Deck 11: Motives and Personality

Question 1

An important feature of the Thematic Apperception Test is that it is

A)highly reliable.
B)popular among clinicians.
C)ambiguous.
D)easily scored.

Answer 1

ambiguous.

Question 2

The Thematic Apperception Test is a(n)

A)self-report questionnaire.
B)intelligence inventory.
C)psychopathology index.
D)projective test.

Answer 2

projective test.

Question 3

Murray developed the Thematic Apperception Test in the

A)1860s.
B)1950s.
C)1930s.
D)1970s.

Answer 3

1930s.

Question 4

_____ refers to the objective features of the environment.

A)Alpha press
B)Beta press
C)A need
D)A motive

Question 5

McClelland described two different types of motivation,

A)internal motivation and external motivation.
B)alpha press and beta press.
C)implicit motivation and self-attributed motivation.
D)conscious motivation and unconscious motivation.

Question 6

Which term best describes an internal state that arouses and directs behavior toward specific objects or goals?

A)Need
B)Desire
C)Motive
D)Press

Question 7

According to Murray, people might purposely increase tension

A)only if they suffered from mental illness.
B)because they wanted attention from others.
C)because the process of reducing tension can be pleasurable.
D)None of these.

Question 8

Motivational psychologists ask which of the following questions?

A)What are people like?
B)What do people want?
C)What do people do?
D)Why do people like what they like?

Question 9

Henry Murray was a _____ before turning to work on motivation.

A)physician, embryologist, and biochemist
B)lawyer
C)entrepreneur
D)priest

Question 10

Which of theses psychologists was the first to develop a modern theory of motivation?

A)Rogers
B)Maslow
C)Murray
D)McClelland

Question 11

Beta press refers to the

A)objective features of the environment.
B)subjective features of the environment.
C)strength of a need.
D)strength of a motive.

Question 12

Why do we think of motives as dynamic?

A)Levels decrease with age.
B)Gender differences have been found on some motives.
C)Motives interact with one another within a person.
D)Everyone has at least two motives.

Question 13

The Thematic Apperception Test was developed by

A)Freud.
B)Rorchach.
C)Maslow.
D)Murray.

Question 14

Which term below best describes a state of tension within a person usually caused by a lack of something?

A)Alpha press
B)Motive
C)Beta press
D)Need

Question 15

Motives satisfy needs with

A)thoughts and fantasies.
B)behaviors.
C)thought, fantasies, and behaviors.
D)None of these.

Question 16

From a theoretical point of view, motives are like dispositions in that

A)people differ from one another in terms of type and strength of motives.
B)differences between people are measurable.
C)differences in motives are associated with important life outcomes.
D)All of these.

Question 17

The act of interpreting the environment and perceiving the meaning of what is going on in a situation is termed

A)integration.
B)apperception.
C)self-actualization
D)motivation

Question 18

The idea that people have different levels of different needs is know as

A)the hierarchy of needs.
B)press.
C)motive constellations.
D)the need tree.

Question 19

Murray's list included _____ needs.

A)three
B)five
C)eight
D)more than 10

Question 20

Henry Murray assumed that needs varied

A)over time.
B)by situation.
C)between people.
D)All of these.

Question 21

The name most associated with research on the need for achievement is

A)McClelland.
B)Winter.
C)Maslow.
D)McAdams.

Question 22

People who score high on the need for intimacy tend to

A)have a few close friends.
B)have more friends than people who score low in the need for intimacy.
C)be physically attractive.
D)be extraverted too.

Question 23

Men tend to have _____ levels of achievement motivation compared to women.

A)much higher
B)slightly higher
C)lower
D)equal

Question 24

People high in the need for achievement are very concerned with

A)having impact.
B)making money.
C)doing things better.
D)helping other people.

Question 25

The name most associated with research on the need for intimacy is

A)McClelland.
B)Winter.
C)Maslow.
D)McAdams.

Question 26

People who score high on the need for achievement

A)prefer moderately challenging activities.
B)enjoy tasks where they are personally responsible for outcomes.
C)prefer tasks where feedback is available.
D)All of these.

Question 27

_____ who score high on the need for power tend to be more impulsive and aggressive.

A)People who score high on the need for achievement and
B)Women
C)Men
D)Both men and women

Question 28

People who score high on implicit measures of achievement motivation do especially well in

A)business.
B)relationships.
C)college classes.
D)None of these.

Question 29

Some researchers have criticized the Thematic Apperception Test because

A)it has poor test-retest reliability.
B)scores from different pictures do not correlate highly.
C)it has poor internal reliability.
D)All of these.

Question 30

The "Big 3" motives are

A)sex, aggression, and play.
B)competence, sex, and aggression.
C)self-esteem, self-expression, and reality.
D)achievement, power, and intimacy.

Question 31

Spangler found that the _____ was a better predictor of the long-term effects of motives and the _____ was a better predictor of the short-term effects of motives.

A)interview method; Thematic Apperception Test
B)Thematic Apperception Test; interview method
C)questionnaire method; Thematic Apperception Test
D)Thematic Apperception Test; questionnaire method

Question 32

The name most associated with research on the need for power is

A)McClelland.
B)Winter.
C)Maslow.
D)McAdams.

Question 33

Independence training is thought to increase

A)need for power.
B)need for achievement.
C)need for intimacy.
D)None of these.

Question 34

Men tend to score _____ women on measures of the need for power.

A)higher than
B)lower than
C)about the same as
D)both higher and lower, depending on the measurement tool

Question 35

People who score high on the need for achievement prefer tasks with a _____ level of difficulty.

A)low
B)high
C)moderate
D)None of these; it all depends on the task.

Question 36

Which of the following motives is associated with poor health when inhibited?

A)Achievement
B)Intimacy
C)Power
D)None of these.

Question 37

People who score high on the need for intimacy are very concerned with

A)having impact.
B)making money.
C)a desire for relationships.
D)a desire for understanding.

Question 38

People high in the need for power are very concerned with

A)making an impact on other people.
B)making money.
C)altruistic acts.
D)a desire for relationships.

Question 39

The Multi-Motive Grid is

A)a term used to describe the interconnected relationship between motives.
B)a procedure used to access alpha press and beta press.
C)a relatively new technique used to assess motives.
D)the idea that our needs and motives influence apperception.

Question 40

High levels of _____ have been associated with having a satisfying job and family life.

A)the need for intimacy
B)the need for power
C)the need for achievement
D)All of these.

Question 41

Rogers believed that the natural human state was to be

A)miserable.
B)slightly unhappy.
C)fully self-actualized.
D)fully functioning.

Question 42

Women tend to score higher than men on measures of

A)need for power.
B)need for intimacy.
C)need for achievement.
D)All of these.

Question 43

Using Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following correctly lists needs from weakest to strongest?

A)Physiological, Esteem, Belongingness, Safety, Self-actualization
B)Physiological, Safety, Belongingness, Esteem, Self-actualization
C)Self-actualization, Esteem, Belongingness, Safety, Physiological
D)Self-actualization, Safety, Belongingness, Esteem, Physiological

Question 44

Examples of physiological needs are

A)food and air.
B)shelter and security.
C)respect and achievement.
D)love and acceptance.

Question 45

The humanist tradition emphasizes

A)free will.
B)personal responsibility.
C)growth.
D)All of these.

Question 46

The humanistic tradition is most associated with the

A)motive to self-actualize.
B)need for power.
C)need for intimacy.
D)need for achievement.

Question 47

Compared to the psychoanalytic tradition, the humanistic tradition is more _____ about human nature.

A)confused
B)optimistic
C)pessimistic
D)open minded

Question 48

Maslow thought that _____ needs are usually satisfied before people work on other needs.

A)esteem
B)physiological
C)self-actualization
D)safety

Question 49

A study described in the text suggests that, according to Maslow's hierarchy, people working on higher level needs _____ compared to people working on more basic needs.

A)are less happy
B)are happier
C)are no different in terms of happiness
D)sleep more

Question 50

What term best describes a person becoming everything he or she is capable of being?

A)Self-actualization
B)Self-esteem
C)The idiographic approach
D)Positive regard

Question 51

Examples of esteem needs are

A)food and air.
B)shelter and security.
C)respect and achievement.
D)love and acceptance.

Question 52

Examples of safety needs are

A)food and air.
B)shelter and security.
C)respect and achievement.
D)love and acceptance.

Question 53

Maslow conducted case studies on individuals

A)in over a dozen countries.
B)he knew personally.
C)he believed to be self-actualizing or self-actualized.
D)at each of the hierarchically organized levels.

Question 54

Loneliness is a sign that _____ needs are not being satisfied.

A)belongingness
B)safety
C)esteem
D)self-actualization

Question 55

Compared to the behaviorist tradition, the humanistic tradition places _____ emphasis on free will.

A)more
B)less
C)about the same
D)more or less, depending on the particular humanistic theorist,

Question 56

Who theorized a "hierarchy of needs?"

A)Rogers
B)Maslow
C)Winter
D)McClelland

Question 57

Needs at the _____ of Maslow's hierarchy are the strongest.

A)top
B)bottom
C)middle
D)top and at the bottom

Question 58

Who developed client-centered therapy?

A)Rogers
B)Maslow
C)Murray
D)McClelland

Question 59

Maslow thought that about _____ percent of people are working primarily on self-actualization needs.

A)1
B)10
C)25
D)50

Question 60

Which of the following is a growth motive?

A)Power
B)Achievement
C)Intimacy
D)Self-actualization

Question 61

The term that best describes understanding a person from his or her point of view is

A)positive regard.
B)genuine acceptance.
C)empathy.
D)reflection.

Question 62

Research suggests that people who score high on measures of empathy

A)are better at giving positive regard.
B)tend to be male.
C)are more accurate in guessing what others are thinking and feeling.
D)cannot improve their empathy skills with practice.

Question 63

Which of the following statements would you expect to hear from a client-centered therapist?

A)It sounds like you are feeling angry.
B)Your super-ego controls your actions.
C)You must have experienced conditions of worth as a child.
D)You need to stop denying and start self-actualizing.

Question 64

According to Rogers, good parents should

A)give their children unconditional positive regard.
B)set firm expectations for their children.
C)try to self-actualize their child.
D)All of these.

Question 65

In order to reduce your anxiety, Rogers would recommend that you

A)change your self-concept.
B)engage in distortion.
C)use more empathy.
D)All of these.

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualizing people?

A)They are spontaneous.
B)They have an affinity for solitude.
C)They are creative.
D)They are well enculturated.

Question 67

People who are self-actualizing are usually

A)famous.
B)wealthy.
C)creative.
D)All of these.

Question 68

By doing client-centered therapy, Rogers attempted to

A)get a person back on the path to self-actualization.
B)interpret a person's problems.
C)solve a person's problems.
D)All of these.

Question 69

Which of the following defense mechanisms did Rogers theorize?

A)Reaction formation
B)Sublimation
C)Distortion
D)Projection

Question 70

Which of the following statements about empathy is supported by research?

A)Empathy is moderately heritable.
B)Empathy can be effectively taught.
C)It is easier to teach empathy to women than to men.
D)All of these.

Question 71

Which of the following are necessary conditions for client-centered therapy?

A)Unconditional positive regard
B)Genuine acceptance
C)Empathic understanding
D)All of these.

Question 72

According to Rogers, anxiety is the result of

A)positive regard.
B)distorting one's experiences.
C)experiences that do not fit with one's self-concept.
D)conditions of worth.

Question 73

People who accept their weaknesses and shortcomings probably experience

A)conditions of worth.
B)unconditional positive self-regard.
C)positive regard.
D)conditional positive regard.

Question 74

A fully functioning person

A)has met physiological and safety needs.
B)has achieved self-actualization.
C)is moving towards self-actualization.
D)rejects experiences that are incongruent with that person's goals.

Question 75

The term that best describes altering an experience to reduce threat is

A)conditions of worth.
B)distortion.
C)anxiety.
D)reflection.

Question 76

Rogers described the need to be loved and accepted by parents and others as the desire for

A)conditions of worth.
B)positive regard.
C)intimacy.
D)attachment.

Question 77

Which of the following provides the best metaphor for client-centered therapy?

A)A mirror
B)A steamroller
C)A puzzle
D)A textbook

Question 78

Rogers believed that _____ have the potential to self-actualize.

A)only those who undergo client-centered therapy
B)very few people
C)most people
D)all people

Question 79

A parent may withhold love from a child unless they earn good grades.Rogers would cite this as an example of

A)bullying.
B)positive regard.
C)conditions of worth.
D)low need for intimacy.

Question 80

According to Rogers, people who experience many conditions of worth may

A)deny their feelings.
B)work for the approval of others.
C)distort their shortcomings.
D)All of these.