Deck 12: An Age of Reform, 1820-1840

Question 1

Overall, how did utopian societies and worldly communities perceive women?

A) A woman's place was in the home.
B) Women needed to be treated as equals.
C) The prostitution of women was an example of free love.
D) Women should not participate in religious services.

Answer 1

Women needed to be treated as equals.

Question 2

The Ohio (1830s)
John James Audubon
When I think of these times, and call back to my mind the grandeur and beauty of those almost uninhabited shores; when I picture to myself the dense and lofty summits of the forest, that everywhere spread along the hills, and overhung the margins of the stream, unmolested by the axe of the settler; when I know how dearly purchased the safe navigation of that river has been by the blood of many worthy Virginians; when I see that no longer any Aborigines are to be found there, and that the vast herds of elks, deer and buffaloes . . . have ceased to exist; when I reflect that all this grand portion of our Union, instead of being in a state of nature, is now more or less covered with villages, farms, and towns, where the din of hammers and machinery is constantly heard; that the woods are fast disappearing under the axe by day, and the fire by night, that hundreds of steam-boats are gliding to and fro, over the whole length of the majestic river, forcing commerce to take root and to prosper at every spot; when I see the surplus population of Europe coming to assist in the destruction of the forest, and transplanting civilization into its darkest recesses . . . I pause, wonder, and . . . can scarcely believe its reality.
Whether these changes are for the better or for the worse, I shall not pretend to say. . . .
Audubon's concerns as expressed in the passage are most consistent with those of the

A) transcendentalist and Romantic movements.
B) Expansionists.
C) Whigs.
D) market revolution.

Answer 2

transcendentalist and Romantic movements.

Question 3

How did Robert Owen first establish himself?

A) He founded a new sect of Christianity.
B) He took Karl Marx's ideas and promoted communism.
C) He founded a model factory village in Scotland.
D) He worked for his father, who was serving in the U.S. Congress.

Answer 3

He founded a model factory village in Scotland.

Question 4

Propositions Defining Slavery and Emancipation (1833)
Lydia Maria Child
But if slaves were allowed to redeem themselves progressively, by purchasing one day of the week after another, as they can in the Spanish colonies, habits of industry would be gradually formed, and enterprise would be stimulated, by their successful efforts to acquire a little property. And if they afterward worked better as free laborers than they now do as slaves, it would surely benefit their masters as well as themselves. . . .
But the slave holders try to stop all the efforts of benevolence, by vociferous complains about infringing upon their property; and justice is so subordinate to self-interest, that the unrighteous claim is silently allowed, and even openly supported, by those who ought to blush for themselves, as Christians and as republicans. . . .
In her writing, Child chides slave owners for

A) economic greed and religious hypocrisy.
B) paternalistic attitudes.
C) their failure to incorporate Spanish labor systems.
D) being supporters of the Democrats.

Question 5

According to Alexis de Tocqueville, what were the most important institutions for organizing Americans?

A) State and federal governments.
B) Schools.
C) Political parties.
D) Voluntary associations.

Question 6

Which statement about the Shakers is true?

A) They practiced "complex marriage."
B) They received their name from a crazy dance they performed during high-society parties.
C) They hoped to create a model factory town.
D) They believed that women were spiritually equal to men.

Question 7

Which of the following correctly pairs the reform community with the state in which it was located?

A) Brook Farm: Virginia.
B) Oneida: Massachusetts.
C) Zoar: Maine.
D) New Harmony: Indiana.

Question 8

What inspired Noyes's idea of achieving perfection?

A) Religious revivals.
B) Jefferson's ideas on democracy.
C) Original sin.
D) The Enlightenment.

Question 9

The Ohio (1830s)
John James Audubon
When I think of these times, and call back to my mind the grandeur and beauty of those almost uninhabited shores; when I picture to myself the dense and lofty summits of the forest, that everywhere spread along the hills, and overhung the margins of the stream, unmolested by the axe of the settler; when I know how dearly purchased the safe navigation of that river has been by the blood of many worthy Virginians; when I see that no longer any Aborigines are to be found there, and that the vast herds of elks, deer and buffaloes . . . have ceased to exist; when I reflect that all this grand portion of our Union, instead of being in a state of nature, is now more or less covered with villages, farms, and towns, where the din of hammers and machinery is constantly heard; that the woods are fast disappearing under the axe by day, and the fire by night, that hundreds of steam-boats are gliding to and fro, over the whole length of the majestic river, forcing commerce to take root and to prosper at every spot; when I see the surplus population of Europe coming to assist in the destruction of the forest, and transplanting civilization into its darkest recesses . . . I pause, wonder, and . . . can scarcely believe its reality.
Whether these changes are for the better or for the worse, I shall not pretend to say. . . .
The changes in society that Audubon refers to are the consequences of

A) the policies of the Democrats.
B) the market revolution.
C) the expansion of cotton production.
D) antebellum reform movements.

Question 10

In regard to utopian communities, how do spiritually oriented groups compare to societies with a worldly orientation?

A) The spiritual groups emphasized secularism.
B) World-orientation groups had no dissension.
C) Both groups were anomalies that had little influence on the world.
D) Spiritual groups usually lasted for longer time periods.

Question 11

The reform communities established in the years before the Civil War:

A) set out to reorganize society on a cooperative basis.
B) usually followed standard gender and marital relations.
C) made no effort to combat the growing disparity between rich and poor.
D) called themselves utopian because they knew that their efforts were likely to fail.

Question 12

Who influenced the start of Brook Farm but never lived there?

A) Karl Marx.
B) Herman Melville.
C) Charles Fourier.
D) Robert Owen.

Question 13

The Ohio (1830s)
John James Audubon
When I think of these times, and call back to my mind the grandeur and beauty of those almost uninhabited shores; when I picture to myself the dense and lofty summits of the forest, that everywhere spread along the hills, and overhung the margins of the stream, unmolested by the axe of the settler; when I know how dearly purchased the safe navigation of that river has been by the blood of many worthy Virginians; when I see that no longer any Aborigines are to be found there, and that the vast herds of elks, deer and buffaloes . . . have ceased to exist; when I reflect that all this grand portion of our Union, instead of being in a state of nature, is now more or less covered with villages, farms, and towns, where the din of hammers and machinery is constantly heard; that the woods are fast disappearing under the axe by day, and the fire by night, that hundreds of steam-boats are gliding to and fro, over the whole length of the majestic river, forcing commerce to take root and to prosper at every spot; when I see the surplus population of Europe coming to assist in the destruction of the forest, and transplanting civilization into its darkest recesses . . . I pause, wonder, and . . . can scarcely believe its reality.
Whether these changes are for the better or for the worse, I shall not pretend to say. . . .
One reason Audubon might criticize the "surplus population of Europe" and its adverse impact on the environment might be because these people

A) worked on roads, canals, and other infrastructure projects in the Old Northwest cities.
B) revived the timber industry that had declined after the Revolution.
C) extended southern agricultural practices to the frontier.
D) had bad habits like drinking and smoking that caused a lot of pollution.

Question 14

Propositions Defining Slavery and Emancipation (1833)
Lydia Maria Child
But if slaves were allowed to redeem themselves progressively, by purchasing one day of the week after another, as they can in the Spanish colonies, habits of industry would be gradually formed, and enterprise would be stimulated, by their successful efforts to acquire a little property. And if they afterward worked better as free laborers than they now do as slaves, it would surely benefit their masters as well as themselves. . . .
But the slave holders try to stop all the efforts of benevolence, by vociferous complains about infringing upon their property; and justice is so subordinate to self-interest, that the unrighteous claim is silently allowed, and even openly supported, by those who ought to blush for themselves, as Christians and as republicans. . . .
The arguments in this passage best represent the ideas of

A) small southern landowners.
B) antebellum reformers.
C) Jacksonian Democrats.
D) nativists.

Question 15

Who founded the Shakers?

A) Joseph Smith.
B) Ann Lee.
C) Aimee McPherson.
D) Louisa Alcott.

Question 16

The Oneida community:

A) controlled which of its members would be allowed to reproduce.
B) permitted all of its members to own private property.
C) banished any member who divulged any information about the community's sexual practices.
D) invented the concept of birth control in America.

Question 17

About ________ reform communities, often called utopian communities, were established in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century.

A) 20
B) 50
C) 100
D) 200

Question 18

How did utopian leaders differ from Henry David Thoreau?

A) The utopianists saw the market revolution in a more positive manner than Thoreau.
B) Thoreau wanted slave labor to replace free labor, while utopianists wanted to redefine work.
C) Thoreau focused on the individual, while utopian leaders emphasized the community.
D) The utopian communities embraced nature, while Thoreau rejected it.

Question 19

Abby Kelley:

A) was one of the only female voices in the abolitionist movement.
B) demonstrated the interconnectedness of nineteenth-century reform movements.
C) was the first American woman to speak in public.
D) married a leading temperance advocate.

Question 20

Propositions Defining Slavery and Emancipation (1833)
Lydia Maria Child
But if slaves were allowed to redeem themselves progressively, by purchasing one day of the week after another, as they can in the Spanish colonies, habits of industry would be gradually formed, and enterprise would be stimulated, by their successful efforts to acquire a little property. And if they afterward worked better as free laborers than they now do as slaves, it would surely benefit their masters as well as themselves. . . .
But the slave holders try to stop all the efforts of benevolence, by vociferous complains about infringing upon their property; and justice is so subordinate to self-interest, that the unrighteous claim is silently allowed, and even openly supported, by those who ought to blush for themselves, as Christians and as republicans. . . .
The ideas articulated by Child are most similar to those in the antebellum era who

A) advocated for "free soil."
B) championed social and individual reforms.
C) opposed the Civil War.
D) supported the American System.

Question 21

William Lloyd Garrison:

A) secretly financed Nat Turner's Rebellion.
B) began publishing his newspaper in Richmond, Virginia, in 1831, but moved it to friendlier territory two years later.
C) attracted little support from fellow abolitionists, but historians have discovered his importance.
D) suggested that the North dissolve the Union to free itself of any connection to slavery.

Question 22

Common schools:

A) had no connection to the emerging industrial economy.
B) were based on the idea that the elite should be educated in their own schools.
C) suffered from the opposition of labor unions that wanted children available to work.
D) existed in every northern state by the time of the Civil War.

Question 23

The American Tract Society was focused on:

A) slavery.
B) religion.
C) feminism.
D) suffrage.

Question 24

Although it lasted only a few years, the New Harmony community:

A) demonstrated that workers could function without discipline.
B) influenced education reformers and women's rights advocates.
C) popularized the abolitionist movement.
D) allowed Josiah Warren to prove his point about absolute individual freedom.

Question 25

How did reformers reconcile their desire to create moral order with their quest to enhance personal freedom?

A) They did not even try, because they had no intention of enhancing personal freedom.
B) They claimed that genuine liberty meant allowing others to eliminate those problems that might threaten that liberty.
C) They argued that too many people were "slaves" to various sins and that freeing them from this enslavement would enable them to compete economically.
D) They contended that self-discipline was so rare that someone had to step in and make sure that Americans could enjoy the fruits of their labor.

Question 26

If the American Tract Society existed today, which of the following would anger this group?

A) Churches working together to feed the poor.
B) Different Protestant faiths protesting government policy.
C) Church services being promoted on television.
D) Businesses opening on Sundays to run special advertised sales.

Question 27

Members of which of the following groups were generally opposed to the temperance movement?

A) Catholics.
B) Protestants.
C) Women.
D) Perfectionists.

Question 28

Utopian communities were unlikely to attract much support because most Americans:

A) saw property ownership as key to economic independence, but nearly all the utopian communities insisted that members give up their property.
B) feared the Communist Party that endorsed and, in some cases, sponsored these communities.
C) were Protestants, but all utopian communities required members to deny religious beliefs.
D) supported the industrial revolution, but most utopian communities turned away from industry in favor of an agrarian lifestyle.

Question 29

What would John Winthrop most likely criticize about antebellum America?

A) Utopian societies promoting free love.
B) Education reform.
C) The temperance movement.
D) Merchants trading with Europe.

Question 30

By 1840, the temperance movement in the United States had:

A) united Americans of all classes and religions in a "war" against alcohol.
B) virtually disappeared.
C) convinced Congress to pass a national prohibition law.
D) encouraged a substantial decrease in the consumption of alcohol.

Question 31

The North Carolina-born free black whose An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World won widespread attention was:

A) David Walker.
B) William Lloyd Garrison.
C) Lewis Tappan.
D) Wendell Phillips.

Question 32

William Lloyd Garrison argued in Thoughts on African Colonization that:

A) blacks could never fully achieve equality in America and would be happier in Africa.
B) because slaves were uneducated, it was necessary to educate them in America before sending them to Africa.
C) blacks were not "strangers" in America to be shipped abroad, but should be recognized as a permanent part of American society.
D) colonization should be subsidized through a tax on cotton.

Question 33

The colonization of freed U.S. slaves to Africa:

A) received no support from southern slaveholders.
B) was strongly endorsed by William Lloyd Garrison throughout his career.
C) led to the creation of the free African nation of Ghana in 1835.
D) prompted the adamant opposition of most free African-Americans.

Question 34

The proliferation of new institutions such as poorhouses and asylums for the insane during the antebellum era demonstrated the:

A) lengths to which the federal government would go to provide for the general well-being of its citizens.
B) power of the Democratic Party.
C) tension between liberation and control in the era's reform movements.
D) expansion of liberty for those members of society who could not take care of themselves.

Question 35

How did the abolitionist movement that arose in the 1830s differ from earlier antislavery efforts?

A) Actually, the two movements were quite similar in every way; the later one was simply more well-known because more people were literate by the 1830s.
B) The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately.
C) Earlier opponents of slavery had called for immediate emancipation, but the later group devised a plan for gradual emancipation that won broader support.
D) The later movement banned participation by African-Americans, because they feared that their involvement would cause a backlash.

Question 36

Burned-over districts were:

A) areas in New York City where slaves had set fires.
B) in Louisiana, where slaves had burned cotton fields as a form of resistance.
C) regions where few evangelical Protestants lived (as though they had been burned out).
D) in New York and Ohio, where intense revivals occurred.

Question 37

Like Indian removal, the colonization of former slaves rested on the premise that America:

A) was fundamentally a white society.
B) wanted what was in the best interest of all the people.
C) was not financially able to support all who lived there.
D) provided opportunity for new land to those who desired it.

Question 38

How did the Second Great Awakening influence American society?

A) The movement led to most immigrants becoming Methodist and Baptist.
B) It led to women's suffrage by the time of the Civil War.
C) The religious aspect led to alcohol being banned in the United States.
D) It inspired some to combat the sins of society, such as alcoholism.

Question 39

What did reformers commonly believe about prisons and asylums?

A) That the persons entering these institutions would likely never leave them.
B) That they were not widely needed, and not many were built.
C) That they would be excellent holding centers for society's undesirables.
D) That they could rehabilitate individuals and then release them back into society.

Question 40

Horace Mann believed that public schools would do all of the following EXCEPT:

A) help eliminate racial discrimination.
B) provide an avenue for social advancement.
C) restore a fractured society.
D) reinforce social stability.

Question 41

Abolitionists challenged stereotypes about African-Americans by:

A) countering the pseudoscientific claim that they formed a separate species.
B) presenting the compositions of Henry Highland Garnet to disprove the belief that African culture was inferior because it produced no classical music composers.
C) pointing to Haiti, the scene of the famous slave revolts of the 1790s and 1800s, as a model of civilization.
D) making January 1, the anniversary of the end of the international slave trade, a holiday throughout the North until the end of the Civil War.

Question 42

Which book was to some extent modeled on the autobiography of fugitive slave Josiah Henson?

A) An Appeal to Reason.
B) Society in America.
C) Twelve Years a Slave.
D) Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Question 43

How did the fairs of abolitionists expand on the Christmas holiday?

A) They added more church services.
B) They made it mandatory for all members of abolitionist societies to attend church on Christmas day.
C) They helped to create the idea of a Christmas shopping season.
D) They encouraged slaveowners to teach slaves about Christmas.

Question 44

The role of African-Americans in the abolitionist movement:

A) was limited to the writings and speeches of Frederick Douglass.
B) included helping to finance William Lloyd Garrison's newspaper.
C) showed that the movement was free from the racism that characterized American society.
D) was limited because the American Anti-Slavery Society banned them from its board of directors.

Question 45

Why could William Lloyd Garrison be seen as a more radical abolitionist than Frederick Douglass?

A) Garrison wanted equal rights for African-Americans.
B) Douglass wanted women to play a role in abolitionism.
C) Douglass wanted ex-slaves to leave the United States.
D) Garrison saw the Constitution as evil.

Question 46

According to Catharine Beecher, how were women supposed to influence people on an issue?

A) Work diligently.
B) Get a college education.
C) Demonstrate peace and love.
D) Learn how to shoot a gun.

Question 47

Before the Civil War, who came to believe that the U.S. Constitution did not provide national protection to the institution of slavery?

A) Frederick Douglass.
B) William Lloyd Garrison.
C) David Walker.
D) John C. Calhoun.

Question 48

In his speech about the Fourth of July, how did Frederick Douglass critique the founding of the United States?

A) There was no hope for the United States, since many of the founders were slaveowners.
B) The American Revolution was a good starting point for principles of freedom.
C) Religion needed to play a more significant role in the starting of the United States.
D) It was acceptable for Thomas Jefferson to be a slaveholder because he had many accomplishments.

Question 49

Who in Congress worked tirelessly to end the gag rule?

A) Andrew Jackson.
B) William Lloyd Garrison.
C) Henry Clay.
D) John Quincy Adams.

Question 50

The gag rule:

A) stated that newspapers could not print antislavery materials.
B) prevented Congress from hearing antislavery petitions.
C) denied women the right to speak in mixed-sex public gatherings.
D) prevented Congregational ministers from preaching against Catholics.

Question 51

Frederick Douglass wrote, "When the true history of the antislavery cause shall be written, ________ will occupy a large space in its pages."

A) newspaper editors
B) black abolitionists
C) women
D) white abolitionists

Question 52

What was most significant about Theodore Weld's argument concerning the sinfulness of slavery?

A) It convinced some that slavery needed to be abolished immediately.
B) Ministers could preach that slavery was the devil's work.
C) It contradicted passages in the Bible that seemed to be proslavery.
D) It allowed ministers like William Lloyd Garrison to take on a leadership role.

Question 53

Why did Freedom's Journal stop publishing?

A) It had its offices ransacked.
B) The newspaper had accomplished its goal of ending slavery.
C) The women editors had been widely harassed on their stand for female equality.
D) The editor felt frustrated that African-Americans would never achieve full rights.

Question 54

By saying all humans are "moral beings," Angelina Grimké was in a way extending what concept?

A) John Winthrop's concept of Massachusetts as a "city on a hill."
B) The Second Great Awakening idea that people had to choose whether they wanted salvation.
C) John Locke's idea that all men had natural rights.
D) Thomas Jefferson's concept that the United States was an "empire of liberty."

Question 55

Angelina and Sarah Grimké:

A) supported Catharine Beecher's efforts to expand political and social rights for women.
B) critiqued the prevailing notion of separate spheres for men and women.
C) were Pennsylvania-born Quakers whose religion compelled them to oppose slavery.
D) publicly defended the virtues of southern paternalism in lectures to southern women.

Question 56

How did the abolitionists link themselves to the nation's Revolutionary heritage?

A) They seized on the preamble to the Declaration of Independence as an attack against slavery.
B) They cracked the Liberty Bell to signify that the bonds of liberty were breaking under the weight of slavery.
C) They used mob action, just as the revolutionaries had when they attacked such disagreeable measures as the Stamp Act.
D) They reminded audiences constantly that the main issue the Sons of Liberty and similar groups had invoked was liberty.

Question 57

The death of Elijah Lovejoy in 1837:

A) convinced many northerners that slavery was incompatible with white Americans' liberties.
B) resulted from his leading an anti-abolitionist mob that attacked William Lloyd Garrison.
C) demonstrated that fugitive slaves like Lovejoy faced great dangers while escaping from "slave catchers."
D) was played up by temperance pamphleteers to show the hazards of alcoholism.

Question 58

Dorothea Dix devoted much time to the crusade for the:

A) immediate abolition of slavery.
B) establishment of common schools in the South.
C) better treatment of convicted criminals in jail.
D) construction of humane mental hospitals for the insane.

Question 59

What prompted the debate between Catherine Beecher and the Grimké sisters?

A) Beecher did not like the idea of women taking a lead role in the abolition movement.
B) Beecher was proslavery and wanted to extend slavery.
C) The Grimkés thought the abolitionist movement was too radical and should not try to end slavery immediately.
D) The Grimkés did not like Beecher's father, Lyman, who was a minister.

Question 60

In addition to trying to end slavery, abolitionists from 1830 to 1860 pioneered what?

A) The use of the telegraph.
B) A modern way of raising funds through fairs and bazaars.
C) The spread of the penny press.
D) Establishing various colonies in the Caribbean for ex-slaves.

Question 61

The Seneca Falls Convention's Declaration of Sentiments was modeled after:

A) The Declaration of Independence.
B) The U.S. Constitution.
C) Woman of the Nineteenth Century.
D) A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.

Question 62

The Seneca Falls Convention's Declaration of Sentiments:

A) did not demand voting rights for women because the participants were so divided on that issue.
B) was modeled on the Bill of Rights in the U.S. Constitution.
C) was written primarily by the Grimké sisters.
D) condemned the entire structure of inequality between men and women.

Question 63

Evaluate the extent to which the rise of Jacksonian Democracy contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostering change in the United States between 1824 and 1848.

Question 64

What was the greatest accomplishment of the abolitionists by 1840?

A) Getting all slaves freed.
B) Helping free, on average, 5,000 slaves a year.
C) Getting Abraham Lincoln elected president.
D) Making slavery a prominent topic of conversation.

Question 65

The Declaration of Sentiments stated, "He has created a false public sentiment, by giving to the world a different code of morals for men and women, by which moral delinquencies which exclude women from society, are not only tolerated but deemed of little account in man." Which of the following is an example of this sentiment?

A) A woman could not work as a lawyer while a man could.
B) Women were not allowed to vote while many men could.
C) A woman who committed adultery was ostracized more than a man who did this same act.
D) It was frowned upon for a woman to be in the leadership role of an abolitionist society.

Question 66

Which state enacted a far-reaching law allowing married women to sign contracts and buy and sell property?

A) New Jersey.
B) New York.
C) Vermont.
D) Pennsylvania.

Question 67

Which American Revolution ideology is best encapsulated in the Declaration of Sentiments?

A) "Don't tread on me."
B) "These are the times that try men's souls."
C) "Give me Liberty or give me death."
D) "No taxation without representation."

Question 68

How did Margaret Fuller demonstrate that women could be leaders?

A) She headed the Brook Farm commune.
B) She presided over the convention at Seneca Falls.
C) She was elected to the state house.
D) She edited the New York Tribune.

Question 69

The antislavery poet John Greenleaf Whittier compared reformer Abby Kelley to:

A) Helen of Troy, who sowed the seeds of male destruction.
B) an Amazon, a mighty female warrior of Greek mythology.
C) Queen Elizabeth, who had ruled the British empire with such skill.
D) Molly Pitcher, the patriotic heroine of the American Revolution.

Question 70

The organized abolitionist movement split into two wings in 1840, largely over:

A) whether to nominate William Lloyd Garrison or James G. Birney as the antislavery presidential candidate.
B) the question of abolitionists' taking a public stand on the controversial gag rule.
C) whether African-Americans should be allowed to speak at mixed-race public events.
D) a dispute concerning the proper role of women in antislavery work.

Question 71

The first to apply the abolitionist doctrine of universal freedom and equality to the status of women:

A) were the Grimké sisters.
B) was Frederick Douglass.
C) was Susan B. Anthony.
D) were Henry Stanton and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Question 72

The ________ was established in hopes of making abolitionism a political movement.

A) Liberty Party
B) Whig Party
C) North Star Party
D) Republican Party

Question 73

How did men react to the "bloomer" fashion in the 1850s?

A) The paid little notice to women's apparel.
B) They thought it was ridiculous.
C) They criticized it as dangerously provocative.
D) They praised its functionality.

Question 74

What was the purpose of the bloomer?

A) It was designed to make single women more physically attractive.
B) It was functional clothing that made work less restrictive.
C) It was made for stage performances in New York.
D) It was military garb for Union soldiers.

Question 75

Some historians have argued that the antebellum reform movements were not revolutionary in nature. Support, modify, or refute this interpretation, providing specific evidence to justify your answer.