Deck 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy

Question 1

When children experience cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world,they shift from one stage of thought to the next.The mechanism through which this shift occurs is called:

A)equilibration.
B)assimilation.
C)organization.
D)amalgamation.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Alice who is three weeks old is in the _____ substage of Piaget's sensorimotor development; she will latch on to and suck anything that is touched to her lips.

A)simple reflexes
B)first habits
C)secondary circular reactions
D)primary circular reactions

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The sensorimotor stage of development lasts from birth to about:

A)six months of age.
B)eight months of age.
C)one year of age.
D)two years of age.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to Piaget,solving a puzzle is an example of a:

A)mental scheme.
B)mental adaptation.
C)behavioral adaptation.
D)behavioral scheme.

Question 5

Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage of development into _____ substages.

A)two
B)three
C)five
D)six

Question 6

Jean Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order system is called:

A)assimilation.
B)equilibration.
C)organization.
D)amalgamation.

Question 7

Trenton was playing in a sandbox.He was pouring sand from a short and wide fat container into a tall and narrow container.When he poured the sand into the tall and narrow container,it appeared as if it had more sand in it.Trenton could not figure out where the extra sand came from,and how it got into his container.As Trenton continues to try to solve this puzzle,he experiences considerable movement between states of cognitive _____ and _____ to produce cognitive change.

A)equilibrium; disequilibrium
B)adaptation; organization
C)classification; modification
D)equilibration; categorization

Question 8

According to Jean Piaget's theory of infant development,what makes one stage more advanced than another?

A)When a child is able to stand and walk
B)When a child understands the world differently
C)When a child is older
D)When a child is able to manipulate objects better

Question 9

Three-year-old Jesse used to call all moving vehicles "car." He now accurately categorizes moving vehicles into trucks,cars,motorcycles,and buses.Jesse has _____ to fit new information into his existing scheme.

A)accommodated
B)assimilated
C)amalgamated
D)applied

Question 10

The _____ substage of sensorimotor development corresponds to the first month after birth.

A)first habits and primary circular reactions
B)simple reflexes
C)secondary circular reactions
D)internalization of schemes

Question 11

Jean Piaget believed that children's thinking in one stage is _____ that in another stage.

A)qualitatively different from
B)quantitatively different from
C)qualitatively similar to
D)quantitatively similar to

Question 12

According to Piaget,physical activities such as sucking,grasping,and walking are examples of:

A)mental schemes.
B)mental adaptations.
C)behavioral adaptations.
D)behavioral schemes.

Question 13

Benji starts calling his father "dad," but he also calls all men that he sees "dad." According to Piaget,this error is due to:

A)amalgamation.
B)accommodation.
C)assimilation.
D)application.

Question 14

Alejandro is three years old.He is now able to sort his blocks by color.Alejandro has developed:

A)a new behavioral scheme.
B)a new mental scheme.
C)object permanence.
D)the ability to assimilate.

Question 15

Schemes refer to:

A)actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
B)the incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.
C)groups of behaviors.
D)knowledge that has been adjusted to fit new experiences.

Question 16

Jean Piaget believed that children:

A)actively construct their own cognitive world.
B)passively react to their environments.
C)absorb their knowledge from the environment.
D)gain their view of the world from their parents.

Question 17

Two-year-old Anita has learned the word "dog" to identify the family pet Rover.Now,Anita says the word "dog" when she sees any animal.Anita has _____ these animals into her existing scheme.

A)amalgamated
B)accommodated
C)assimilated
D)applied

Question 18

Baby Elise has developed a sucking scheme.She knows that to get food she must suck on her mother's breast.Now,her mother has begun to introduce solid foods with a spoon.Elise immediately sucks on the spoon.This is an example of:

A)accommodation.
B)assimilation.
C)amalgamation.
D)application.

Question 19

For cognitive change to occur,identify the two processes that must work in concert as the child experiences considerable movement between the states of cognitive equilibrium and disequilibrium.

A)Equilibration and categorization
B)Amalgamation and organization
C)Assimilation and accommodation
D)Classification and modification

Question 20

_____ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.

A)Adaptation
B)Accommodation
C)Assimilation
D)Application

Question 21

Identify the type of error that occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting a familiar hiding place rather than a new hiding place as they progress into Piaget's fourth substage of the sensorimotor stage.

A)Type 1 error
B)Type 2 error
C)F-not-N error
D)A-not-B error

Question 22

Sixteen-month-old Akel plays endlessly with a ball,rolling it,throwing it,using it to knock over other toys,standing on it,and trying to ride on it.Which of Jean Piaget's substages of the sensorimotor stage is represented by Akel's behavior?

A)Primary circular reactions
B)Secondary circular reactions
C)Coordination of secondary circular reactions
D)Tertiary circular reactions

Question 23

In which sensorimotor substage does an infant develop the ability to use primitive symbols?

A)Simple reflexes
B)First habits and primary circular reactions
C)Secondary circular reactions
D)Internalization of schemes

Question 24

According to Piaget,a _____ is an internal sensory image or word that represents an event.

A)transducer
B)sensation
C)symbol
D)memory

Question 25

Eleven-month-old Jenny uses her toy golf club to bring another toy within reach.According to Piaget's theory of infant development,Jenny is in the _____ substage of the sensorimotor stage.

A)primary circular reactions
B)secondary circular reactions
C)coordination of secondary circular reactions
D)tertiary circular reactions

Question 26

Which of the following substages of sensorimotor development is characterized by coordination of sensation and action through reflexive behaviors?

A)Conditioned reflexes
B)First habits and primary circular reactions
C)Simple reflexes
D)Coordination of secondary circular reactions

Question 27

Which substage of sensorimotor development is characterized by coordination of vision and touch- hand-eye coordination?

A)Coordination of primary circular reactions
B)Tertiary circular reactions,novelty,and curiosity
C)Internalization of schemes
D)Coordination of secondary circular reactions

Question 28

Heather is shown a teddy bear.The teddy bear is then hidden from her,and she searches for it.This shows that Heather has developed a sense of _____.

A)symbolic manipulation
B)infinite generativity
C)telegraphic thinking
D)object permanence

Question 29

In which of the following substages of sensorimotor development does the infant's main focus remain on his or her own body?

A)Coordination of secondary circular reactions
B)First habits and primary circular reactions
C)Tertiary circular reactions,novelty,and curiosity
D)Secondary circular reactions

Question 30

In which substage of sensorimotor development do infants start repeating actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results?

A)First habits and primary circular reactions
B)Simple reflexes
C)Secondary circular reactions
D)Tertiary circular reactions,novelty,and curiosity

Question 31

Josh is three months old.In which of Jean Piaget's substages of sensorimotor development is Josh?

A)Simple reflexes
B)First habits and primary circular reactions
C)Tertiary circular reactions,novelty,and curiosity
D)Secondary circular reactions

Question 32

Sarah,an infant of seven months,loves repeatedly hitting a toy that lights up and plays music on impact with her toy hammer.Sarah is in Piaget's substage of:

A)reflexes.
B)primary circular reaction.
C)secondary circular reaction.
D)tertiary circular reaction.

Question 33

The understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen,heard,or touched is called:

A)object containment.
B)object permanence.
C)object availability.
D)object continuance.

Question 34

According to Piaget,the _____ sensorimotor substage marks the starting point for human curiosity and interest in novelty.

A)second
B)third
C)fifth
D)sixth

Question 35

Antonio swings his arms while lying in his crib.One of his arms accidentally hits the mobile hanging above him.This causes the mobile to move.Antonio continues to swing his arms but is unable to strike the mobile again.This is an example of a:

A)habit.
B)reflex.
C)primary circular reaction.
D)secondary circular reaction.

Question 36

In which of the following substages of sensorimotor development do infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the many things they can make happen to objects?

A)Tertiary circular reactions,novelty,and curiosity
B)Coordination of primary circular reactions
C)Coordination of secondary circular reactions
D)Internalization of schemes

Question 37

Significant changes during the _____ substage involve the coordination of schemes and intentionality.

A)primary circular reactions
B)secondary circular reactions
C)coordination of secondary circular reactions
D)tertiary circular reactions

Question 38

In which sensorimotor substage does an infant's actions become more object-oriented?

A)Simple reflexes
B)First habits and primary circular reactions
C)Secondary circular reactions
D)Coordination of secondary circular reactions

Question 39

According to the substages of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development,which of the following statements about the coordination of secondary circular reactions is NOT true?

A)It develops between 8 and 12 months of age.
B)The infant must be able to coordinate vision and touch,hand and eye.
C)It develops between 12 and 18 months of age.
D)It is marked by intentionality.

Question 40

When Monica was born,she showed the typical grasping reflex by closing her fingers around anything that brushed against her palm.After a few weeks,she showed this grasping behavior even when nothing touched her palm.Monica developed a _____ or a scheme based on a reflex that became completely separated from its eliciting stimulus.

A)habit
B)simple reflex
C)primitive symbol
D)circular reaction

Question 41

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called:

A)assimilation.
B)attention.
C)habituation.
D)fixation.

Question 42

Andy is nine months old,but seems to be struggling with following another's gaze and directing adults' attention.These could be early indicators of which diagnosis?

A)Autism
B)Dyslexia
C)ADHD
D)Low Vision

Question 43

Attention in the first year of life is dominated by a(n)_____ process that involves directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment,that is,"where," and recognizing objects and their features,that is,"what."

A)orienting/tracking
B)sustained/focused attention
C)habituation/dishabituation
D)orienting/investigative

Question 44

Eight-month-old Andrew suffered brain damage at birth.His identical twin,Alex,had no brain damage.Research on habituation will likely predict that:

A)Alex will not habituate as well as Andrew.
B)both twins will habituate at about the same level.
C)Andrew will not habituate as well as Alex.
D)Alex will not exhibit any sort of habituation.

Question 45

Which is the process by which information gets into memory?

A)Encoding
B)Encrypting
C)Enlisting
D)Enumerating

Question 46

Farah shows her baby a colorful block several times.The baby looks carefully at the block at first,but then turns her attention to a different toy after seeing the block a few times.The baby is displaying:

A)distraction.
B)imitation.
C)habituation.
D)dishabituation.

Question 47

Which of the following is a requirement of joint attention?

A)An ability to manipulate objects
B)An ability to track another's behavior
C)A lack of interest in others
D)An intense interest in a particular object

Question 48

Which of the following statements about joint attention is NOT true?

A)Joint attention requires the ability to track another's behavior.
B)Emerging forms of joint attention occur at about four to five months.
C)Joint attention requires that one person directs another person's attention.
D)Joint attention requires reciprocal interaction.

Question 49

_____ provides a measure of an infant's maturity and well-being.

A)Assimilation
B)Habituation
C)Lateralization
D)Disambiguation

Question 50

Research by Renée Baillargeon and her colleagues documents that infants as young as three to four months expect objects to be _____ in the sense that other objects cannot move through them and _____ in the sense that objects continue to exist when they are hidden.

A)subject to gravity; transient
B)consistent; existential
C)substantial; permanent
D)opaque; substantial

Question 51

A developmental psychologist studying infants' understanding of object permanence uses a method where infants see an event happen as it would normally occur.Then,the event is changed,often in a way that creates a physically impossible event.The result of this is that the infants look longer at the changed event indicating that he or she is surprised by it.Which method is being adopted here?

A)Violation of expectations
B)Habituation and dishabituation
C)Visual preference
D)Principle of persistence

Question 52

The theory that the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the likelihood of the behavior's occurrence is called:

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)attentional conditioning.
D)social reinforcement.

Question 53

Research suggests that infants appear to understand the physical law of gravity:

A)at birth.
B)at around six to eight months of age.
C)at around one to two months of age.
D)at the start of toddlerhood.

Question 54

In considering the big issue of whether nature or nurture plays the more important role in infant development,Elizabeth Spelke endorses a _____ approach that states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems.

A)core knowledge
B)domain knowledge
C)learned domain
D)nurture

Question 55

Researchers like Baillargeon have found that infants' perceptual abilities are highly developed much earlier than Jean Piaget proposed.These researchers conclude that infants see objects as bounded,unitary,solid,and separate from their background definitely by _____ of age.

A)eight to nine months
B)one to two months
C)three to four months
D)five to six months

Question 56

_____ involves the retention of information over time.

A)Attention
B)Memory
C)Cognition
D)Organization

Question 57

Which of the following is a key criticism of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A)Jean Piaget failed to conduct observations in an infant's everyday environment.
B)Jean Piaget failed to conduct observations in controlled settings.
C)Infants are more competent than Jean Piaget thought.
D)Infants are less competent than Jean Piaget reported.

Question 58

In Baillargeon's view,infants have a pre-adapted,innate bias called the principle of _____ that explains their assumption that objects do not change their properties unless some external factor obviously intervenes.

A)consistency
B)inertia
C)persistence
D)internalized representation

Question 59

When two individuals focus on the same object or event,the process is called:

A)sensory attention.
B)joint attention.
C)amalgamous attention.
D)synchronous attention.

Question 60

Recent research has indicated which of the following regarding babies and morality?

A)Babies cannot develop a sense of morality before they can talk.
B)Sigmund Freud is correct,the superego is the holder of morality.
C)Preverbal babies as young as four months show signs of morality.
D)Babies show signs of morality as young as one year old.

Question 61

The _____ focuses on an infant's ability to process information in such ways as encoding the attributes of objects,detecting similarities and differences between objects,forming mental representations,and retrieving these representations.

A)developmental quotient
B)Bayley Scales of Infant Development
C)Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence
D)Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Question 62

_____ are cognitive groupings of similar objects,events,people,or ideas.

A)Symbols
B)Concepts
C)Habits
D)Semantics

Question 63

Charisma is six months old and can vocalize pleasure and displeasure,search for objects out of reach,and approach a mirror that is placed in front of her.According to the Bayley Scales of Infant Development,Charisma:

A)is developing normally.
B)is developmentally delayed.
C)has an IQ of 110.
D)has an IQ of 85.

Question 64

Most researchers find that babies do not show _____ until the second half of the first year.

A)dishabituation
B)explicit memory
C)habituation
D)implicit memory

Question 65

According to the Bayley mental scale,by _____ of age,the infant should be able to inhibit behavior when commanded to do so,imitate words the examiner says,and respond to simple requests.

A)10 weeks
B)6 months
C)12 weeks
D)12 months

Question 66

Mandy sees a little girl in the grocery store throwing a tantrum for a toy.Mandy screams and cries for some candy the following week at the mall.Mandy is displaying:

A)dishabituation.
B)habituation.
C)object permanence.
D)deferred imitation.

Question 67

Ariel is nine months old,she understands that a bird is an animal,but an airplane is a vehicle,even though they both contain wings.According to Jean Mandler,Ariel has developed:

A)conceptual categorization.
B)perceptual categorization.
C)attentional categorization.
D)vehicular categorization.

Question 68

Jean Mandler argues that early categorizations are best described as _____ categorization.

A)conceptual
B)textual
C)factual
D)perceptual

Question 69

Identify the widely used assessment method of infant development that has five scales-cognitive,language,motor,socioemotional,and adaptive.

A)Apgar Scale
B)Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
C)Gesell test
D)Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Question 70

In the current version of the Gesell test and Bayley Scales of Infant Development,the subscores obtained from the four and five different categories of Gesell test and Bayley Scales of Infant Development respectively are combined into an overall score that determines the infants':

A)intelligence quotient (IQ).
B)intelligence inventory score (IIS).
C)developmental quotient (DQ).
D)early intelligence assessment (EIA).

Question 71

June knows the names of all the states that comprise the United States.The names of the states are a part of June's _____ memory.

A)innate
B)explicit
C)distinctive
D)implicit

Question 72

Juno is riding a bike.Riding a bike requires Juno to use her memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically; this type of memory is referred to as _____ memory.

A)explicit
B)implicit
C)semantic
D)episodic

Question 73

Most of young infants' conscious memories appear to be _____,although their implicit memory of perceptual-motor actions can be _____.

A)substantial; rather fragile
B)well-developed; underdeveloped
C)rather fragile and short-lived; substantial
D)long-lasting; short-lived

Question 74

Using habituation experiments,some researchers have found that infants as young as _____ can group together objects with similar appearances.

A)five to six days
B)three to four weeks
C)three to four months
D)five to six months

Question 75

From about 6 to 12 months of age,the maturation of the _____ and the surrounding cerebral cortex,especially the frontal lobes,makes explicit memory possible.

A)amygdala
B)hippocampus
C)hypothalamus
D)cerebellum

Question 76

Renee remembers very little about the first three years of her life.Psychologists find this normal and call it:

A)retroactive memory interference.
B)infantile amnesia.
C)child memory loss.
D)memory trace.

Question 77

Remembering how to swim is an example of:

A)implicit memory.
B)deferred imitation.
C)joint attention.
D)explicit memory.

Question 78

According to the Bayley mental scale,a _____ infant should be able to vocalize pleasure and displeasure,persistently search for objects that are just out of immediate reach,and approach a mirror that is placed in front of the infant by the examiner.

A)two-month-old
B)six-month-old
C)four-month-old
D)one-month-old

Question 79

A newborn baby widens her eyes after her mother widens her eyes and mouth and smiles at the baby.Meltzoff would say that this baby is:

A)exhibiting a reflex.
B)engaging in true imitation.
C)showing deferred imitation.
D)habituating to the mother's facial expression.

Question 80

When Abraham describes to his friend what he did in his last summer vacation,he relies on his _____ memory.

A)implicit
B)explicit
C)procedural
D)semantic