Deck 4: Physical Development in Infancy

Question 1

Infants can see objects before they can control their torso,and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk.This would indicate that they have a _____ pattern of growth.

A)proximodistal
B)proximocaudal
C)cephalodistal
D)cephalocaudal

Answer 1

D

Question 2

At birth,the newborn's brain is about _____ percent of its adult weight.

A)10
B)25
C)50
D)75

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true about MEG (magnetoencephalography)?

A)It is used in assessing an infant's fine motor skills.
B)It is used in assessing an infant's brain activity.
C)It is used in analyzing an infant's suckling reflex.
D)It is used in analyzing an infant's gross motor skills.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers,and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers.This indicates a _____ pattern of growth.

A)proximodistal
B)cephalocaudal
C)proximocaudal
D)cephalodistal

Question 5

The _____ pattern of growth is the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

A)proximodistal
B)proximocaudal
C)cephalocaudal
D)cephalodistal

Question 6

By the second birthday,a toddler's brain is about _____ percent of its adult weight.

A)25
B)50
C)75
D)95

Question 7

Which of the following technologies measures the infant's brain as they are exploring the world around them?

A)Positron-emission tomography (PET)scans
B)Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)
C)Brain electron sampling (BES)
D)Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 8

Infants usually double their birth weight by the age of:

A)one month.
B)one year.
C)four months.
D)eight months.

Question 9

By two years of age,children have reached about _____ of their adult weight and about _____ of their adult height.

A)one-half; one-fourth
B)one-fifth; one-half
C)one-third; two-thirds
D)one-fourth; one-fourth

Question 10

Which of the following technologies,a measure of the brain's electrical activity,have researchers been able to use successfully to learn about the brain's development in infancy?

A)Positron-emission tomography (PET)scans
B)Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
C)Brain electron sampling (BES)
D)Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true about brain development?

A)The brain grows exponentially from conception to birth; causing the brain to be completely developed at birth.
B)The process of brain development continues through the first year after birth and then stops.
C)Extensive brain development continues after birth,through infancy and later.
D)Brain development continues after birth only among premature babies.

Question 12

The portion farthest from the spinal cord is known as the:

A)hindbrain.
B)forebrain.
C)midbrain.
D)topbrain.

Question 13

The _____ includes the cerebral cortex and several structures beneath it.

A)forebrain
B)hindbrain
C)midbrain
D)topbrain

Question 14

In the first several days of life,most newborns lose _____ percent of their body weight before they adjust to feeding by sucking,swallowing,and digesting.

A)five to seven
B)15 to 20
C)one to two
D)35 to 40

Question 15

The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the:

A)center of the body and then moves toward the extremities.
B)spinal cord and then expands out to the limbs and head.
C)top-the head-with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.
D)bottom-the feet-with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way up to the head.

Question 16

Identify a disadvantage of breast feeding in the context of impoverished African countries.

A)There is risk of passing HIV to the babies through breast milk if the mothers have the virus.
B)Breast milk is less hygienic than infant formula.
C)Breast feeding predominantly deteriorates the health of the mother.
D)Mothers who breast feed have a higher risk of breast and ovarian cancer.

Question 17

Jerome weighed four and a half pounds when he was born.Compared to other newborns in North America,his weight is:

A)less than the average.
B)average.
C)severely abnormal.
D)higher than the average.

Question 18

The cerebral cortex has two _____,each of which is further divided into four _____.

A)neurons; divisions
B)divisions; neurons
C)hemispheres; lobes
D)lobes; systems

Question 19

Infants would nearly have tripled their birth weight by the age of:

A)two years.
B)one year.
C)four months.
D)six months.

Question 20

Shaken baby syndrome causes several symptoms including:

A)brain swelling and hemorrhaging.
B)brain tumors.
C)cardiac arrest.
D)swelling of the arms and legs.

Question 21

The _____ lobes in the cerebral cortex function in vision.

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)temporal

Question 22

One day when Mark was crawling around,he fell down the stairs.After the doctor examined him,Mark's parents learned that he had damaged the parietal lobe.Mark's parents were told to expect that he would have difficulty with:

A)registering spatial locations.
B)processing auditory information.
C)vision.
D)initiating movement.

Question 23

The _____ lobe area in the cerebral cortex plays an important role in registering spatial location,attention,and motor control.

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)temporal

Question 24

While scooting on the floor,baby Giovanni fell down the stairs.If he can no longer see,it is likely that his _____ lobe was damaged.

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)temporal

Question 25

_____ refers to the process of encasing axons with fat cells.

A)Myelination
B)Lateralization
C)Habituation
D)Transmission

Question 26

When do the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex begin to specialize?

A)Before birth
B)At birth
C)At seven days of age
D)Around the first birthday

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true about specialization of function in a hemisphere of the cerebral cortex?

A)Complex thinking is mostly carried out by the right hemisphere,while the left hemisphere typically deals with motor control.
B)Logical thinkers are usually "left-brained."
C)Creative thinkers are usually "right-brained."
D)Complex thinking in normal people is the outcome of communication between both hemispheres of the brain.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is true about the involvement of left and right hemispheres in performing different functions?

A)Most neuroscientists believe that complex brain activity involves only one particular hemisphere.
B)Logical thinkers are primarily 'right-brained' due to the excessive involvement of right hemisphere.
C)Humor and use of metaphors usually depends on activity in the right hemisphere.
D)Excessive involvement of left hemisphere results in creative thinking.

Question 29

Which of the following is involved in providing energy to neurons and aids communication?

A)Perception
B)Lateralization
C)Myelination
D)Habituation

Question 30

Chemical interactions in ____ connect axons and dendrites,allowing information to pass from neuron to neuron.

A)nephrons
B)synapses
C)neurotransmitters
D)myelin sheaths

Question 31

_____ are tiny gaps,or junctions,between neurons' fibers.

A)Neurilemma
B)Myelin sheaths
C)Neurotransmitters
D)Synapses

Question 32

Most neuroscientists agree that complex functions such as reading or performing music involve:

A)the spinal cord.
B)only the right hemisphere.
C)both hemispheres.
D)only the left hemisphere.

Question 33

While watching a football game,Martin jumped up to cheer and dropped baby Theresa to the floor.If she later has trouble with higher order thinking,planning,problem solving,or voluntary movement it would indicate that her _____ lobe was damaged.

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)temporal

Question 34

In the cerebral cortex,the _____ lobe is involved in voluntary movement,thinking,personality,and intentionality or purpose.

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)temporal

Question 35

A fall from the changing table resulted in damage to Emily's temporal lobe.Her doctor has told her parents that this would most likely affect her:

A)memory.
B)taste.
C)vision.
D)voluntary movement.

Question 36

In the cerebral cortex,the _____ lobes have an active role in hearing,language processing,and memory.

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)temporal

Question 37

A(n)_____ is a layer of fat cells that encases and insulates many axons,and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon.

A)myelin sheath
B)astrocyte
C)dendrite
D)nociceptor

Question 38

Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere is called:

A)linearity.
B)mastery.
C)lateralization.
D)learning.

Question 39

The fiber that carries signals toward the neuron's cell body is called a(n):

A)axon.
B)dendrite.
C)neurotransmitter.
D)synapse.

Question 40

The fiber that carries signals away from the neuron's cell body is called a(n):

A)axon.
B)dendrite.
C)neurotransmitter.
D)synapse.

Question 41

Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is TRUE?

A)When infants are three months old,the amount of time they spend in REM sleep begins to increase.
B)Most infants spend about 70 percent of their sleeping time in REM sleep.
C)REM sleep might promote the brain's development in infancy.
D)Older adults are the only group that spends more time in REM sleep than infants.

Question 42

The frontal lobes are _____ in the newborn.

A)well-developed
B)immature
C)overactive
D)absent

Question 43

Neuroscientists believe that what wires the brain or rewires it after birth is:

A)genetic makeup.
B)DNA.
C)repeated experience.
D)heredity.

Question 44

The peak of synaptic overproduction in the _____ takes place at around one year of age.

A)prefrontal cortex
B)spinal cord
C)visual cortex
D)neural tube

Question 45

A message in the brain is "ferried" across the synapse by a _____,which pours out information contained in chemicals when it crosses the synapses.

A)myelin sheath
B)dendrite
C)neurotransmitter
D)terminal button

Question 46

Which of the following statements is TRUE of how neurons change in the first years of life?

A)Synaptic connections begin to develop only after birth.
B)Myelination begins prenatally and stops at birth.
C)The synaptic connections that are used become strengthened and survive,while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear.
D)The human brain actually needs more than twice the neural connections made in the first years of life.

Question 47

By _____ of age,babies would usually have moved closer to adult-like sleep patterns.

A)one month
B)two months
C)six months
D)twelve months

Question 48

Similar to the epigenetic view,the _____ view emphasizes the importance of interactions between experience and gene expression in the brain's development.

A)neuroconstructivist
B)dynamic systems
C)genetic
D)ecological

Question 49

The evolutionary perspective states that the need for sleep developed because animals needed to sleep to:

A)replenish and rebuild their brain and body.
B)protect themselves at night.
C)increase their brain plasticity.
D)improve their memory.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the pace of myelination in the brain?

A)Myelination for visual pathways occurs early in prenatal development and is completed at birth.
B)Myelination for auditory pathways is completed by the end of the second year of life.
C)The frontal lobes are fully mature in the newborn.
D)The prefrontal region of the frontal lobe has the most prolonged development of any brain region.

Question 51

Infant nighttime waking problems at one year of age predicted:

A)attention deficit disorder at four years of age.
B)lower sleep efficiency at four years of age.
C)increased hyperactivity at four years of age.
D)no difference in sleep at four years of age.

Question 52

Approximately what percentage of an infant's sleep is REM sleep?

A)50 percent
B)25 percent
C)5 percent
D)75 percent

Question 53

The _____ is the area of the brain where higher-level thinking and self-regulation occur.

A)visual cortex
B)myelin sheath
C)prefrontal cortex
D)neural tube

Question 54

The adult density of synapses in the prefrontal cortex is achieved in:

A)infancy.
B)early childhood.
C)late childhood.
D)middle to late adolescence.

Question 55

Infant nighttime waking problems have consistently been linked to:

A)parental negligence with regard to sleep-related interactions with their infant.
B)extrinsic factors such as high levels of traffic noise.
C)intrinsic factors such as an alcoholic mother.
D)excessive parental involvement in sleep-related interactions with their infant.

Question 56

The most common infant sleep-related problem reported by parents is _____.

A)nighttime waking
B)sleepwalking
C)sudden infant death syndrome
D)choking

Question 57

The American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS (AAPTFIPS)(2000)recommends against:

A)children sleep on their backs.
B)breast feeding.
C)shared sleeping.
D)children sleeping in cribs.

Question 58

Fourteen-year-old Michael Rehbein had the left hemisphere of his brain removed to end uncontrollable seizures.His right hemisphere gradually began to reorganize and take over functions that normally occur in the brain's left hemisphere.This case study is cited in the chapter in order to demonstrate that:

A)the brain is both flexible and resilient.
B)myelination varies in different areas of the brain.
C)the effects of deprived environments on the brain are irreversible.
D)the brain can adapt and function only when whole.

Question 59

The peak of synaptic overproduction in the _____ occurs at about the fourth postnatal month.

A)spinal cord
B)prefrontal cortex
C)visual cortex
D)parietal lobe

Question 60

When babies engage in physical activity or use language,some synaptic connections will be strengthened,while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear.A neuroscientist would identify this process as:

A)pruning.
B)myelination.
C)paring.
D)lateralization.

Question 61

Of the following infants,who is most at risk for SIDS?

A)Mimi; her mother smokes
B)Grace; she was born weighing more than most babies
C)Megumi; she uses a pacifier when she goes to sleep
D)Sylvia; she sleeps in firm bedding

Question 62

Who is at the highest risk of SIDS?

A)Malachi,who is four weeks old
B)Tyrell,who is six weeks old
C)Chaz,who is three months old
D)Isaiah,who is ten months old

Question 63

Children with _____ sometimes appear to be well fed even though they are not because the disease can cause the child's abdomen and feet to swell with water.

A)marasmus
B)yellow fever
C)kwashiorkor
D)beriberi

Question 64

Which of the following conditions is the highest cause of infant death in the United States,with nearly 3,000 infant deaths annually attributed to it?

A)Shaken baby syndrome
B)Sudden infant death syndrome
C)Down syndrome
D)Marasmus

Question 65

Since 1992,The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)has recommended that _____ to reduce the risk of SIDS.

A)parents practice shared sleeping with their infants
B)infants be placed to sleep on their backs
C)babies be fed on demand instead of on schedule
D)all fans in the room be turned off while putting a baby down to sleep

Question 66

In which of the following circumstances should the mother NOT breast feed her baby?

A)If she has AIDS
B)If she is suffering from postpartum depression
C)If the baby has low birth weight
D)If the baby is overweight

Question 67

Bo,two months old,weighs 10 pounds.His father wants to know how many calories he should be consuming every day.What would you tell him?

A)100 calories
B)200 calories
C)500 calories
D)800 calories

Question 68

Which of the following information about breast feeding is NOT true?

A)Breast feeding is correlated with positive outcomes for the mother as well as the child.
B)There is conclusive evidence that breast feeding benefits children's cognitive and cardiovascular health.
C)Infants who were breastfed for nine months or longer were less likely to develop ear,throat,and sinus infections.
D)Infants who were breastfed are less likely to become overweight or obese later on in life.

Question 69

In which of the following circumstances is it recommended that a mother NOT breast feed?

A)If the mother plans to return to full-time work soon
B)If the mother has active tuberculosis
C)If the mother's age is 40 or older
D)If the baby is overweight

Question 70

Yasmine was born in Honduras,and has a medical condition that causes her vital organs to collect the nutrients that are present and deprive other parts of the body of them.This condition,known as _____,often has the telltale sign of a greatly expanded abdomen.

A)beriberi
B)kwashiorkor
C)marasmus
D)sudden infant death syndrome

Question 71

Amira is concerned about putting her baby on his stomach to sleep because of the risk that he might stop breathing,usually during the night,and die suddenly without an apparent cause.In other words,she is concerned about:

A)shaken baby syndrome.
B)sudden infant death syndrome.
C)Down syndrome.
D)marasmus.

Question 72

Pedro is two years of age.His parents take him to the doctor because he has swelling in his feet and abdomen,and has brittle hair.His doctor tells his parents that he has a condition known as _____,which is caused by severe protein deficiency.

A)yellow fever
B)beriberi
C)jaundice
D)kwashiorkor

Question 73

For years,debate has focused on whether breast-feeding is better for the infant than bottle-feeding.The growing consensus is that:

A)breast-feeding is better for the baby's health.
B)bottle-feeding is better for the baby's health.
C)breast-feeding is better for bonding between mother and infant,whereas bottle-feeding is better for the baby's health.
D)there are no differences in health outcomes for babies who are breast fed and babies who are bottle fed.

Question 74

Approximately how many infants die annually in the United States from SIDS?

A)1,000
B)1,500
C)2,000
D)2,500

Question 75

How is sleep in infancy linked to cognitive development?

A)Too much sleep in infancy is connected to decreased alertness later on.
B)Lower quality sleep at one year of age is related to lower attention regulation and behavioral issues by three to four years of age.
C)Two hours less sleep than average nightly in infant increases cognitive function by three to four years of age.
D)If babies do not get good enough sleep during infancy their brains will completely stop developing.

Question 76

Which of the following statements is true about SIDS?

A)It is the lowest cause of infant deaths in the United States.
B)Its level of risk is high at 36 to 48 months of age for infants.
C)It usually occurs when infants stop breathing,usually during night,and die suddenly without any apparent reason.
D)Its level of risk is high when the infants are sleeping on their backs,in a supine position.

Question 77

Donna's doctor recommends that she breast feed her newborn.Research conclusively indicates that breast-feeding has several positive outcomes for the mother,including a:

A)speedy return to pre-pregnancy weight.
B)reduced risk of osteoporosis.
C)reduction in the incidence of ovarian cancer.
D)reduced incidence of postpartum depression.

Question 78

Marasmus and kwashiorkor are two life-threatening conditions that can result from:

A)genetic abnormalities.
B)allergic reactions to milk.
C)malnutrition.
D)unhygienic preparation of formula.

Question 79

A national study of more than 3,000 randomly selected 4- to 24-month-olds documented that:

A)many parents in the U.S.are feeding their babies too many fruits and not enough vegetables.
B)parents in the U.S.are feeding their babies fruits and vegetables,and very little junk food.
C)by one year,bananas were the most common fruit that babies ate.
D)by 15 months,French fries were the most common vegetable that babies ate.

Question 80

Baby Yoshi has a condition that is a risk factor for SIDS.Sometimes,she has a temporary cessation of breathing in which her airway is completely blocked-usually for 10 seconds or longer.This condition is known as:

A)parasomnia.
B)arrhythmia.
C)sleep apnea.
D)catathrenia.