Deck 17: Physical Development in Late Adulthood

Question 1

If born today in the United States,which of the following persons would have the highest life expectancy?

A) Jerome who is an African American male
B) Larry who is a non-Latino White male
C) Miranda who is an African American female
D) Susan who is a non-Latino White female

Answer 1

Susan who is a non-Latino White female

Question 2

Statistics reveal that the profile for most centenarians (people aged 100 and older)looks unusual as compared with other older adults.What is the difference?

A) These centenarians never married.
B) These centenarians had a low rate of age-associated diseases.
C) These centenarians were married more than once.
D) These centenarians were millionaires.

Answer 2

These centenarians had a low rate of age-associated diseases.

Question 3

Calvin has just turned 90 years old.He would be considered among the:

A) young-old.
B) middle-old.
C) old-old.
D) oldest-old.

Answer 3

oldest-old.

Question 4

The young-old are people who are between:

A) 40 to 50 years of age.
B) 50 to 65 years of age.
C) 65 to 84 years of age.
D) 75 to 84 years of age.

Question 5

Which of the following places has the highest ratio of centenarians?

A) New York,US
B) Okinawa,Japan
C) London,England
D) Beijing,China

Question 6

One factor that has contributed to the survival of centenarians is:

A) their ability to cope effectively with stress.
B) the lack of stressful events in their lives.
C) the years of marriage.
D) their socioeconomic status.

Question 7

Each of the following explanations has been given to explain the longevity of persons living in Okinawa EXCEPT:

A) eating a diet that is heavy on grains and vegetables.
B) retiring early from jobs.
C) a high inclination toward spirituality among the elderly.
D) a low-stress lifestyle.

Question 8

The oldest-old today are mostly:

A) male.
B) institutionalized.
C) married.
D) female.

Question 9

In 2011,which of the following countries had the highest estimated life expectancy?

A) United States
B) Japan
C) Monaco
D) Sweden

Question 10

Maria is 80 years old.She is considered _____.

A) youngest-old
B) young-old
C) oldest-old
D) middle-aged

Question 11

According to current projections,what is the expected number of centenarians by the year 2050?

A) 19,000
B) 77,000
C) 212,000
D) 600,000

Question 12

Uncle Roger tells you that he is a member of the "oldest-old" club,when asked about age.Without knowing his exact age,you would know that Uncle Roger is at least _____ years old.

A) 70
B) 75
C) 80
D) 85

Question 13

Which of the following biological reasons explains women's increased resistance to infections and degenerative diseases?

A) Estrogen production and the additional X chromosome
B) Lower cholesterol levels and improved lung function
C) Postmenopausal hormone levels and increased body water
D) Better osmoregulation and lower trans fat

Question 14

In industrialized countries,the number of individuals 100 years and older is increasing at the rate of approximately _____ percent each year.

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9

Question 15

Which of the following countries has the highest number of centenarians?

A) England
B) United States
C) China
D) Japan

Question 16

Which of the following countries had the lowest estimated life expectancy in 2011?

A) South Africa
B) Singapore
C) Japan
D) United States

Question 17

The oldest-old are individuals who are _____ years and older.

A) 85
B) 80
C) 75
D) 70

Question 18

_____ is the number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live.

A) Life expectancy
B) Life span
C) Longevity
D) Life extension

Question 19

What is the average life expectancy of individuals born today in the United States?

A) 69.3 years
B) 72.3 years
C) 75.3 years
D) 78.7 years

Question 20

What is the life expectancy in Okinawa,Japan?

A) 70.2 years
B) 89.6 years
C) 85.4 years
D) 81.2 years

Question 21

_____ are DNA sequences that cap chromosomes.

A) Free radicals
B) Polymers
C) Telomeres
D) Mitochondria

Question 22

Researchers have found that _____ reduces the oxidative damage created by free radicals.

A) hormone replacement therapy
B) moderate intake of red wine
C) a diet restricted in calories
D) a macrobiotic diet

Question 23

According to the mitochondrial theory,which of the following steps is NOT part of the damage caused by free radicals?

A) Oxidative damage impairs mitochondrial function.
B) Generation of even greater amounts of free radicals.
C) The affected mitochondria become inefficient in generating energy for cellular needs.
D) Lower energy leads to lesser amounts of free radicals.

Question 24

_____ theory states that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times,and that as we age our cells become less capable of dividing.

A) Evolutionary
B) Cellular clock
C) Free-radical
D) Hormonal stress

Question 25

The majority of older adults aged 80 and over:

A) continue to live in the community.
B) are institutionalized.
C) report that their health is excellent or good.
D) have major health problems that limit their activity.

Question 26

According to evolutionary theory,natural selection is linked to _____,which is present in the earlier part of adulthood.

A) reproductive fitness
B) neurogenesis
C) cognitive and perceptual fitness
D) muscular and skeletal strength

Question 27

Defects in mitochondria have been linked with all of the following conditions EXCEPT:

A) cardiovascular disease.
B) arthritis.
C) decline in liver function.
D) Alzheimer disease.

Question 28

According to evolutionary theory,which of the following is the reason Alzheimer disease not been eliminated by evolution?

A) It appears only in adolescence or early adulthood.
B) It is a genetic disorder.
C) It is caused by improper diet and inadequate physical activity.
D) It does not appear until late middle adulthood or late adulthood.

Question 29

Based on the ways cells divide,Hayflick places the upper limit of the human life-span potential at about _____ years of age.

A) 90 to 100
B) 100 to 110
C) 120 to 125
D) 110 to 119

Question 30

According to the cellular clock theory,after about 70 or 80 replications,the cell no longer can reproduce and the _____ are dramatically reduced.

A) mitochondria
B) telomeres
C) chromosomes
D) sperm cells

Question 31

The tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function,growth,and repair are known as:

A) Lewy bodies.
B) ribosomes.
C) chromosomes.
D) mitochondria.

Question 32

Researchers have extended the life of a human cell by:

A) removing the cap of the DNA molecule.
B) injecting it with telomerase.
C) rearranging the DNA sequences.
D) splicing the 18th and 19th chromosomes.

Question 33

According to the cellular clock theory of aging,cells can divide a maximum of:

A) 50 to 60 times.
B) 65 to 70 times.
C) 75 to 80 times.
D) 80 to 100 times.

Question 34

Which of the following biological theories of aging states that people age because their cells' normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules?

A) Cellular clock theory
B) Free-radical theory
C) Telomerase-injection theory
D) Hormonal stress theory

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a biological theory explaining aging?

A) Cellular clock theory
B) Free-radical theory
C) Mitochondrial theory
D) Reverse neurogenesis theory

Question 36

The _____ theory states that aging is due to the decay of _____.

A) free-radical; oxygen molecules
B) mitochondrial; mitochondria
C) stress; nutrients
D) free-radical; mitochondria

Question 37

Which of the following is a similarity among the cellular clock,free-radical,and mitochondrial theories?

A) They attribute the process of aging to hormonal changes.
B) They attempt to explain aging at the cellular level.
C) They discount the role of genetics in aging.
D) They emphasize the effects of ecological factors on aging.

Question 38

In the New England Centenarian Study,_____ percent of the individuals 100 years and older were living independently at home.

A) 20
B) 15
C) 40
D) 50

Question 39

When faced with external challenges such as stressful situations,the human body adapts by altering internal physiological processes in a process known as _____.

A) allostasis
B) homeostasis
C) peristalsis
D) transcription

Question 40

Telomeres and telomerase are increasingly thought to be key components of the _____ process,providing a possible avenue to restrain cancer and delay aging.

A) hormone production
B) antibody proliferation
C) free radical regeneration
D) stem cell regeneration

Question 41

The _____ is one area that shrinks more than others with aging.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala
C) hypothalamus
D) premotor cortex

Question 42

Severe reductions in the production of dopamine have been linked with:

A) Parkinson disease.
B) Alzheimer disease.
C) dementia other than Alzheimer disease.
D) brain cancer.

Question 43

What is the main difference between the way younger people and older people respond to stress?

A) Younger people have a slower restorative process after a stressful episode.
B) Younger people have better coping strategies for dealing with stress.
C) The process of aging increases the pituitary gland's response to stress,making it work harder.
D) Older people keep stress hormones in their system for longer periods.

Question 44

Continuous accommodation of physiological systems in response to stressors may result in _____,a wearing down of body systems due to constant activity.

A) reverse peristalsis
B) homeostatic load
C) allostatic load
D) neuronal proliferation

Question 45

The _____ is involved in smell.

A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) olfactory bulb
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 46

_____ are the most noticeable changes in physical appearance in late adulthood.

A) Loss of hair and brittle nails
B) Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis
C) Reduction in height and weight
D) Wrinkles and age spots

Question 47

With age:

A) brain weight decreases; brain volume does not decrease.
B) brain volume decreases; brain weight does not decrease.
C) both brain weight and brain volume decrease.
D) neither brain weight nor brain volume decrease.

Question 48

Identify the region of the human brain in which neurogenesis has been documented in adults.

A) Amygdala
B) Hypothalamus
C) Prefrontal cortex
D) Olfactory bulb

Question 49

On average,the adult brain loses _____ percent of its weight between the ages of 20 and 90.

A) 1 to 5
B) 5 to 10
C) 10 to 20
D) 10 to 30

Question 50

Prolonged,elevated levels of stress-related hormones have been associated with all of the following conditions EXCEPT _____.

A) hypertension
B) cancer
C) diabetes
D) arthritis

Question 51

According to a study by Coleman that compared the brains of adults at various ages,from the forties through the seventies,the:

A) growth of dendrites increased.
B) growth of dendrites decreased.
C) number of axons increased.
D) number of neurons increased.

Question 52

In late adulthood:

A) both men and women get shorter.
B) men get shorter,but women do not get shorter.
C) women get shorter,but men do not get shorter.
D) only individuals with osteoporosis,men or women,get shorter.

Question 53

Which of the following is a region of the adult human brain where neurogenesis has been documented?

A) Amygdala
B) Hippocampus
C) Prefrontal cortex
D) Hypothalamus

Question 54

Because of a decline in the functioning of the immune systems,vaccination against _____ is especially important in older adults.

A) acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
B) influenza
C) osteoarthritis
D) osteoporosis

Question 55

The neurotransmitter _____,which helps to control the preciseness of the signal sent from one neuron to another,decreases with aging.

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) GABA
D) noradrenaline

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a primary reason for the lowered brain volume of older adults compared to that of younger adults?

A) Shrinkage of neurons
B) Reduced length of axons
C) Lower numbers of synapses
D) Lower number of neurons

Question 57

The _____ is involved in memory.

A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) prefrontal cortex
D) olfactory bulb

Question 58

Data from the Nun Study have pointed all of the following EXCEPT:

A) positive emotions in early adulthood that were associated to longevity.
B) stimulating the brain with intellectual activity that keeps neurons healthy and alive.
C) negative emotions in early adulthood that were linked to longevity.
D) idea density that was linked with fewer incidences of mild cognitive impairment.

Question 59

Reductions in _____ have been linked to small declines in memory functioning and to the severe memory loss associated with Alzheimer disease.

A) gamma-aminobutyric acid
B) dopamine
C) acetylcholine
D) adrenaline

Question 60

A study by Shan & others found that the volume of the brain was _____ in older adults than younger adults.

A) 20 percent more
B) 15 percent less
C) 25 percent less
D) 10 percent more

Question 61

Which of the following is linked to more rapid onset of hearing difficulties in older adults?

A) Defects in mitochondria and declining levels of testosterone
B) Inadequate nourishment and a lifetime of smoking
C) High blood pressure and resistant hypertension
D) Dietary intake of beta-carotene and obesity

Question 62

Jake has been diagnosed with a condition characterized by damage to the optic nerve due to buildup of fluid in the eye.So Jake is suffering from _____.

A) glaucoma
B) cataracts
C) retinopathy
D) macular degeneration

Question 63

In terms of percentage of total weight,which of following increases as a person reaches late adulthood?

A) Muscle
B) Bone density
C) Fat
D) T cells

Question 64

What is the leading cause of blindness in older adults?

A) Glaucoma
B) Cataracts
C) Macular degeneration
D) Retinal hardening

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major diseases that can impair the vision of older adults?

A) Myopia
B) Cataract
C) Glaucoma
D) Macular degeneration

Question 66

The greatest decline in visual perception beyond 75,and especially beyond 85,involves:

A) tolerance for glare.
B) dark adaptation.
C) area of the visual field.
D) color vision.

Question 67

Gisela is suffering from a condition that involves thickening of the lenses of her eyes.This causes her vision to become cloudy or distorted.Identify the condition that Gisela is suffering from.

A) Glaucoma
B) Nearsightedness
C) Macular degeneration
D) Cataracts

Question 68

A recent national survey revealed that 63 percent of adults _____ had a hearing loss defined as an inability to hear sounds at frequencies higher than 25 dB with their better ear.

A) 70 years and older
B) 65 years and older
C) 105 years and older
D) 100 years and older

Question 69

Which of the following is a result of declining color vision in the green-blue-violet part of the color spectrum?

A) Difficulty in accurately matching closely related colors.
B) Difficulty in distinguishing between contrasting colors.
C) Difficulty in seeing colored objects at a distance.
D) Difficulty in seeing objects that are very close.

Question 70

Lydia has been diagnosed with early macular degeneration.Which of the following treatments is her doctor most likely to recommend?

A) Eye drops
B) Removal of the lens of her eye
C) Prescription for glasses
D) Laser surgery

Question 71

The vision of older adults can be affected by age-related changes.One of these changes,which can make steps or street curbs difficult to manage,is a decline in:

A) eye-hand coordination.
B) depth perception.
C) ocular elasticity.
D) color vision.

Question 72

A recent national survey revealed that _____ of adults 70 years and older had a hearing loss defined as an inability to hear sounds at frequencies higher than 25 dB with their better ear.

A) 15 percent
B) 28 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 63 percent

Question 73

Color vision declines with age due to:

A) the yellowing of the lens of the eye.
B) a decline in the effectiveness of the cones to discriminate colors.
C) cataracts preventing certain parts of the light spectrum from entering the lens of the eye.
D) a reduction in the light entering the peripheral area of the visual field.

Question 74

Regular _____ has been shown to decrease the onset of physical disability in older adults.

A) weight training
B) walking
C) massage
D) checkups

Question 75

Why does night driving become especially difficult in late adulthood?

A) Due to diminishing sensitivity to contrasts and reduced tolerance for glare.
B) Due to the decline in color vision.
C) Due to increased tolerance for glare and increased sensitivity to contrasts.
D) Due to the expanding area of the visual field.

Question 76

Cigarette smoking contributes to _____,a condition in which individuals may have relatively normal peripheral vision but may be unable to see clearly what is right in front of them.

A) glaucoma
B) cataracts
C) macular degeneration
D) retinal hardening

Question 77

At 60 years of age,the retina receives only about _____ as much light as it did at 20 years of age.

A) one-half
B) one-third
C) one-quarter
D) one-tenth

Question 78

Which of the following is a risk factor in the development of cataracts?

A) Cardiovascular disease
B) Diabetes
C) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
D) Arthritis

Question 79

Cynthia is 91 years old.Doctors have found that Cynthis's optic nerves have been damaged due to accumulation of fluid in the eye.Cynthia is worried that she will lose her vision,but the doctor has told her that her condition can be treated with eye drops.The disease that has marred Cynthia's vision is:

A) glaucoma.
B) cataracts.
C) retinopathy.
D) macular degeneration.

Question 80

In which part of the color spectrum is the loss of color vision most likely to occur?

A) Red-orange-yellow
B) Green-blue-violet
C) Yellow-violet-indigo
D) Green-yellow-orange