large family.
C) deprived environment.
D) inflexible environment.

Question 24

At birth,the newborn's brain is about what percentage of its adult weight?

A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 25

The key developments of the brain in the first two years include the

A) personal contact cerebellum.
B) environment and genetics.
C) myelin sheath and dendrite connections.
D) None of these.

Question 26

What makes up about 80 percent of the brain's volume and covers the lower portions of the brain like a large cap,playing critical roles in many important human functions?

A) cerebrum
B) cerebellum
C) cerebral cortex
D) myelin sheath

Question 27

Brain swelling that affects hundreds of babies in the United States every year is called

A) infant mortality.
B) shaken baby syndrome.
C) post-praumatic stress syndrome.
D) attention decreasing syndrome.

Question 28

A test that measures the brain's electrical activity is called what?

A) PET
B) MRI
C) EEG
D) EKG

Question 29

______________________ are the tiny gaps between neurons where connections between axons and dendrites take place; as the infant develops,these connections between axons and dendrites proliferate.

A) Cerebrums
B) Synapses
C) Myelin sheaths
D) Nuclei

Question 30

What area of the cerebrum is involved in hearing?

A) frontal lobe
B) parietal lobe
C) temporal lobe
D) occipital lobe

Question 31

The timing for the emergence of puberty is

A) environmental.
B) completely related to stress.
C) completely related to nutrition.
D) programmed into the genes of every human being.

Question 32

A layer of fat cells that encases most axons and helps nerve impulses travel faster is called the

A) cerebrum.
B) myelin sheath.
C) neurons.
D) dendrites.

Question 33

Which of the following is not in control of the secretion of key hormones?

A) hypothalamus
B) menarche
C) gonads
D) pituitary gland

Question 34

Myelination in the areas of the brain related to focusing attention is not complete until

A) middle or late childhood.
B) infancy.
C) until infancy and middle to late childhood.
D) late adolescence.

Question 35

What group appears to be the least happy with their own body image?

A) adolescent males
B) adolescent females
C) late childhood males
D) late childhood females

Question 36

The brains of animals growing up in an enriched environment develop better than the brains of animals reared in standard or isolated conditions.The brains of the animals in the enriched environment weighed more,had thicker layers,and had more neuronal connections.This statement is a strong argument that

A) animal and human research is very different.
B) early enrichment can benefit the young in a species.
C) animal and human research is very different and that early enrichment can benefit the young in a species.
D) None of these.

Question 37

_________________________ is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other.

A) Temporalization
B) Lateralization
C) Occipital divide
D) A combination of lateralization and occipital divide

Question 38

A major component of the neuroconstructivist view is that

A) both biological and environmental conditions influence brain development.
B) the brain has plasticity.
C) brain development is closely linked to a child's cognitive development.
D) All of these.

Question 39

_______________________ are powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream.

A) Gonads
B) Structures
C) Hormones
D) Pituitary glands

Question 40

When are neural connections formed?

A) entirely at birth
B) early in life
C) around 10 years of age
D) around 25 years of age

Question 41

In children 6 years to puberty,there is rapid growth in the areas of

A) language and spatial relations.
B) spatial relations and mathematics.
C) language and mathematics.
D) language and comprehension.

Question 42

Which statement is not true about young children and SIDS?

A) Soft bedding is not recommended.
B) There is no difference in the death rate of infants exposed or not exposed to second-hand smoke.
C) It is more common in groups of low-socioeconomic status.
D) The risk is higher for infants who have a sibling who died of SIDS.

Question 43

REM refers to

A) nutritional needs in infancy.
B) reflexes and rhythmic motor behavior.
C) perceptual-motor coupling.
D) a recurring sleep stage during which dreams commonly occur.

Question 44

Adolescents experience a shift in ___________ that delays the body's time to sleep.

A) testosterone
B) melatonin
C) food intake
D) estrogen

Question 45

The most common infant sleeping problem has been identified as

A) night terrors.
B) night-time waking.
C) sleepwalking.
D) sleep talking.

Question 46

Newborns sleep _________ hours a day.

A) 10 to 11
B) 12 to 13
C) 14 to 15
D) 16 to 17

Question 47

When a 2-month-old can reach out and grab a small toy,what part of the brain is at work?

A) the prefrontal cortex
B) the cognitive control centers
C) the language control centers
D) None of these.

Question 48

From age 6 through puberty,the most dramatic growth in the brain takes place in the ________ lobe.

A) temporal
B) parietal
C) both the temporal and parietal
D) frontal

Question 49

Researchers have found that adolescents sleep an average of ____ hours and ____ minutes when given the opportunity to sleep as long as they like.

A) 4; 30
B) 6; 20
C) 7; 45
D) 9; 25

Question 50

Scientists believe that the adolescent's brain

A) has stopped growing.
B) is still growing.
C) is shrinking.
D) None of these.

Question 51

The region of the brain that controls judgment and continues to grow through early adulthood is the

A) corpus callosum.
B) cerebrum.
C) prefrontal cortex.
D) cerebellum.

Question 52

The American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended that infants be placed to sleep

A) on their sides.
B) on their stomachs.
C) on their backs.
D) propped up with their heads higher than their feet.

Question 53

In order to reduce resistance to going to bed for a young child,which of the following should not be used?

A) Read the child a story.
B) Have the child play hard just before bedtime in order to use up energy.
C) Give the child a bath.
D) Let the child sit on the caregiver's lap to listen to music.

Question 54

Which of the following is not a benefit of shared sleeping?

A) promoting breast feeding
B) responding more quickly to the baby's cries
C) evidence of greater brain development
D) detection of potentially dangerous breathing pauses in the baby

Question 55

Risk of SIDS is highest at ________ weeks of age.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 3
C) 4 to 8
D) 6 to 8

Question 56

Young children should have an average of _____ hours of sleep per night.

A) 9-11
B) 10-12
C) 11-13
D) 12-14

Question 57

Most adults spend about _____ of their time in REM sleep,whereas infants spend about ____ of their time in REM.

A) one-fifth; half
B) half; one-fifth
C) half; half
D) one-third; half

Question 58

First- to fifth-graders should have an average of _____ hours of sleep per night.

A) 9-10
B) 10-11
C) 11-12
D) 12-13

Question 59

Leading researcher Charles Nelson points out that while adolescents are capable of very strong emotions,their prefrontal cortex hasn't developed to the point at which they can control their

A) speech.
B) motor skills.
C) passions.
D) None of these.

Question 60

If Scarlett compared her overall sleep pattern with that of her 2-month-old infant son,the main difference that she would likely note is that her son spends more time ____________ than she does.

A) in deep sleep
B) in REM sleep
C) sleeping during nighttime hours
D) following a rhythmic sleep pattern

Question 61

There is a trend in children who receive 1/3 of their daily caloric intake from restaurants.This has amount is _______ the percentage consumed at home.

A) double
B) triple
C) quadruple
D) the same

Question 62

Which one of the following mothers can breast feed her baby?

A) the mother who is infected with AIDS
B) the mother who has already breast fed three of her other children
C) the mother who has active tuberculosis
D) the mother who is taking an unsafe drug that can be transmitted through her milk

Question 63

Cancer is the _____________ leading cause of death in children 5 to 14 years old.Currently 1 in every 330 children in the United States develops cancer before 19 years of age.

A) third
B) leading
C) second
D) fourth

Question 64

It is recommended that Mary's infant son should consume about ____ calories for each pound that he weighs.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 100

Question 65

Which of the following statements is false about obesity in childhood?

A) Obesity increases medical and psychological problems.
B) Obese children can develop pulmonary problems.
C) Obesity decreases the chance of high-blood pressure.
D) Obesity increases problems with the child's hips.

Question 66

________ percent of children in the United States are living in poverty with no health care provided.

A) Two
B) Seven
C) Seventeen
D) Twenty-seven

Question 67

The American Academy of Pediatrics is in favor of

A) breast feeding over bottle feeding.
B) bottle feeding over breast feeding.
C) early introduction of solid foods.
D) breast feeding for the first 2 weeks only.

Question 68

Accidents are the ________ cause of death in young children.

A) third
B) leading
C) second
D) fourth

Question 69

When feeding her infant son,Dawn follows the guidelines endorsed by most nutritionists.Thus,she tries to make sure that her 10-pound son takes in about ________ calories per day.

A) 100
B) 300
C) 500
D) 1,000

Question 70

Breast feeding can have the positive effect on the child for

A) less infections.
B) fewer allergies.
C) reduced obesity rates.
D) All of these.

Question 71

If adolescents need more sleep before beginning their high-school day,which of the following should be done?

A) Ensure that the adolescent goes to bed by 9:30 p.m.
B) Shorten the school day so the adolescent can take a small rest.
C) Start the school day later so the adolescent can sleep in longer.
D) Make sure the adolescent has his or her own room so as not to be disturbed.

Question 72

Obesity in childhood can be a result of

A) parents not being able to recognize the problem.
B) children eating in front of the television.
C) the lack of concern about food ingested.
D) All of these.

Question 73

Basima is a caring but uneducated mother living in rural Iraq.While watching television she sees images of healthy bottle-fed infants.In an attempt to provide the best nutrition for her 3-month-old son,she quits breast feeding and switches to formula.Unfortunately for Basima,the well water she uses to mix the formula is unsanitary.Given this information,her son will most likely

A) die of SIDS.
B) have delayed sensory development.
C) gain unwanted weight.
D) develop marasmus.

Question 74

________________________ are the most common cause of severe injury and death in middle and late childhood.

A) Motor vehicle accidents as a passenger
B) Motor vehicle accidents as a pedestrian
C) Falls
D) Motor vehicle accidents as a passenger or a pedestrian

Question 75

Which of the following statements about breast feeding is true?

A) It can be unsanitary.
B) It helps immunize the newborn from disease.
C) Breast-fed babies do not gain weight as quickly as bottle-fed babies.
D) Most women find the practice disgusting.

Question 76

By 15 months of age,the most common vegetable babies eat is

A) corn.
B) sweet potatoes.
C) French fries.
D) None of these.

Question 77

UNICEF has concerns about feeding newborns and infants in

A) the United States.
B) impoverished countries.
C) Canada.
D) None of these.

Question 78

Because it is better than formula for the infant's health,the American Pediatric Association strongly endorses breast feeding for the ________ of life.

A) first year
B) first 6 months
C) first 2 years
D) first month

Question 79

__________________ is severe malnutrition caused by deficiency in ___________.

A) Marasmus; protein
B) Marasmus; vitamin C
C) Kwashiorkor; protein
D) Kwashiorkor; vitamin C

Question 80

The percentage of overweight infants in 2001 has increased to

A) 3.4.
B) 4.6.
C) 5.9.
D) 7.1.