Deck 9: Individual and Organizational Change

Question 1

One danger with the seven-step recovery diagram is that people might be tempted to think they should passively let these steps happen to them.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

According to Kurt Lewin, the refreezing step of the change model is "relatively secure" against change.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The Holmes-Rahe Readjustment Scale measures how a person is coping with stressful events without allowing them to damage his or her health.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The refreezing process of Kurt Lewin's change model might involve new hiring policies, so that employees hired after the change would be more accepting of the new system.

Question 5

According to William Bridges, "beginning" is the first of the three general steps involved in the process of acceptance of personal loss.

Question 6

In the unfreezing process of the Lewin model, fear in some form is nearly always one of the major obstacles.

Question 7

In the process of dealing with personal loss, "ending" is the stage where "emotional standstill," "denial," and "anger" take place.

Question 8

Trial balloon procedure is used in the general concern stage of the logical incrementalism model.

Question 9

In today's world, staying with the status quo as suggested by the force field analysis is not realistic.

Question 10

Stress causing events are always negative and detrimental to one's health.

Question 11

Personal change can affect your self-esteem.

Question 12

In the event of an expected personal loss, the element of shock is absent.

Question 13

The Lewin change model shows that a status quo is essential to make a change.

Question 14

According to the Holmes-Rahe Readjustment Scale, if a person scores 150-299 life change units, he or she has 50 percent chance of developing a stress-related illness.

Question 15

The refreezing step of Kurt Lewin's change model is unrealistic when environmental and technological changes are everyday realities.

Question 16

A common characteristic of seven major life changes is that they happen to everyone at least a few times throughout one's lifetime.

Question 17

One of the benefits of the force field analysis is that it gets the changers to plan for the change.

Question 18

The logical incrementalism model maintains that forces inside a firm and not outside the firm can put pressure on those who are involved in a planned change.

Question 19

The Lewin change model contains three steps: the beginnings, the neutral zone, and the endings.

Question 20

In the "bottoming out" step of dealing with personal loss, for the first time, it becomes possible to let go of one's emotional burden.

Question 21

Which of the following is a common characteristic of the major life changes that affect people?

A)These changes happen regularly to everyone.
B)Changes which are beyond one's control cause more stress.
C)People who have a hold over things they can control are not affected by major life changes.
D)People feel the results of the changes only after an event is over.

Question 22

Many managers see logical incrementalism as an accurate description of how change occurs in most successful companies.

Question 23

Organizational development requires that the top management of a company is kept away from its planning.

Question 24

Which of the following is one of the seven stages of personal change?

A)Bottoming out
B)Unfreezing
C)General concern
D)Refreezing

Question 25

When the pace of change is too sluggish, employees may rebel against the change.

Question 26

_____ is the first stage of personal change.

A)Denial
B)Experimenting
C)Emotional standstill
D)Bottoming out

Question 27

Which of the following is a danger associated with the seven-step personal recovery process?

A)People may think that they should passively allow the steps to happen to them.
B)Most people are not aware that the steps in the process tend to fail to come through.
C)People may force themselves to go through the steps quicker than usual.
D)Most people slip backward to an earlier stage of growth even when they know the steps.

Question 28

Which of the following is true of a person in the helplessness stage of personal change?

A)The person slips into a state of permanent regression.
B)The individual enters into a state of shock and denial.
C)The person enters a neutral zone which is a temporary state of loss.
D)The normal curiosities and desires come back to the person and new experiences become evident.

Question 29

Which of the following is typically experienced by people entering the "neutral zone" when dealing with personal loss?

A)Experimentation
B)Bottoming out
C)Denial
D)Expression of anger

Question 30

In the Japanese approach to change, managers involve employees in the change process only during the final stages.

Question 31

Under the kaizen concept, business productivity is viewed as an ongoing, continual process.

Question 32

Today OD is often used as a tool for empowerment.

Question 33

Which of the following steps occurs in the "beginnings" phase of dealing with personal loss?

A)Emotional standstill
B)Denial
C)Bottoming out
D)Experimenting

Question 34

OD interventions are training tools that teach members of an organization how to solve the problems they face.

Question 35

Which of the following is a mistake made by a person entering the neutral zone when dealing with personal loss?

A)Retreating into isolation
B)Expressing his or her anger
C)Moving into a state of denial
D)Allowing normal curiosities to emerge

Question 36

Which of the following reactions to personal loss typically occurs in the emotional standstill stage?

A)Denial
B)Anger
C)Experimenting
D)Shock

Question 37

Which of the following steps occurs in the "endings" phase of dealing with personal loss?

A)Completion
B)Helplessness
C)Emotional standstill
D)Experimenting

Question 38

One of the reasons for Japan's economic success has been its companies' approach to business.

Question 39

Logical incrementalism is most successful when used to bring a well-designed plan into general acceptance.

Question 40

The major problem with getting organizational change to take place is nearly always the same: technology barrier.

Question 41

An OD intervention is best described as a:

A)planned, companywide, systematic method of achieving change in an organization.
B)training tool that teaches members of an organization how to solve their problems.
C)model that uses a five-step process to implement planned change in a large organization.
D)model in which the status quo is presented as a battlefield being fought for by two armies.

Question 42

Which of the following is the first step of Lewin's change model?

A)Completion
B)Experimenting
C)Moving to another condition
D)Unfreezing

Question 43

In which stage of logical incrementalism is the "trial balloon" procedure used?

A)Development of a formal plan for change
B)Using an opportunity or crisis to begin the change plan
C)Ongoing adaptation of the plan
D)Broadcasting a general concern or idea without details

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true of the force field analysis model?

A)According to this model, the status quo is presented like a battlefield being fought for by two armies.
B)This model acknowledges that bringing about changes in a large organization is usually time-consuming and complicated.
C)This model measures the relative impact of many kinds of changes, on the basis of their intensity and the adjustment problems they can create.
D)According to this model, the primary aim is to teach members of an organization how to solve the problems they face.

Question 45

Who developed the force field analysis model?

A)Peter Drucker
B)James Brian Quinn
C)Kurt Lewin
D)William Bridges

Question 46

Which of the following is a benefit of using the force field model?

A)It allows managers to stick to the status quo in an organization.
B)It allows those who are organizing a change to closely examine restraining forces.
C)It ensures that the changed behaviors become the new standard for the job.
D)It leads to improved quality consciousness in all the members involved in the process.

Question 47

_____ is the step of Lewin's change model in which the actual organizational changes are made.

A)Unfreezing the status quo
B)Diminishing the restraining force
C)Moving to a new condition
D)Broadcasting a general concern

Question 48

Which of the following is a value on which OD change agents base their procedures?

A)Emphasis on hierarchy
B)Minimizing survey feedback
C)Confrontation
D)Authoritative management

Question 49

Logical incrementalism is most successful when:

A)it is used to bring a well-designed plan into general acceptance.
B)it is used to implement changes that are poorly defined.
C)it is used to measure the impact of many changes based on their intensity and adjustment problems.
D)it is used as a coping measure to deal with a personal loss.

Question 50

Employees resist change because:

A)they experience the effect of change only after the event is over.
B)the management tries to involve them in the process from the beginning.
C)they often choose how they see and hear data, and ignore information that challenges the stability of their world.
D)the companies typically support the change agent, the person responsible for an organizational change effort.

Question 51

Which of the following is the first stage of the logical incrementalism model?

A)Experimentation
B)General concern
C)Unfreezing the status quo
D)Development of a formal plan

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true of the refreezing step of Lewin's change model?

A)It is during this stage that the company must ensure that the new behaviors actually become new norms or standards on the job.
B)It is during this step that the actual organizational changes are initiated.
C)It is the first step of the Lewin model and its primary focus is on changing people's habits and attitudes to adjust to the organizational changes.
D)It is the step of the Lewin model that is referred to as being "most unsecure" against change.

Question 53

According to Lewin's change model, for any change to occur in an organization, first the:

A)employees need to be guided to the necessary attitudes and behaviors required for a change.
B)individuals working for the company must be convinced that a change is essential.
C)the organizational climate must be adjusted.
D)systems of the organization need to be changed.

Question 54

Japanese companies using the kaizen approach have been successful at implementing change because:

A)employees are actively involved in making operational and change decisions.
B)managers involve employees in the change process only in the final stage.
C)it typically tends to seek change and increased business productivity through large-scale, radical shifts.
D)it takes a short-term approach to improvement.

Question 55

Organizational development is best described as:

A)the sum total of organizational culture.
B)a change management model for organizations that is based on logical incrementalism.
C)the process that measures the impact of a change on employees based on the intensity and the scope of readjustment.
D)a planned, companywide, systematic method of achieving change in an organization.

Question 56

Refreezing is seen as an unrealistic concept in today's business because:

A)it is difficult to convince technology savvy employees about the need for change.
B)employees are too comfortable in the status quo and hence highly resistant to change.
C)restraining forces are very strong due to advancements in technology.
D)environmental and technological changes are everyday realities.

Question 57

Which of the following is the most important criticism against Lewin's change model?

A)It does not consider the changes that take place at the structural level.
B)Refreezing is not a realistic concept in today's business world.
C)Unfreezing the status quo would simply hinder the progress.
D)It is ineffective as it does not consider the cultural diversity of today's workplace.

Question 58

Dalton Inc. fired several good employees to make a structural change that would save money and guarantee other jobs. Despite the fact that the change did result in the promised improvements, other employees began to distrust the company and fear for their own jobs. Which of the following reasons for resisting change is observed in the given scenario?

A)Cognitive dissonance
B)Belief that the change is wrong
C)Resentment of the change agent
D)Hearing only what employees want or expect to hear

Question 59

Who developed the logical incrementalism model?

A)Blake and Mouton
B)Kurt Lewin
C)Peter Drucker
D)James Brian Quinn

Question 60

Which of the following is an OD intervention technique?

A)Introducing heavy-handed authority
B)Organizational goal setting
C)Survey feedback
D)Emphasis on hierarchy

Question 61

_____ means being able to deal with change and its effects without allowing them to injure you emotionally.

Question 62

In the logical incrementalism model, the _____ is a stage characterized by a vague feeling or awareness of a threat or opportunity.

Question 63

_____ is the first of the three general steps in the process involved in the acceptance of personal loss. This is where "emotional standstill," "denial," and "anger" take place.

Question 64

In the context of organizational development, the person responsible for an organizational change effort is known as a(n) ____.

Question 65

William Bridges refers to the ____, as "a gap in the continuity of existence."

Question 66

The _____ is a workplace change model involving three steps: unfreezing the status quo, making changes, and then refreezing to the previous work mode.

Question 67

The _____ stage involved in the process of personal change is most likely to witness a person retreating into isolation.

Question 68

James Brian Quinn developed the _____ to address the forces of change in large organizations.

Question 69

_____ is a planned, companywide, systematic method of achieving change in an organization.

Question 70

In the context of adjusting to personal changes, slipping backward to an earlier stage of growth is referred to as ____.

Question 71

The _____ approach to coping with organizational change primarily involves employees' participation and feedback in operational and change decisions, and encourages active communication among top managers and workers.

Question 72

An OD change agent's job is to use ____, which are training tools that teach members of the organization how they can solve the problems they are facing.

Question 73

_____ is the last stage of the Lewin change model.

Question 74

The _____ is a tool that measures the relative impact of many kinds of changes, which are rated from 100 to zero on the basis of their intensity and the adjustment problems they can create.

Question 75

In the context of organizational development, _____ include team building, sensitivity training, role playing, and survey feedback.

Question 76

In the context of the process of personal change, the _____ is a transition phase in which uncomfortable feelings of "helplessness" and "bottoming out" may take place before recovery begins.

Question 77

_____ is the last of the three general steps in the process involved in the acceptance of personal loss. This is where "experimenting" and "completion" take place.

Question 78

According to the _____ model, the status quo is like a battlefield being fought for by two armies: the driving forces and the restraining forces.

Question 79

According to the force field analysis model, the _____ forces are trying to take over and change the status quo.

Question 80

In the context of adjusting to personal changes, _____ is the process of returning to a point where you know who you are and feel good about yourself once again.