Deck 5: Key Individual Differences and the Road to Success

Question 1

Self-efficacy is functionally the same thing as self-esteem.

Answer 1

False
Explanation: Self-confidence that can be backed up with real results involves more than high self-esteem; it also requires self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is a person's belief about his or her chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task.

Question 2

People program themselves for success or failure by enacting their self-efficacy expectations.

Answer 2

True
Explanation: People program themselves for success or failure by enacting their self-efficacy expectations. Positive or negative results subsequently become feedback for one's base of personal experience.

Question 3

People with low self-esteem tend to have health problems and low-quality social relationships, as well as being vulnerable to depression.

Answer 3

True
Explanation: People with low self-esteem view themselves in negative terms, do not feel good about themselves, and experience self-doubts. Research shows they tend to have health problems and low-quality social relationships, as well as being vulnerable to depression.

Question 4

Low self-esteem can be raised more by having the person think of desirable characteristics possessed rather than of undesirable characteristics from which he or she is free.

Question 5

In individualistic cultures people are socialized to "fit into the community and to do their duty." Thus, how an individualist feels about him- or herself is less relevant to life-satisfaction.

Question 6

Whistle-blowing is likely to occur when organizational identification is excessive.

Question 7

Self-monitoring is a person's overall self-evaluation.

Question 8

Personality consists of characteristics that are the sole product of environmental influences.

Question 9

Self-esteem is usually unrelated to a person's level of education.

Question 10

Training and development through challenging assignments, goal setting, and supportive leadership can improve employees' self-efficacy expectations.

Question 11

Global managers need to remember to deemphasize self-esteem when doing business in collectivist ("we") cultures.

Question 12

Research has found a significant positive correlation between self-efficacy and job performance.

Question 13

The severely debilitating belief that one has no control over one's environment is called self-efficacy.

Question 14

People who are low self-monitors are sometimes called chameleons because they can readily adapt their self-presentation to their surroundings.

Question 15

Individuals with high self-esteem see themselves as worthwhile, capable, and acceptable.

Question 16

Persuasion from others is the sole source of our self-efficacy beliefs.

Question 17

One of the risks of high self-monitoring is that one can turn into someone who is widely perceived as insincere, dishonest, phony, and untrustworthy.

Question 18

High self-monitors are usually criticized for not being responsive to social and interpersonal cues.

Question 19

Since paid employment is a prime determinant of overall self-esteem, unemployment can have a devastating impact on an individual's self-esteem.

Question 20

There is a positive relationship between low self- monitoring and career success.

Question 21

People with an external locus of control tend to attribute positive outcomes, such as getting a passing grade on an exam, to their own abilities.

Question 22

The proactive personality dimension is the most frequently studied of the Big Five personality dimensions.

Question 23

People with proactive personalities are valuable human capital.

Question 24

Among the Big Five personality dimensions, extraversion had the strongest positive correlation with job performance.

Question 25

Employers are advised to look for outside help to determine if a test exists or can be developed to screen applicants for the traits that best fit the position.

Question 26

Entrepreneurs typically score high on conscientiousness because they prefer goal-focused leadership.

Question 27

People with an internal locus of control tend to attribute key outcomes in their lives to environmental causes, such as luck or fate.

Question 28

Knowing how to fly a plane is an example of an ability.

Question 29

People with an external locus of control tend to blame failures on personal shortcomings.

Question 30

Successful performance depends solely on skill.

Question 31

A person with a relatively high level of spatial ability is easily able to visualize how geometric shapes would look if transformed in shape or position.

Question 32

Intelligence is influenced by biological as well as environmental factors.

Question 33

People who believe they control the events that affect their lives are said to possess an internal locus of control.

Question 34

Extraversion and conscientiousness are the most stable of the Big Five personality types.

Question 35

The average intelligence among those in developed countries has remained stable over the past 70 years.

Question 36

Human intelligence has been studied predominantly through the empirical approach.

Question 37

An ability represents the specific capacity to physically manipulate objects.

Question 38

Faking, cheating, and illegal discrimination are potential problems with on-the-job personality testing.

Question 39

The negative end of the agreeableness scale is labeled neuroticism.

Question 40

Word fluency refers to the ability to understand what words mean and to readily comprehend what is read.

Question 41

_____ is the view the individual has of himself or herself as a physical, social, and spiritual or moral being.

A)Self-concept
B)Self-introspection
C)Self-conscientiousness
D)Cognition
E)Personality

Question 42

Developing emotional intelligence is a way to effectively deal with fear and other emotions.

Question 43

Resiliency is the ability to handle pressure and quickly bounce back from personal and career setbacks.

Question 44

Foul moods are typically contagious whereas good moods are not.

Question 45

Emotional behavior seldom affects day-to-day organizational life.

Question 46

Humility is the mid-point between the two negative extremes of arrogance and lack of self-esteem.

Question 47

Educators have widely critiqued Gardner's concept of multiple intelligences.

Question 48

According to psychologists there is a distinction between felt and displayed emotions.

Question 49

Emotional intelligence scores are a better predictor of job performance than the Big Five personality dimensions.

Question 50

According to Richard Lazarus, happiness or joy is a goal incongruent emotion.

Question 51

_____ is a belief about one's own self-worth based on an overall self-evaluation.

A)Self-confidence
B)Self-efficacy
C)Self-esteem
D)Cognition
E)Personality

Question 52

Richard S Lazarus draws a distinction between positive and negative emotions that is goal oriented.

Question 53

The concept of psychological capital focuses on human strengths and potential as a way to possibly prevent mental and behavioral problems and improve the general quality of life.

Question 54

Prior experience, watching successful behavior models, persuasion and encouragement from others, and assessment of physical and emotional states all lead to _____.

A)decrease in organizational identification
B)low self-monitoring behavior
C)decrease in self-esteem
D)increase in self-efficacy
E)development of an external locus of control

Question 55

According to Richard S Lazarus, fright or anxiety is a goal congruent emotion.

Question 56

_____ is a person's belief about his or her chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task.

A)Self-esteem
B)Self-efficacy
C)Self-monitoring
D)Cognition
E)Personality

Question 57

Most academic psychologists and intelligence specialists have embraced Gardner's model of multiple intelligences.

Question 58

Individuals who see themselves as worthwhile, capable, and acceptable have ____.

A)an external locus of control
B)high self-efficacy
C)high cognitive intelligence
D)high self-esteem
E)no internal locus of control

Question 59

According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences (MI) that there are three types of intelligence.

Question 60

Women are more emotionally expressive than men.

Question 61

A(n) _____ personality is defined as someone who identifies opportunities, is action-oriented, shows initiative, and perseveres to change things.

A)proactive
B)agreeable
C)emotionally stable
D)extrovert
E)external locus of control

Question 62

Some employees at Harley-Davidson factories have had the company logo tattooed on their bodies. This example is an indication of _____.

A)strong organizational identification
B)low self-esteem
C)high self-monitoring
D)low self-efficacy
E)high emotional intelligence

Question 63

_____ represents the specific capacity to physically manipulate objects.

A)Skill
B)Ability
C)Self-efficacy
D)Self-esteem
E)Effort

Question 64

The dividing line between self and others is not a neat and precise one. A certain amount of blurring occurs, for example, when an employee comes to define him- or herself with a specific organization-a psychological process called _____.

A)organizational identification
B)continuance commitment
C)self-efficacy
D)self-esteem
E)cognition

Question 65

_____ represents a broad and stable characteristic responsible for a person's maximum-as opposed to typical-performance on mental and physical tasks.

A)Skill
B)Ability
C)Self-efficacy
D)Self-esteem
E)Effort

Question 66

_____ is defined as the extent to which a person observes his or her own self-expressive behavior and adapts it to the demands of the situation.

A)Cognition
B)Self-monitoring
C)Self-efficacy
D)Self-esteem
E)Personality

Question 67

Individuals high in _____ regulate their expressive self-presentation for the sake of desired public appearances, and thus are highly responsive to social and interpersonal cues of situationally appropriate performances.

A)self-monitoring
B)self-confidence
C)self-efficacy
D)self-evaluation
E)self-esteem

Question 68

Which of the following is true about self-monitoring?

A)Low self-monitors are more likely to acquire a mentor than high self-monitors.
B)High self-monitors are more successful in their careers than low self-monitors.
C)Low self-monitoring individuals are more likely to achieve career success than high-monitoring individuals.
D)Self-monitoring is an either-or proposition rather than a matter of degree.
E)Low self-monitors are often perceived as insincere, phony, and untrustworthy.

Question 69

According to the Big Five personality dimensions, a person scoring high on _____ is relaxed, secure, and unworried.

A)extraversion
B)agreeableness
C)conscientiousness
D)emotional stability
E)openness to experience

Question 70

Based on research on the Big Five personality dimensions, which of the following is true?

A)The Big Five personality structure is valid across different cultures.
B)Openness to experience had the strongest positive correlation with training performance.
C)Agreeableness was a stronger predictor of job performance across all professions than was extraversion.
D)Conscientiousness was a weak predictor of job performance.
E)For managers and sales people, emotional stability was associated with job success.

Question 71

Jim, who has an internal locus of control, failed his last history test. Jim is apt to respond to the failing grade by ____.

A)claiming the test was poorly constructed
B)complaining to the dean of the college
C)despairing of ever passing the course
D)blaming the instructor for inadequately preparing him for the test
E)admitting that he hadn't studied hard enough to prepare himself

Question 72

People with an internal locus of control tend to _____.

A)consciously manipulate others
B)believe that they control the events that affect their lives
C)believe that their performance is determined by circumstances beyond their control
D)allow their feelings, not their thoughts and actions, to control their behavior
E)allow their intuition to control them

Question 73

Among the Big Five personality dimensions, _____ had the strongest positive correlation with job performance.

A)extraversion
B)agreeableness
C)conscientiousness
D)emotional stability
E)openness to experience

Question 74

According to the Big Five personality dimensions, a person scoring high on _____ is intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broad-minded.

A)extraversion
B)agreeableness
C)conscientiousness
D)emotional stability
E)openness to experience

Question 75

Debra hates veal, but at a party at her friend's house, she is served veal for dinner. She hides her revulsion, does not let anyone realize that she hates veal, and eats the other items on the menu. Which of the following can be ascertained from Debra's behavior at the party?

A)She has high self-confidence.
B)She has low self-esteem.
C)She has high self-efficacy.
D)She is a high self-monitor.
E)She has openness to experience.

Question 76

You are rushing to class when a Ryan, who is your colleague, stops you and begins to discuss a personal problem. You want to break off the conversation so that you can get to class on time. You glance at your watch, but he keeps talking. You say "I've got to go. I'm going to be late for class." He continues. You turn and start to walk away, but Ryan follows you and keeps talking as if he never received any of your verbal and nonverbal signals that the conversation must end. Which of the following concepts best explains Ryan's behavior?

A)He has an external locus of control.
B)He is a low self-monitor.
C)He has high self-efficacy.
D)He has low self-esteem.
E)He rates high on the agreeableness dimension.

Question 77

People with an external locus of control tend to ____.

A)be more agreeable than internals
B)prefer pay-for-performance compensation plans
C)attribute outcomes to environmental causes
D)believe they are in control of the events that affect their lives
E)credit positive events to their own abilities

Question 78

_____ is defined as the combination of stable physical and mental characteristics that give the individual his or her identity.

A)Cognition
B)Self-monitoring
C)Self-efficacy
D)Self-esteem
E)Personality

Question 79

According to the Big Five personality dimensions, a person scoring high on _____ is dependable, responsible, achievement oriented, and persistent.

A)extraversion
B)agreeableness
C)conscientiousness
D)emotional stability
E)openness to experience

Question 80

According to the Big Five personality dimensions, a person scoring high on _____ is trusting, good natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted.

A)extraversion
B)agreeableness
C)conscientiousness
D)emotional stability
E)openness to experience