Deck 8: Foundations of Motivation

Question 1

People with a high need for affiliation prefer to spend more time maintaining social relationships, joining groups, and wanting to be loved.

Answer 1

True
Explanation: People with a high need for affiliation prefer to spend more time maintaining social relationships, joining groups, and wanting to be loved.

Question 2

Maslow believed that once safety needs are relatively satisfied, one's physiological needs emerge.

Answer 2

False
Explanation: Maslow believed human needs generally emerge in a predictable stair-step fashion. Accordingly, when one's physiological needs are relatively satisfied, one's safety needs emerge, and so on up the need hierarchy, one step at a time.

Question 3

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, frustration of higher-order needs can influence the desire for lower-order needs.

Answer 3

True
Explanation: ERG theory contains a frustration-regression component. That is, frustration of higher-order needs can influence the desire for lower-order needs.

Question 4

Achievement-motivated people prefer to work on highly difficult tasks.

Question 5

According to Maslow, having enough food, air, and water to survive is the most basic need.

Question 6

According to Herzberg, motivators are job characteristics associated with job satisfaction.

Question 7

Needs are physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior.

Question 8

People with a low need for achievement desire more feedback on their successes and failures than do high achievers.

Question 9

Content theories of motivation focus on identifying internal factors influencing motivation.

Question 10

When making equity judgments, people tend to compare themselves to similar others rather than dissimilar others.

Question 11

Content theories explain how motivation is influenced by the dynamic interaction between an individual and the environment in which he or she works.

Question 12

According to equity theory, participation in important decisions is an input in the individual-organization exchange relationship.

Question 13

Motivation involves those psychological processes that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal directed.

Question 14

Process theories of motivation focus on identifying instincts, needs, and job satisfaction that influence motivation.

Question 15

According to McClelland, individuals with high achievement motivation are best suited for top-level executive positions.

Question 16

A person's needs remain unchanged over his or her lifetime.

Question 17

According to equity theory, job security is an outcome in the individual-organization exchange relationship.

Question 18

Hygiene factors are strongly correlated with job motivation.

Question 19

According to the ERG theory, only one need may be activated at a time.

Question 20

People with a high need for power desire to influence, coach, teach, or encourage others to achieve.

Question 21

Persistent people tend to see obstacles as reasons to fail.

Question 22

Distributive justice reflects the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed.

Question 23

Goal-setting directs attention, regulates effort, increases persistence, and fosters strategies and action plans.

Question 24

A person's expectancy perceptions are influenced by his or her self-esteem.

Question 25

According to Vroom's expectancy theory, expectancy ranges from zero to one.

Question 26

Job design refers to any set of activities that involve the alteration of specific jobs or interdependent systems of jobs with the intent of improving the quality of employee job experience and their on-the-job productivity.

Question 27

Job rotation increases flexibility of employees.

Question 28

A person will experience negative inequity when his or her outcome to input ratio is greater than that of a relevant coworker.

Question 29

An instrumentality of -1.0 indicates attainment of a particular outcome is totally dependent on task performance.

Question 30

An instrumentality of zero indicates there is no relationship between effort and performance.

Question 31

Feedback enhances the effect of specific, difficult goals.

Question 32

The use of monetary incentives enhances the positive effects of goal setting, especially for difficult goals.

Question 33

According to Vroom, expectancy represents a person's belief that a particular outcome is contingent on accomplishing a specific level of performance.

Question 34

Expectancy theory can be used to predict behavior in any situation in which a choice between two or more alternatives must be made.

Question 35

Interactional justice refers to the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make allocation decisions.

Question 36

Jobs designed according to the principles of scientific management increase employee efficiency and productivity.

Question 37

Difficult goals are hypothesized to lead to lower performance when people are not committed to their goals.

Question 38

Instrumentalities range from 0 to -1.0.

Question 39

A person can alter his/her sense of equity either behaviorally or cognitively.

Question 40

Valence refers to the positive or negative value people place on outcomes.

Question 41

In Maslow's need hierarchy, the _____ need is the desire for reputation, prestige, and recognition from others.

A)esteem
B)safety
C)physiological
D)self-actualization
E)love

Question 42

Job enrichment characteristics are incorporated into a job through horizontal loading.

Question 43

In Maslow's need hierarchy theory, the _____ need contains the needs for affection and belonging.

A)physiological
B)safety
C)love
D)esteem
E)self-actualization

Question 44

Vertical loading consists of giving workers more responsibility, usually by taking on duties normally performed by their supervisors.

Question 45

As the mother of two small children, Jen struggles to make ends meet on her minimum wage job. After paying rent and child-care expenses, there is sometimes not enough money left at the end of the month to pay the heating bill. More than once the family has gone without warmth on cold nights, and she and the kids have gone to bed hungry. Which of the five basic needs is Jen struggling to meet?

A)Safety
B)Esteem
C)Love
D)Physiological
E)Self-actualization

Question 46

What is the primary managerial implication of Maslow's theory?

A)Job-security pledges have no motivational impact.
B)Safety needs can be satisfied using status symbols.
C)A satisfied need may lose its motivational potential.
D)Greater job autonomy satisfies the esteem need.
E)Greater job responsibility satisfies the love need.

Question 47

Job crafting represents a middle ground between top-down and bottom-up methods.

Question 48

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, the _____ needs reflect the desire for physiological and materialistic well-being.

A)safety
B)existence
C)self-actualization
D)growth
E)relatedness

Question 49

Manuel wanted friendly and close inter-personal relationships with his colleagues. According to McClelland's need theory, this desire is known as _____.

A)need for power
B)need for achievement
C)need for affiliation
D)need for motivation
E)need for safety

Question 50

_____ are physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior.

A)Needs
B)Role perceptions
C)Aptitudes
D)Drives
E)Achievements

Question 51

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, the _____ needs reflect the desire to use one's abilities to their fullest potential.

A)safety
B)existence
C)esteem
D)growth
E)relatedness

Question 52

Which of the following is the most basic need according to Maslow's need hierarchy?

A)Esteem
B)Safety
C)Physiological
D)Self-actualization
E)Love

Question 53

The _____ is defined as the desire to spend time in social relationships and activities.

A)need for achievement
B)safety need
C)need for power
D)need for affiliation
E)self-actualization need

Question 54

A characteristic of high achievers is that they:

A)prefer working on tasks of extreme difficulty.
B)prefer situations in which their performance is due to their own efforts.
C)desire feedback on their failures but not their successes.
D)desire feedback on their successes but not their failures.
E)like to compete against people who are much more skilled than they are.

Question 55

According to Alderfer's ERG theory:

A)needs are related to each other in a stair-step hierarchy.
B)only one need can be activated at a time.
C)frustration of higher-order needs can influence the desire for lower-order needs.
D)energy needs are the lowest level need.
E)relatedness needs are the highest level need.

Question 56

Cognitive crafting encompasses a change in how one perceives or thinks about the tasks and relationships associated with one's job.

Question 57

In Maslow's need hierarchy, the _____ need is the desire to become the best one can be.

A)esteem
B)safety
C)physiological
D)self-actualization
E)love

Question 58

According to the job characteristics model, people feel experienced responsibility when they perceive their work as worthwhile or important.

Question 59

The _____ is defined as the desire to master, manipulate, or organize physical objects, human beings, or ideas, and to do this as rapidly and as independently as possible.

A)need for achievement
B)safety need
C)need for power
D)need for affiliation
E)self-actualization need

Question 60

A bottom-up approach is driven by employees rather than managers.

Question 61

According to equity theory, taking longer breaks at work is an example of ____.

A)finding a new comparison person
B)decreasing inputs
C)increasing outcomes
D)increasing inputs
E)decreasing outcomes

Question 62

_____ is perceived in comparisons in which another person receives lesser outcomes for similar inputs.

A)Negative inequity
B)Positive inequity
C)Equity
D)Fairness perception
E)Distributive justice

Question 63

_____ is defined as the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are allocated.

A)Interactional justice
B)Positive inequity
C)Negative inequity
D)Procedural justice
E)Distributive justice

Question 64

McClelland believes that individuals with a high need for power coupled with a _____ are best suited for top management positions.

A)low need for achievement
B)high need for social relationships
C)high need for affiliation
D)high need for achievement
E)low need for affiliation

Question 65

_____ is defined as the perceived fairness of the process used to make decisions regarding the allocation of rewards and resources.

A)Interactional justice
B)Positive inequity
C)Negative inequity
D)Procedural justice
E)Distributive justice

Question 66

Brian has a Master's degree in electrical engineering and brings 10 years of experience to his current job. He is known for putting in long hours of hard work on his job. He receives a salary of $75,000, medical and dental coverage, and two weeks of paid vacation every year. From Brian's perspective, which of the following is an input in the individual-organization exchange relationship?

A)His salary of $75,000
B)His Master's degree in electrical engineering
C)Medical coverage
D)Dental coverage
E)Two weeks of paid vacation

Question 67

According to equity theory, _____ is an input in the employee-employer exchange.

A)a challenging assignment
B)skill
C)pay
D)job security
E)a safe working environment

Question 68

Pam is attempting to reduce her inequity at work by attending night school for further job training. In other words, she is trying to ____.

A)find a new comparison other
B)decrease her inputs
C)increase her outcomes
D)increase her inputs
E)decrease her outcomes

Question 69

Which of the following is true according to equity theory?

A)People have a higher tolerance for negative inequity than they do for positive inequity.
B)Asking for a raise is one way an individual can increase his or her outcomes in the exchange process.
C)Males have a lower tolerance for negative inequity than do females.
D)Females have a lower tolerance for negative inequity than do males.
E)Taking longer breaks at work is one way an individual can increase his or her inputs in the exchange process.

Question 70

Chuck is concerned with what he considers to be an unfair situation at work. Although he put in 10 hours of overtime last week, he received the same pay as a co-worker who didn't put in any overtime. This week he decided to take an extra hour for lunch every day. Using the terminology of equity theory, Chuck has decided to ____.

A)increase his efficiency
B)decrease his inputs
C)increase his outcomes
D)increase his inputs
E)decrease his outcomes

Question 71

Which of the following is true regarding hygiene factors?

A)They are motivational.
B)They are associated with the work context or environment.
C)They are associated with achievement and recognition.
D)They cause a person to move from a state of no satisfaction to satisfaction.
E)They are relatively more important than motivators.

Question 72

According to equity theory, _____ is an outcome of the employee-employer exchange.

A)a challenging assignment
B)skill
C)seniority
D)organizational loyalty
E)creativity

Question 73

Equity theory is a motivation model that explains how people strive for _____ in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships.

A)equality
B)cognitive consistency
C)leadership
D)fairness
E)pleasure

Question 74

Pat and Chris are both computer programmers, but Pat earns more money than Chris. However, Chris perceives an equitable relationship because Pat:

A)has more education and experience.
B)takes longer breaks.
C)works as hard as Chris.
D)works less than Chris.
E)needs the money more than Chris.

Question 75

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model, which of the following is a hygiene factor?

A)Responsibility
B)Stimulating work
C)Supervisor relations
D)Recognition for a job well done
E)Achievement

Question 76

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model, which of the following is a motivator?

A)Responsibility
B)Company policy
C)Supervisor relations
D)Salary
E)Technical supervision

Question 77

Equity theory predicts that a student will experience _____ if a friend of equal scholarly ability studies the same amount for a test but receives a higher grade.

A)equity
B)an expectancy of zero
C)negative inequity
D)an instrumentality of zero
E)positive inequity

Question 78

The _____ is defined as the desire to influence, coach, teach, or encourage others to achieve.

A)need for achievement
B)safety need
C)need for power
D)need for affiliation
E)self-actualization need

Question 79

Brian has a Master's degree in electrical engineering and brings 10 years of experience to his current job. He is known for putting in long hours of hard work on his job. He receives a salary of $75,000, medical and dental coverage, and two weeks paid vacation per year. From Brian's perspective, which of the following is an outcome of the individual-organization exchange relationship?

A)Long hours of work
B)High levels of effort
C)Two weeks paid vacation
D)His Master's degree in electrical engineering
E)Ten years of prior experience

Question 80

Ted was dissatisfied with his job. He said that the company policy, supervision, and working conditions were responsible for his dissatisfaction. According to Frederick Herzberg's theory, these extrinsic factors that create job dissatisfaction are called:

A)motivators.
B)hygiene factors.
C)affiliation factors.
D)wellness factors.
E)achievement factors.