Deck 8: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

_____ development involves the development of thoughts,feelings,and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people.

A) Conventional
B) Superego
C) Moral
D) Pragmatic

Answer 1

Moral

Question 2

Self-conscious emotions do not appear to develop until self-awareness appears at approximately _____.

A) 1 to 2 months of age
B) 4 to 8 months of age
C) 6 to 12 months of age
D) 15 to 18 months of age

Answer 2

15 to 18 months of age

Question 3

According to Erik Erikson,the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is:

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) trust versus mistrust.

Answer 3

initiative versus guilt.

Question 4

Developmental psychologists would describe Jennifer as an "emotion-dismissing" parent to her son.In which of the following types of behavior is Jennifer most likely to engage?

A) She praises her son when he performs a task well.
B) She ignores her child when he cries.
C) She engages in more scaffolding with her son.
D) She acknowledges her child's emotions.

Question 5

The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is known as:

A) correspondence.
B) congruence.
C) perspective taking.
D) nurturance.

Question 6

Feelings of anxiety and guilt are central to the account of moral development provided by _____ theory.

A) Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive
B) Piaget's cognitive development
C) Erikson's psychosocial
D) Freud's psychoanalytic

Question 7

Marjorie chooses to deny,ignore,or change the negative emotions of her children.She is an:

A) emotion-coaching parent.
B) emotion-criticizing parent.
C) emotion-dismissing parent.
D) emotion-blind parent.

Question 8

According to Erik Erikson,the great governor of initiative is:

A) conscience.
B) independence.
C) fear.
D) obedience.

Question 9

_____ especially plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others.It is an important component of executive function.

A) Moral integrity
B) Emotion regulation
C) Moral development
D) Independence

Question 10

_____ parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner,use more scaffolding and praise,and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents.

A) Emotion-dismissing
B) Emotion-facilitator
C) Emotion-coaching
D) Emotion-encouraging

Question 11

According to Freud,to reduce anxiety,avoid punishment,and maintain parental affection,children identify with parents,internalizing their standards of right and wrong,and thus form the:

A) alter ego.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) id.

Question 12

According to Freud,the moral element of the personality is called the _____.

A) id
B) superid
C) ego
D) superego

Question 13

When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad,Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy.Selena is exhibiting:

A) guilt.
B) empathy.
C) correspondence.
D) lack of perspective-taking.

Question 14

Hans feels ashamed when his parents say "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a _____ emotion like shame,Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.

A) social
B) self-conscious
C) penitent
D) sympathetic

Question 15

In Erikson's portrait of early childhood,the young child clearly has begun to develop _____,which is the representation of self,the substance and content of self-conceptions.

A) self-control
B) self-confidence
C) self-understanding
D) self-centeredness

Question 16

The children of _____ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset,more effective in regulating their negative affect,focus their attention better,and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents.

A) emotion-coaching
B) emotion-facilitator
C) emotion-encouraging
D) emotion-independent

Question 17

Four-year-old Harlan says,"I'm always happy!" Researchers suggest that Harlan,like other kids his own age,has self-descriptions that are typically:

A) reflective of reality.
B) reflective of what others think about them.
C) abstract and magical.
D) unrealistically positive.

Question 18

_____ is responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.

A) Guilt
B) Empathy
C) Correspondence
D) Modeling

Question 19

Barbara monitors her children's emotions,views their negative emotions as opportunities for teaching,and assists her children in labeling their emotions.She is an:

A) emotion-facilitator parent.
B) emotion-supportive parent.
C) emotion-coaching parent.
D) emotion-encouraging parent.

Question 20

When Brianna is upset,her mother facilitates open discussion about why she is upset and helps her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions.Therefore,Brianna's mother takes an _____ approach to parenting.

A) emotion-dismissing
B) emotion-criticizing
C) emotion-coaching
D) emotion-encouraging

Question 21

Because young children are _____,they judge the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences,not the intentions of the actor.

A) autonomous thinkers
B) heteronomous moralists
C) egocentric
D) moral autonomists

Question 22

According to Jean Piaget,parent-child relations are less likely to advance moral reasoning than peer relations because:

A) parents are inconsistent in delivering the consequences for broken rules.
B) peers are less likely to allow negotiation and reasoning about broken rules.
C) parents take an authoritative approach to handing down the rules.
D) peer groups immediately mete out punishments for rule breaking.

Question 23

Dante is a 10-year-old boy who likes to play soccer during recess.One day a friend teaches him a different set of rules about the game that Dante accepts.He now plays soccer in a new way.Dante is in which stage of moral development?

A) Autonomous morality
B) Heteronomous morality
C) Basic morality
D) Extended morality

Question 24

Older children,who are _____,recognize that punishment occurs only if someone witnesses the wrongdoing and that even then,punishment is not inevitable.

A) moral autonomists
B) empathic thinkers
C) gender-typed
D) heteronomous thinkers

Question 25

_____ refers to an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of all three components of moral development,namely,moral thought,feeling,and behavior.

A) Ethics
B) Protocol
C) Constitution
D) Conscience

Question 26

Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through:

A) authoritative parent-child relations.
B) religious and social conditioning.
C) the children's family experiences.
D) the mutual give-and-take of peer relations.

Question 27

Jerome,6,and Hani,10,get up early on Saturday morning and decide to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother.While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet,they accidentally break one of their mother's favorite porcelain dolls.Jerome knows that he's going to get into "big trouble".Hani tells him not to worry because Mom would understand that it was an accident.In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani?

A) Jerome-autonomous morality; Hani-heteronomous morality
B) Jerome-heteronomous morality; Hani-autonomous morality
C) Jerome-universal law morality; Hani-context-specific morality
D) Jerome-context-specific morality; Hani-universal law morality

Question 28

Katrina becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game,and yells,"You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Katrina is exhibiting which of the following types of moral reasoning?

A) Autonomous morality
B) Heteronomous morality
C) Peer-negotiated morality
D) Immanent justice morality

Question 29

Among the most important aspects of the relationship between parents and children that contribute to children's moral development are relational quality,parental discipline,proactive strategies,and _____.

A) religious affiliation
B) family culture
C) conversational dialogue
D) ethnicity

Question 30

Julie believes that Jason's accidental act of breaking 12 plates is worse than Peter intentionally breaking two plates.Julie can be best described as a(n)_____.

A) moral autonomist
B) gender-typed individual
C) empathic thinker
D) heteronomous moralist

Question 31

As children develop into moral autonomists,:

A) consequences become more important than intentions.
B) they think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world.
C) they start recognizing the principle of immanent justice.
D) intentions become more important than consequences.

Question 32

From about _____ years of age,children display heteronomous morality.

A) 1 to 3
B) 4 to 7
C) 10 to 12
D) 2 to 4

Question 33

Social cognitive theory provides several important principles to help us understand moral behavior of children.Which one of the following is NOT one of those principles?

A) Moral behavior is always influenced by the situation.
B) Self-control is evidenced by the child's ability to delay gratification.
C) Punishment will always increase modeling of moral behavior.
D) Cognitive factors are important in the development of self-control.

Question 34

From about _____,children show autonomous morality.

A) 5 to 8 years of age
B) 4 to 7 years of age
C) 10 years of age and older
D) 5 years of age and older

Question 35

According to Piaget's theory,from _____ years of age,children are in a transition showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some features of the second stage,autonomous morality.

A) 7 to 10
B) 4 to 7
C) 10 to 12
D) 1 to 4

Question 36

Twice each month,Gini helps to serve dinner at the "Community Table",a program that assists homeless people in the town.She brings her two children,aged nine and eleven,with her and talks to them about the need to share time,food,and kindness with others who are less fortunate.Social cognitive theorists would say that Gini's children:

A) are likely to develop moral behavior that includes helping others.
B) are not likely to be impacted by this as their moral behavior is modeled on peers,not parents.
C) will not benefit from these experiences until they are teens.
D) will fail to model their behavior to their mother's unless they see some reward in it.

Question 37

Which of the following is the first stage of Piaget's theory of moral development?

A) Autonomous morality
B) Initiative versus guilt
C) Heteronomous morality
D) Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 38

Young children tend to believe that if a rule is broken,punishment will be meted out immediately.This indicates a belief in the concept of:

A) immanent justice.
B) swift justice.
C) concrete justice.
D) authoritative justice.

Question 39

Which of the following approaches holds that the processes of reinforcement,punishment,and imitation explain the development of moral behavior?

A) Freud's psychoanalytic approach.
B) The evolutionary psychology approach.
C) The behavioral and social cognitive approach.
D) The biological approach.

Question 40

In Thompson's view,young children are moral _____,striving to understand what is moral.

A) apprentices
B) novices
C) explorers
D) adventurers

Question 41

Michael,aged four,loves playing with toy cars and airplanes,and his idea of play involves wrestling and pushing his friends.Melanie,also aged four,loves playing with her dolls and doll house,and her idea of play is to have a tea party with her dolls and friends.Both are exhibiting:

A) inappropriate behavior.
B) sex-typed behavior.
C) rebellious behavior.
D) gender confusion.

Question 42

Gender _____ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

A) acquisition
B) reflection
C) typing
D) acceptance

Question 43

_____ promote the development of male physical sex characteristics.

A) Androgens
B) Estrogens
C) Progesterone
D) Estradiol

Question 44

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think,act,and feel are known as gender:

A) roles.
B) identities.
C) expectancies.
D) rules.

Question 45

_____ promote the development of female physical sex characteristics.

A) Androgens
B) Estrogens
C) Testosterone
D) Progesterone

Question 46

The social role theory suggests that:

A) the social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power,assertiveness,and nurturing.
B) the mother role and the father role are social constructions that have emerged from our evolutionary past.
C) social roles are chosen,not determined.
D) nature is the primary determinant of differences between the social labels that we call "gender".

Question 47

Low levels of _____ in the female embryo allow the normal development of female sex organs.

A) estradiol
B) progesterone
C) estrogens
D) androgens

Question 48

The primary social theories of gender include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) the evolutionary psychology view.
B) the social role theory.
C) the psychoanalytic theory.
D) the social cognitive theory.

Question 49

_____ psychologists propose that men have gradually changed over time to have dispositions that favor competition and risk-taking.

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Evolutionary
C) Behavioral
D) Social learning

Question 50

According to the UNICEF (2011),in most cultures around the world:

A) women have less power than men but are given a higher social status.
B) women have less power and status than men,and they control fewer resources.
C) men have less power and status than women,and they control most of the resources.
D) men have less power than women but are given a higher social status.

Question 51

Psychological evolutionary theories of gender differences fail to take into account:

A) cultural and individual variations in gender differences.
B) intelligent speculations about the roles of men and women in prehistoric times.
C) the differing roles in reproduction for both males and females.
D) the fact that people are locked into behavior that was adaptive in the evolutionary past.

Question 52

Most children know whether they are physically a girl or boy by about _____ years of age.

A) 1½
B) 2½
C) 4½
D) 5½

Question 53

According to Freud,at what age does the child renounce the sexual attraction he/she feels toward the parent of the opposite-sex because of anxious feelings?

A) 3 or 4 years of age
B) 9 or 10 years of age
C) 5 or 6 years of age
D) 11 or 12 years of age

Question 54

Nicola tries to take steps to avert potential misbehavior by her children before it takes place.The moment she sees that her four-year-old daughter is going to have a meltdown,she distracts her with a favorite activity.She has regular talks with her ten-year-old son where she tries to impart her cherished values to him and indicates what is expected of him as he grows older.Nicola is:

A) being overly cautious in her parenting approach.
B) being too authoritative in her approach to her children's moral development.
C) acting as moral police to her children and may have a detrimental effect on their moral development.
D) proactive in her approach to her children's moral development.

Question 55

Which of the following hormones is an androgen?

A) Testosterone
B) Progesterone
C) Estradiol
D) Insulin

Question 56

This theory of gender stems from the view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

A) The psychoanalytic theory of gender
B) The social cognitive theory of gender
C) The evolutionary psychology view of gender
D) The social role theory of gender

Question 57

Gonads are:

A) the two main classes of sex hormones.
B) ovaries in females and testes in males.
C) estrogens.
D) androgens.

Question 58

Gender _____ involves a sense of one's own gender,including knowledge,understanding,and acceptance of being male or female.

A) role
B) typing
C) identity
D) experience

Question 59

Which of the following hormones is an estrogen?

A) Testosterone
B) Androstenedione
C) Insulin
D) Estradiol

Question 60

According to evolutionary psychologists,natural selection favored females who chose:

A) multiple partners to have many children.
B) a mate who would stay home and help raise the children than provide resources.
C) ambitious mates who could provide their children with resources and protection.
D) short-term mating strategies.

Question 61

A gender _____ organizes the world in terms of female and male.

A) role
B) identity
C) bias
D) schema

Question 62

Karen is often praised for her gender typical behavior.Her parents make statements like "Karen,you are such a good girl when you play with your doll!" Gender researchers would use this as support for which theory of gender development?

A) The psychoanalytic theory
B) The social cognitive theory
C) The evolutionary psychology view
D) The social role theory

Question 63

A parent who uses a restrictive,punitive style to control the behavior of their children is a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 64

Who among the following is most likely to be rejected by peers on the basis of gender roles?

A) A little girl in boy's clothing
B) A little boy playing with a doll
C) A little boy playing with a toy truck
D) A little girl carrying a baseball mitt

Question 65

Logan is a warm and loving parent,but he also has high expectations of his kids.As Logan encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children,Baumrind would classify him as a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 66

Around the age of _____,children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates.

A) three
B) one
C) two
D) one-and-a-half

Question 67

A _____ is a cognitive structure,a network of associations that guides an individual's perceptions.

A) format
B) schema
C) subset
D) system

Question 68

The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud's view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.Which of the following describes this condition in girls?

A) Galatea effect
B) Electra complex
C) Golem effect
D) Oedipus complex

Question 69

Girls are more likely to engage in _____,in which they talk and act in a more reciprocal manner.

A) collaborative discourse
B) rough-and-tumble play
C) ego display
D) dominating play

Question 70

Children between the age of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of:

A) mixed ages.
B) the same sex as theirs.
C) both boys and girls.
D) children from their own socioeconomic status.

Question 71

A parent who encourages his/her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 72

Bit by bit,children pick up what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture,and develop gender _____ that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember.

A) identities
B) roles
C) schemas
D) types

Question 73

When asked to describe his parenting style,Juan stated,"In my house,my word is the law".Juan is probably a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 74

Lucy frequently spanks her child,enforces rigid household rules,and exhibits rage toward her child when those rules are broken.Lucy is most likely a(n)_____.

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 75

According to Freud,preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the _____.

A) Oedipus complex
B) Electra complex
C) Pygmalion effect
D) Golem effect

Question 76

Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing _____.

A) preferences
B) schemas
C) roles
D) orientations

Question 77

Suzie,aged three,has to eat everything on her plate at dinner.When she does not,her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day.Suzie also has strict schedules for playing,watching television,and studying,and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishment.Suzie's father is most likely a(n):

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 78

In the context of the size of same-sex groups of children,from about 5 years of age onward:

A) boys are more likely to associate together in larger clusters than girls are.
B) girls are more likely to engage in rough-and-tumble play than boys.
C) girls are more likely to participate in organized group games than boys are.
D) boys were more likely than girls to play in dyads or triads.

Question 79

Which of the following statements is true about parental influences on children's gender development?

A) In many cultures,mothers socialize their sons to be more obedient and responsible than their daughters.
B) Mothers are more likely than fathers to engage in playful interactions with their children.
C) Mothers,rather than fathers,are psychologically important to their children's gender development.
D) Fathers show more attention to sons than to daughters.

Question 80

Which of the following fuels gender typing?

A) Gender schema
B) Gender identity
C) Gender bias
D) Gender mismatch