Deck 10: Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues

Question 1

Which of the following statements would a modern psychoanalyst most likely agree with?

A)Most behavior is the result of unconscious conflict.
B)The unconscious plays an important role in human functioning.
C)Childhood sexuality is more important than childhood relationships.
D)Childhood is unimportant in development.

Answer 1

The unconscious plays an important role in human functioning.

Question 2

The _____ bias is the tendency to only look for evidence that confirms a previous hunch.

A)confirmatory
B)repression
C)priming
D)regression

Answer 2

confirmatory

Question 3

If individuals are directed to imagine something that did not happen them it might lead to what Loftus and her colleagues called the _____ effect.

A)intellect enhancement
B)imagination inflation
C)directed retention
D)thematic apperception

Answer 3

imagination inflation

Question 4

Research participants who are subliminally primed with the word "candy" would probably

A)have an unexplainable urge to eat candy.
B)recognize that they were being manipulated, but still desire candy.
C)be quicker to recognize the word candy a few minutes later.
D)be slower to recognize the word candy a few minutes later.

Question 5

Without telling you that I have used photo editing software to create a photo, I show you a picture of yourself next to a flying saucer.Later I ask you if you ever had an encounter with a flying saucer in your childhood.You most likely will report that you

A)probably are more confident that you had seen a flying saucer when a child than you would have been before seeing the picture.
B)do not have any more confidence that you have seen a flying saucer than before you saw the obviously edited picture.
C)will readily be able to recall an alien abduction in a past life while under hypnosis after seeing the picture.
D)will be prompted to have a dream about an alien encounter in the near future.

Question 6

Westen defines all of these as fundamental postulates of modern psychoanalytic theory EXCEPT

A)the unconscious still plays a large role in life, although not as important as Freud believed.
B)behavior often reflects compromises in conflicts between motives, emotions, and thoughts.
C)childhood plays a relatively minor role, irrelevant for studying adult relationship styles.
D)mental representations of the self and relationships guide interactions with others.

Question 7

According to the text, Holly Ramona was

A)the victim of childhood sexual abuse.
B)a famous psychoanalyst.
C)probably induced to have false memories.
D)All of these answers.

Question 8

A behaviorist is certain that the problem one is her clients is facing must be due to bad learning.She may be suffering from the _____ bias.

A)priming
B)constructiveness
C)confirmatory
D)imaginative

Question 9

Hypnosis and sodium amytal usually lead to

A)distorted memories.
B)more accurate memories of childhood.
C)more accurate memories of all time periods.
D)forgetting or repression.

Question 10

The Ramona case discussed in the test demonstrates that

A)repression never occurs.
B)repression occurs often.
C)child abusers can be brought to justice based on recovered memories.
D)therapists can be held accountable for inducing false memories.

Question 11

Experimental procedures developed by Henry Roediger and Kathleen McDermott can create false memories in _____ percent of research participants.

A)20
B)35
C)55
D)80

Question 12

A study on false memories by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus demonstrated that

A)false memories can occur only in brain damaged individuals.
B)individuals find it impossible to bring forth false memories when hypnotized.
C)asking leading questions could implant false memories in individuals.
D)individuals remembered only salient cues when under the influence of sodium amatol.

Question 13

The _____ view holds that information in our unconscious mind operates mostly the same as information in our conscious mind.

A)id psychology
B)Freudian
C)social power
D)cognitive unconscious

Question 14

One of the main factors influencing people to report false memories is

A)advances in psychoanalytic therapy.
B)the many books on the topic in the popular press.
C)new types of memory enhancing drugs.
D)recent findings in hypnosis research.

Question 15

You are assigned to learn the following list of words: bagel, bread, pie, cake, and turnover.I then ask you to tell me what words on a second list you remember from the first list.You add the word "donut" to the list.This is an example of

A)the imagination inflation effect.
B)spreading activation model of memory.
C)the confirmatory bias hypothesis.
D)the unconscious collusion hypotheses.

Question 16

The idea that memory influences what people recall is known as

A)the motivated unconscious view.
B)priming.
C)constructive memory.
D)confirmatory bias.

Question 17

Memory research conducted by Loftus suggests that false memories can be created

A)with leading questions.
B)through head trauma.
C)by child abuse.
D)by subliminal prompts.

Question 18

The neo-analytic view places _____ emphasis on relating to others and _____ emphasis on sexual urges than Freud did.

A)more; more
B)more; less
C)less; more
D)less; less

Question 19

Holly Ramona's memories of being abused as a child were

A)most likely implanted in her memory by her therapist.
B)considered accurate by memory researchers.
C)were thought to be misinterpretations of childhood fantasies.
D)based on the manifest content of her dreams.

Question 20

_____ refers to a model of memory that suggests that information is stored with associations to other related elements in memory.

A)Cognitive unconscious
B)Confirmatory bias
C)Spreading activation
D)Internalized objects

Question 21

Joan constantly listens to music by her favorite musical group, Gotta Be Good.This group is known for its positive, upbeat, message of love and altruism.From the cognitive unconscious perspective Joan will mostly

A)be a better person for listening to that music.
B)remain the same as if she never heard of the group.
C)start attending religious services more often.
D)tap into her primitive religious archetype.

Question 22

Erikson is credited with starting

A)id psychology.
B)ego psychology.
C)superego psychology.
D)psychoanalysis.

Question 23

A poor outcome of the _____ stage can lead to lack of ambition and failure to pursue goals.

A)initiative versus guilt
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)trust versus mistrust
D)identity versus role confusion

Question 24

_____ is a procedure that makes associated material more accessible to conscious awareness.

A)Priming
B)Constructive memory
C)Fixation
D)Attachment

Question 25

Three-year-old Christian follows his father around with his toy tools while his father is making some home repairs and mimics his father's tool use.Christian is accomplishing tasks associated with Erikson's _____ stage of development.

A)initiative versus guilt
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)trust versus mistrust
D)identity versus role confusion

Question 26

Erikson believed that each stage of development was marked by a _____ conflict.

A)psychosexual
B)libidinal
C)psychosocial
D)thanatatic

Question 27

People who feel uncertain about who they are and what they value are probably undergoing

A)hypnosis.
B)false memories.
C)an identity crisis.
D)attachment problems.

Question 28

A child successfully completing Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority would

A)play games that imitate and practice adult tasks
B)compare their success and failure to that of children their own age.
C)start to develop a sense of their role in life.
D)begin to prepare for coming-of-age rituals.

Question 29

Many psychoanalysts think that Freud placed too much emphasis on the _____ and now focus more on the _____.

A)ego; superego
B)id; superego
C)superego; id
D)id; ego

Question 30

Which of the following best represents Freud's ideas?

A)The cognitive unconscious
B)Ego psychology
C)Id psychology
D)Object relations psychology

Question 31

According to Erikson, the first developmental stage is

A)trust versus mistrust.
B)initiative versus guilt.
C)generativity versus stagnation.
D)the oral stage.

Question 32

The _____ view holds that the unconscious mind causes behaviors.

A)motivated unconscious
B)cognitive unconscious
C)priming
D)confirmatory bias

Question 33

A good outcome of the _____ stage is that a child feels a sense of mastery and control.

A)initiative versus guilt
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)trust versus mistrust
D)identity versus role confusion

Question 34

Freud and Erikson mostly disagreed that

A)people go through stages.
B)each stage involves a developmental crisis.
C)people can get fixated.
D)personality development continues throughout life.

Question 35

According to Erikson, overprotective parents can contribute to a child's sense of

A)guilt.
B)stagnation.
C)doubt.
D)mistrust.

Question 36

Joey listens to the song "kill, beat, slaughter, and hurt" by his favorite group, In Pain.Research on subliminal research indicates that Joey will

A)become increasing violent by listening to this song.
B)not become more violent by listening to this song.
C)primed to be more violent when listening to this song.
D)emulate the actions of the musicians more then the lyrics of the song.

Question 37

According to Erikson, each stage of development

A)does not involve a crisis.
B)could only be resolved either adaptively.
C)was more sexual than social.
D)could result in fixation and arrested development.

Question 38

Research on subliminal perception suggests that

A)it can usually influence people's motivations.
B)information can enter memory unconsciously.
C)subliminal perception is impossible.
D)it can lead to important changes in personality.

Question 39

If infants do not receive the love and care they need, Erikson would predict that they will

A)become violent and aggressive in later life.
B)develop a deep sense of shame and guilt about themselves.
C)develop a strong inferiority complex in adulthood.
D)be suspicious and mistrust others throughout their lives.

Question 40

Erikson used the word "industry" to describe

A)his first developmental stage.
B)a sense of low self-esteem.
C)the feeling of failure.
D)the feeling that one can achieve what he or she wants.

Question 41

Divorce is a poor resolution at the _____ stage.

A)intimacy versus isolation
B)integrity versus despair
C)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt
D)generativity versus stagnation

Question 42

Rites of passage usually occur during Erikson's stage of

A)intimacy versus isolation.
B)integrity versus despair.
C)identity versus role confusion.
D)generativity versus stagnation.

Question 43

Erikson's fifth stage is identity versus

A)inferiority.
B)stagnation.
C)role confusion.
D)isolation.

Question 44

A person who would choose to live their life over again in exactly the same way has resolved the _____ stage in a positive way.

A)integrity versus despair
B)identity versus role confusion
C)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt
D)initiative versus guilt

Question 45

A professor enters the lecture hall with notes that look like they were written by candlelight.He is not very interested in what he is doing.From Erikson's perspective this professor is not progressing very well through the _____ stage of development.

A)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt
B)generativity versus stagnation
C)integrity versus despair
D)identity versus role confusion

Question 46

Horney thought that the penis was

A)important in the understanding development in boys.
B)not important to understanding the development in girls.
C)a symbol of social power.
D)even more important then Freud believed.

Question 47

According to Horney, most differences between boys and girls can be attributed to

A)genes.
B)hormones.
C)differences in resolving the phallic stage.
D)cultural influences.

Question 48

Connecting with others, both as friends and romantically, is the focus of the _____ stage.

A)intimacy versus isolation
B)integrity versus despair
C)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt
D)generativity versus stagnation

Question 49

During the _____ stage people are concerned with whether or not they have created something they really care about in life.

A)intimacy versus isolation
B)integrity versus despair
C)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt
D)generativity versus stagnation

Question 50

As an early feminist, Horney believed that

A)culture affects men and women differently.
B)men and women behave similarity across cultures.
C)Freud's views about women were fundamentally correct.
D)culture affects both genders in a similar manner.

Question 51

Dr.Winters is considered one of the most prominent obstetricians in town.She has just delivered her one thousandth baby.Dr.Winters feels that this delivery is just as emotionally satisfying as the first.She is successfully progressing through the _____ stage of development in Erikson's model of development.

A)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt
B)generativity versus stagnation
C)integrity versus despair
D)identity versus role confusion

Question 52

A person deals with the question "Who am I?" in the _____ stage.

A)initiative versus guilt
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)trust versus mistrust
D)identity versus role confusion

Question 53

Justin is trying to find his place in the world.He tries a variety of sports, part-time jobs, and is starting to explore what his college major might be next year.He is in Erikson's _____ stage of development.

A)intimacy versus isolation
B)integrity versus despair
C)identity versus role confusion
D)generativity versus stagnation

Question 54

Joshua has chosen to return to his home town after graduating from college and join the family business.He is a very talented musician and his friends are encouraging him to join a band.Joshua shrugs off their suggestions and says going home is the right thing to do.From Erik Erikson's perspective, Joshua most likely is experiencing

A)identity foreclosure.
B)a conventionality press.
C)identity certainty.
D)an inferiority complex.

Question 55

Grandpa Charlie sits with his grandchildren recounting his life.He tells them that if he had it do all over again he would not change a thing.Grandpa Charlie is successfully negotiated the _____ stage of development.

A)intimacy versus isolation
B)integrity versus despair
C)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt
D)generativity versus stagnation

Question 56

Sheri is taking off a year after college to travel throughout Europe.Erikson would believe she is experiencing _____ in the development of her identity.

A)an identity confusion
B)a moratorium
C)a delay
D)fixation

Question 57

Horney believed that girls

A)had an unconscious desire to become boys.
B)wanted a penis unconsciously.
C)wanted the social power boys possessed.
D)unconsciously believed that boys are inferior.

Question 58

Erikson's last developmental stage is

A)intimacy versus isolation.
B)integrity versus despair.
C)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt.
D)generativity versus stagnation.

Question 59

Karen Horney made her feminist critiques of psychoanalysis from

A)1910 to 1930.
B)1930 to 1950.
C)1950 to 1970.
D)1970 to 1990.

Question 60

In adulthood, people are usually in the generativity versus _____ stage.

A)mistrust
B)guilt
C)stagnation
D)role confusion

Question 61

According to the object relations theory, relationships with _____ are especially important.

A)parents
B)peers
C)siblings
D)teachers

Question 62

In the object relations theory, the objects are

A)real people.
B)the id, ego, and superego.
C)mental representations of people.
D)features of the environment.

Question 63

The narcissistic paradox is that narcissists

A)appear to have high self-esteem, but it is fragile.
B)have high self-esteem, but are aggressive.
C)act modestly, but actually have very high self-esteem.
D)act violently, but deny these actions.

Question 64

The terms "feminine" and "masculine" refer to

A)sex.
B)personality disorders.
C)traits or roles assigned to women and men in a particular culture.
D)All of these.

Question 65

Inflated self-admiration and constant attempts to draw attention to oneself are signs of an individual's

A)self esteem.
B)narcissism.
C)grandiosity.
D)dominance.

Question 66

_____ refer to differences in culturally ascribed roles and traits that we view as "masculine" and "feminine."

A)Sex differences
B)Gender differences
C)Confirmatory biases
D)Collectivism

Question 67

Jenny decides to stay at home and go to the local community college rather than going away to a prestigious university.Karen Horney would say that she

A)is fixated at a stage of development.
B)is off time due to chronic shyness.
C)has very strong a fear of success.
D)needs to be a stronger feminist.

Question 68

According to the object relations theory, children _____ the mother in an unconscious representation.

A)repress
B)internalize
C)fixate
D)project

Question 69

According to Horney, _____ is a term that describes a set of shared standards for many behaviors.

A)culture
B)gender
C)cognitive unconscious
D)social power

Question 70

Will received an "A" on his personality test and a "D" on his history test.He blames on the "D" on the difficulty of history textbook and the "A" on his mastery of personality psychology.Will is engaging in _____ bias.

A)confirmatory
B)selective memory
C)narcissist
D)self-serving

Question 71

Alexia studies the fashion magazines and copies the looks of the supermodels.She gets lots of attention for her fashion sense and all the girls praise her as a fashion leader.However, when Gwen criticizes her for wearing last year's shoes, Alexia runs to the bathroom and cries.This best demonstrates

A)fragile self-esteem.
B)the confirmatory bias.
C)over-inflated ego.
D)the narcissistic paradox.

Question 72

Karen Horney believed that

A)biological processes were the primary determinants of behavior.
B)social influence was a more important factor then biological processes.
C)separate psychological theories were needed for men and women.
D)culture imposed similar standards on both men and women.

Question 73

Research suggests that when criticized, a narcissist may tend to

A)ignore it.
B)behave aggressively.
C)congratulate themselves quietly.
D)boast loudly to everyone who will listen.

Question 74

Object relations theory stresses the importance of _____ in determining adult relationships.

A)the oral stage
B)childhood relationships
C)the cognitive unconscious
D)fear of success

Question 75

Horney argued that girls may avoid achievement because they have

A)poor attachments.
B)low social power.
C)high levels of narcissism.
D)an unconscious fear of success.

Question 76

A person with an inflated sense of self-admiration who constantly attempts to draw attention to his or her self can be described as

A)narcissistic.
B)fixated in the trust versus mistrust stage.
C)securely attached.
D)ambivalently attached.

Question 77

The first social attachments an infant develops become ______ for all meaningful relationships in the future in object relations theory.

A)objects
B)templates
C)archetypes
D)forms

Question 78

Narcissism is

A)always pathological.
B)the result of an oral fixation.
C)adaptive at moderate levels.
D)the result of the narcissistic paradox.

Question 79

Research discussed in the text found that people who scored low, compared to high, on narcissism

A)used more first-person pronouns in essays.
B)do not punish opponents in video games when insulted.
C)spent more time looking at themselves on videos.
D)rated their performance more positively than other observers.

Question 80

The distinction between "sex" and "gender" can be traced back to

A)Horney.
B)Freud.
C)Erikson.
D)Bowlby.