Deck 12: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Though controversial,studies indicate that self-esteem:

A) is particularly high in adolescence.
B) remains constant in adolescence.
C) increases in adolescent boys.
D) declines in adolescent girls.

Answer 1

declines in adolescent girls.

Question 2

According to Erik Erikson,which of the following developmental stages is experienced by an individual during adolescence?

A) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) Intimacy versus isolation
C) Initiative versus guilt
D) Identity versus identity confusion

Answer 2

Identity versus identity confusion

Question 3

_____ are excessively self-centered,self-congratulatory,and view their own needs and desires as paramount.

A) Pessimists
B) Egotists
C) Pragmatists
D) Narcissists

Answer 3

Narcissists

Question 4

A New Zealand longitudinal study assessed the self-esteem of adolescents at 11,13,and 15 years of age and then assessed the adjustment and competence of the same individuals when they were 26 years old.Its results indicated:

A) no connection between self-esteem in adolescence and competence as adults.
B) that well-adjusted,competent adults were just as likely as adults characterized by poorer mental and physical health to have low self-esteem in adolescence.
C) individuals with low self-esteem in adolescence showed no negative outcomes in adulthood.
D) that adults characterized by poorer mental and physical health were more likely to have low self-esteem in adolescence than well-adjusted,competent adults.

Question 5

According to Erik Erikson,during the _____ stage,adolescents are faced with deciding who they are,what they are all about,and where they are going in life.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) identity versus identity confusion
C) initiative versus guilt
D) intimacy versus isolation

Question 6

Identity development:

A) is a single,neat process.
B) gets done in bits and pieces.
C) happens cataclysmically.
D) involves making decisions once and for all.

Question 7

Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer from what Erikson calls _____.

A) identity diffusion
B) unresolved identity
C) identity confusion
D) identity moratorium

Question 8

Which of the following is the term that most researchers use to describe crisis?

A) Foreclosure
B) Exploration
C) Moratorium
D) Commitment

Question 9

Holly is a quiet and introverted person.She feels stressed whenever she has to interact with a lot of people.Which of the following BEST describes this aspect of Holly's identity?

A) Interests
B) Personality
C) Physical identity
D) Relationship identity

Question 10

Which of the following statements about identity development is TRUE?

A) Synthesizing the identity components is a single,neat process in normal individuals.
B) Decisions about identity may take time,but once they are made,they are set for life.
C) Identity development occurs in a single,one-step process.
D) Identity encompasses an individual's personality characteristics.

Question 11

According to James Marcia,what determines an individual's identity status?

A) The choices and alternatives they have access to
B) Their socioeconomic and academic profile
C) The existence or extent of their crisis or commitment
D) The existence or extent of parental and social support

Question 12

_____ reflects an individual's personal investment in identity.

A) Commitment
B) Collaboration
C) Calling
D) Conscientiousness

Question 13

Which of the following is the term Erik Erikson uses to describe the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy?

A) Psychosocial moratorium
B) Sociological amnesty
C) Societal moratorium
D) Behavioral reprieve

Question 14

What is the term Erikson uses to describe a period in which society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and free to try out different identities?

A) Sociological amnesty
B) Societal moratorium
C) Psychosocial moratorium
D) Behavioral reprieve

Question 15

Richard believes he is gay.This orientation is part of Richard's _____ identity.

A) relationship
B) intellectual
C) sexual
D) ethnic

Question 16

Eriksonian researcher James Marcia reasons that Erikson's theory of identity development contains _____ of identity,or ways of resolving the identity crisis.

A) five stages
B) four statuses
C) five statuses
D) six stages

Question 17

An individual's body image encompasses his or her _____.

A) sexual identity
B) personality
C) relationship identity
D) physical identity

Question 18

_____ refers to a self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others.

A) Egocentrism
B) Narcissism
C) Egotism
D) Solipsism

Question 19

_____ is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives.

A) Commitment
B) Calling
C) Conscientiousness
D) Crisis

Question 20

Which of the following is Erikson's fifth developmental stage?

A) Identity versus identity confusion
B) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) Initiative versus guilt
D) Intimacy versus isolation

Question 21

A consensus is developing that the key changes in identity are more likely to take place at _____.

A) 18 to 25 years of age
B) 15 to 17 years of age
C) 12 to 15 years of age
D) 9 to 12 years of age

Question 22

A recent meta-analysis of 124 studies by Jane Kroger and her colleagues revealed that during adolescence and emerging adulthood,identity _____ status rose steadily to age 19 and then declined.

A) achievement
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

Question 23

Most adolescents from ethnic minority groups develop a _____ identity.

A) bicultural
B) additive
C) multiplicative
D) mono-cultural

Question 24

Irene,age 16,is a first-generation immigrant whose parents came to the United States from Ukraine when she was just a baby.Irene enjoys many of the same things that her American friends do,but respects her culture's traditions and speaks to her parents in their native language.Irene seems to have formed a _____ identity.

A) additive
B) bicultural
C) multiplicative
D) culturally confused

Question 25

Which of the following is the identity status where crisis and commitment are both absent?

A) Identity diffusion
B) Identity foreclosure
C) Identity moratorium
D) Identity achievement

Question 26

A recent meta-analysis of 124 studies by Jane Kroger and her colleagues found that a large portion of individuals were _____ by the time they reached their twenties.

A) not identity diffused
B) not identity achieved
C) identity confused
D) identity achieved

Question 27

Individuals whose identity status can be described as identity _____ are undecided about occupational and ideological choices,and they are also likely to show little interest in such matters.

A) moratorium
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion

Question 28

Which of the following is an identity status where crisis and commitment are both present?

A) Identity achievement
B) Identity foreclosure
C) Identity moratorium
D) Identity diffusion

Question 29

Identity _____ is James Marcia's term for the status of adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis,and whose commitment levels are either absent or only vaguely defined.

A) confusion
B) stagnation
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

Question 30

Identify the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.

A) Identity crisis
B) Identity diffusion
C) Identity foreclosure
D) Identity achievement

Question 31

Which of the following statements about the timing of identity development is TRUE?

A) In their last couple years in college,individuals are more likely to be categorized as identity diffused.
B) College upperclassmen are more likely to be identity achieved than college freshmen or high school students.
C) By the time adolescents reach college,they would have committed to their religious and political identities.
D) A higher percentage of high school students are identity achieved when compared to college upperclassmen.

Question 32

The status of identity _____ occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents,usually in an authoritarian way,before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches,ideologies,and vocations on their own.

A) achievement
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion

Question 33

Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in a liberal arts course in the state college near their hometown.Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself,and he will most likely follow their advice.James Marcia would classify Ramon's identity status as:

A) identity diffusion.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity moratorium.
D) identity achievement.

Question 34

Identity _____ is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment.

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 35

Which of the following is the identity status where a crisis is present but commitment is absent?

A) Identity diffusion
B) Identity foreclosure
C) Identity moratorium
D) Identity achievement

Question 36

Nancy was torn in her decision to major in music or take up an undergraduate program in engineering.She finally chose the latter,with a minor in music.Identify Nancy's status of identity.

A) Identity diffusion
B) Identity foreclosure
C) Identity moratorium
D) Identity achievement

Question 37

Which of the following is the identity status where a crisis is absent but a commitment is present?

A) Identity achievement
B) Identity foreclosure
C) Identity moratorium
D) Identity diffusion

Question 38

A recent meta-analysis of 124 studies by Jane Kroger and her colleagues revealed that identity _____ rose across late adolescence and emerging adulthood.

A) moratorium
B) foreclosure
C) achievement
D) diffusion

Question 39

Ethnic _____ is the enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group,along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.

A) gloss
B) awareness
C) identity
D) pride

Question 40

Identity _____ is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis.

A) foreclosure
B) moratorium
C) achievement
D) diffusion

Question 41

Which of the following is a benefit of everyday conflicts that characterize parent-adolescent relationships?

A) It teaches adolescents that their parents are not perfect.
B) It helps adolescents become more autonomous.
C) It helps adolescents accept parental control over their lives.
D) It teaches parents how to exert more control over the lives of adolescents.

Question 42

Joseph Allen and his colleagues found that adolescents who were securely attached to their parents at 14 years of age were more likely at 21 years of age to report:

A) feeling uncomfortable in other intimate relationships.
B) continuing financial dependence on their parents.
C) relationship competence and fewer problematic behaviors.
D) conflict in the relationship with their parents.

Question 43

Conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because:

A) few parents anticipate how strongly their adolescent will push for autonomy and responsibility.
B) while parents want autonomy,adolescents want a connection.
C) parents want their adolescents to push the boundaries,while adolescents want to maintain the status quo.
D) parents want to relinquish all of their control over their adolescent.

Question 44

As opposed to the trend in young children,teenagers typically prefer to have:

A) a large group of friends,some of whom are especially intimate.
B) several friends,but only one "best" friend.
C) friends that are all of the same sex.
D) a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate.

Question 45

The National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health of more than 12,000 adolescents found that those who _____ had dramatically higher rates of smoking,drinking,using marijuana,getting into fights,and initiating sexual activity.

A) did not eat dinner with a parent five or more days a week
B) did not eat dinner with a parent one or two days a week
C) ate dinner with a parent all seven days of the week
D) ate dinner with a parent five or more days a week

Question 46

Which of the following statements does the new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasize?

A) Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems during adolescence.
B) Parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.
C) The everyday conflicts that characterize parent-adolescent relationships have a detrimental effect on adolescent development.
D) As adolescents mature,they move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.

Question 47

The new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasizes that:

A) parents should take an authoritarian approach to controlling the lives of adolescents.
B) parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.
C) in most families parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.
D) even minor parent-adolescent conflicts are not normal and should be avoided as far as possible.

Question 48

Religious adolescents are more likely than nonreligious adolescents to:

A) be depressed.
B) drink alcohol.
C) engage in community service.
D) engage in problem behaviors.

Question 49

According to the old model of parent-adolescent relationships,_____.

A) parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence
B) parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe in most families
C) parents serve as important support systems,while adolescents explore a wider,more complex social world
D) the everyday negotiations and minor disputes are normal

Question 50

In a recent study of Navajo adolescents,positive ethnic heritage was linked to all of the following EXCEPT:

A) narcissism.
B) higher self-esteem.
C) school connectedness.
D) social functioning.

Question 51

_____,the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships,proposed that friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs in adolescence.

A) Erik Erikson
B) Harry Stack Sullivan
C) Jean Piaget
D) James Marcia

Question 52

Conflict with parents often escalates during:

A) early adolescence.
B) middle adolescence.
C) late adolescence.
D) the college years.

Question 53

Analysis of the World Values Survey of 18- to 24-year-olds in less developed and more developed countries revealed that emerging adults in _____.

A) more developed countries were more likely to be religious
B) less developed countries were more likely to be religious
C) both less developed and more developed countries were equally highly religious
D) both less developed and more developed countries were not religious

Question 54

According to a developmental study,religiousness in adolescents or young adults declined from _____ onward.

A) 18 years of age
B) 20 years of age
C) 14 years of age
D) 24 years of age

Question 55

The old model of parent-adolescent relationships suggested that:

A) routine negotiations and minor disputes can serve the developmental function of helping adolescents make the transition from childhood dependency to adult independence.
B) in most families parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.
C) parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems,while adolescents explore a wider and more complex social world.
D) as adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.

Question 56

Many of the cognitive changes thought to influence religious development involve:

A) Piaget's cognitive developmental theory.
B) Erikson's psychosocial theory.
C) Freud's psychoanalytic theory.
D) Lorenz's ethological theory.

Question 57

Which of the following statements about religion and adolescents has research shown to be true?

A) There has been a resurgence of religious interest among adolescents.
B) A majority of American college freshmen reported that they had never attended religious services during their senior year of high school.
C) Generally,18-year-olds are more religious than 14-year-olds in the U.S.
D) Adolescent girls are more religious than are adolescent boys.

Question 58

Which of the following has been found to be associated with prolonged,intense parent-adolescent conflict?

A) Movement out of the home
B) High level of academic excellence
C) High intelligence quotient
D) Regular attendance at religious services

Question 59

Reggie,16,gets into a lot of arguments with his parents.Going by what is generally observed about parent-adolescent conflict,it is likely that most of the arguments center around:

A) whether Reggie uses drugs.
B) Reggie's delinquent behavior.
C) Reggie's alcoholism.
D) everyday events of family life.

Question 60

Stella has involved,responsive parents who support her in her choices as long as she adheres to certain basic rules that they have set for her,like keeping up her grades and coming home in time for dinner with her family on weeknights.Thus,Stella's relationship with her parents is characterized by a high level of trust,acceptance,and quality.Research indicates that Stella would:

A) be unwilling voluntarily disclose less about her activities to her parents.
B) be concerned about parental disapproval and thus more likely to lie to her parents.
C) be likely to share information about her whereabouts,friends,and activities.
D) be likely to experience problems in adolescent adjustment.

Question 61

At approximately the age of _____ years,two types of romantic involvement occur: casual dating and dating in groups.

A) 8 to 9
B) 11 to 13
C) 14 to 16
D) 17 to 19

Question 62

Late bloomers comprise approximately 10 percent of _____ who say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships.

A) 14- to 16-year-olds
B) 17- to 19-year-olds
C) 12- to 13-year-olds
D) 15- to 16-year-olds

Question 63

"Jocks" who are good at sports or "druggies" who take drugs are examples of _____.

A) cliques
B) teams
C) crowds
D) squads

Question 64

Priscilla is in the 8th grade.Her group of friends has recently started shoplifting at departmental stores.According to research into peer relations,what is Priscilla most likely to do in this scenario?

A) Priscilla will use her moral reasoning to determine if the behavior should be copied or not.
B) Priscilla will reject the behavior of her peers.
C) Priscilla will join her friends in the antisocial behavior.
D) Priscilla will report the behavior to her friends' parents.

Question 65

Early bloomers include:

A) 15 to 20 percent of 14- to 16-year-olds who say that they currently are in a romantic relationship.
B) 10 percent of 17- to 19-year-olds who say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships.
C) 15 to 20 percent of 11- to 13-year-olds who say that they currently are in a romantic relationship.
D) 15 percent of 17- to 19-year-olds who report that they have not engaged in any romantic relationships that lasted more than four months.

Question 66

Which of the following is a strategy that adults would recommend to adolescents to help in makeing friends?

A) Be psychologically aggressive
B) Wait for the other individual to initiate interaction
C) Be open to engaging in gossip
D) Respect yourself and others

Question 67

Which of the following statements about adolescent health is true?

A) More adolescents around the world are dying from acute infections than before.
B) Many adolescent health-compromising behaviors,especially illicit drug use and unprotected sex,are decreasing in frequency.
C) The rate of HIV infection in sub-Saharan countries has decreased marginally in recent years.
D) Fewer adolescents around the world die from malnutrition now than in the past.

Question 68

The initial stage of development of romantic relationships in adolescence is characterized by entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about _____ years of age.

A) 8 to 9
B) 11 to 13
C) 14 to 16
D) 17 to 19

Question 69

Which of the following is the last stage of development of romantic relationships in adolescence?

A) Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds
B) Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations
C) Dating in groups,reflecting embeddedness in the peer context
D) Exploring romantic relationships

Question 70

If adolescents fail to develop close friendships,they:

A) experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth.
B) develop healthier self-esteem as adults than their peers.
C) engage in less delinquent behavior.
D) become more social as they grow older.

Question 71

_____ are small groups that range from 2 to about 12 individuals and average about 5 or 6 individuals.

A) Cliques
B) Crowds
C) Teams
D) Squads

Question 72

At _____ years of age,romantic relations are characterized by strong emotional bonds more closely resembling those in adult romantic relationships.

A) 12 to 15
B) 11 to 13
C) 14 to 16
D) 17 to 19

Question 73

Manfred is worried about his 16-year-old son hanging around much older people in the neighborhood.Research suggests that Manfred:

A) should not be concerned,since having older friends has been linked to positive school achievement.
B) should encourage the behavior since his older friends will help him make a successful transition to adulthood.
C) has reason to worry,since his son is more likely to engage in delinquent behavior.
D) should not worry,because his son will soon tire of his older friends and turn to friends his own age.

Question 74

At which grade level does conformity to peers peak?

A) Sixth and seventh grades
B) Eighth and ninth grades
C) Tenth and eleventh grades
D) Twelfth grade

Question 75

Which of the following statements about the characteristics of a clique is NOT true?

A) They can form because adolescents engage in similar activities.
B) The average number of people in a clique is 8 to 10.
C) Clique members are usually of the same sex.
D) Clique members are usually about the same age.

Question 76

Which of the following statements about dating in gay male and lesbian youth is TRUE?

A) All sexual minority youth date other-sex peers to disguise their sexual orientation from others.
B) Despite their orientation,gay and lesbian youth have not had any same-sex sexual experience.
C) Gay and lesbian youth are not emotionally affected by the breakup of a same-sex relationship.
D) Disclosure of their sexual orientation to parents is the most stressful problem for gay and lesbian youth.

Question 77

A study of tenth-graders revealed that:

A) the number of romantic experiences reported had no link with levels of social acceptance experienced by adolescents.
B) having more romantic experience was linked to a higher level of substance use and delinquency.
C) co-rumination and romantic involvement predicted a decrease in depressive symptoms.
D) having no experience of romantic relationships is a consistent predictor of depression and deviant behavior.

Question 78

_____ are larger than cliques and less personal.

A) Bands
B) Crowds
C) Teams
D) Squads

Question 79

Sullivan argued that the need for _____ intensifies during early adolescence,motivating teenagers to seek out close friends.

A) respect
B) compatibility
C) intimacy
D) similarity

Question 80

What is the difference between cliques and crowds?

A) Cliques are more personal than crowds.
B) Cliques contain more members than crowds.
C) The formation of crowds is based on friendship,while cliques are based on reputation.
D) The members of crowds spend a lot of time together,while the members of cliques do not.