Deck 26: The Conservative Turn, 1969-1988

Question 1

In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled that:

A) affirmative action was unconstitutional.
B) racial quotas for college admissions were constitutional.
C) fixed affirmative action quotas were unconstitutional.
D) race could no longer be used as a factor in college admissions.

Answer 1

fixed affirmative action quotas were unconstitutional.

Question 2

Richard Nixon's appointments to the Supreme Court were intended to:

A) continue the liberal trend set by the Warren Court.
B) be balanced with conservatives and liberals.
C) lead the Court in a conservative direction.
D) break gender barriers by his appointment of the first female justice.

Answer 2

lead the Court in a conservative direction.

Question 3

Why did the gay and lesbian movement become a major concern for members of the political right after the late 1960s?

A) They understood that the popular gay movement could convert hundreds and thousands of impressionable youth.
B) Thousands of new civil rights movements encouraged gays and lesbians to "come out."
C) They feared that gays and lesbians might push for an end to the "don't ask, don't tell" policy.
D) They suspected that many among their ranks were gay and lesbian themselves.

Answer 3

Thousands of new civil rights movements encouraged gays and lesbians to "come out."

Question 4

All of the following are evidence that freedom for women expanded in the 1970s EXCEPT:

A) Title IX, which banned gender discrimination in higher education.
B) a higher divorce rate and lower birth rate.
C) the Equal Credit Opportunity Act.
D) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the impact of the sexual revolution?

A) Many women postponed childbearing in order to pursue careers in the 1970s.
B) The marriage age for Americans rose in the 1970s.
C) With the availability of birth control and legal abortions in the 1970s, America's birthrate declined.
D) Divorce rates actually declined during the 1970s, but the number of American women who had never been married went up.

Question 6

Why did the fight over busing become so violent in Boston in the mid-1970s?

A) In Boston, the racial divisions were between African-Americans and Puerto Ricans as well as whites.
B) The African-American community in Boston consisted only of very recent migrants from the South.
C) Boston's politicians called on local residents to fight the busing order by all means necessary.
D) Boston's tightly knit Irish-American community in South Boston fought integration violently.

Question 7

The Moral Majority (1996)
William Martin, With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America
This combination of covenantal thinking, conviction of divine mission, and profound awareness of human fallibility have marked American political institutions and movements from the Mayflower Compact to the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, from the New Deal and New Frontier and Great Society, to the rise of the Moral Majority and the Christian Coalition and the construction of the Republican Party's 1994 Contract With America.
Which of the following actions by the Reagan administration best demonstrates the interests of the movement described in the excerpt?

A) asserting a more aggressive foreign policy against the Soviet Union
B) appointing antiabortion activist as surgeon general
C) proposing tax cuts
D) shrinking the size of the welfare state

Question 8

Affirmative action was:

A) found unconstitutional during the Nixon administration.
B) mandated by law only for construction workers.
C) first pursued and then abandoned by the Nixon administration.
D) never a priority during the Nixon administration.

Question 9

On Human Rights (1977)
Jimmy Carter
For too many years, we’ve been willing to adopt the flawed and erroneous principles and tactics of our adversaries, sometimes abandoning our own values for theirs. We fought fire with fire, never thinking that fire is better quenched with water. . . .
First we have reaffirmed America’s commitment to human rights as a fundamental tenet of our foreign policy. . . . What draws us together, perhaps more than anything else, is a belief in human freedom. We want the world to know that our Nation stands for more than financial prosperity.
This does not mean that we can conduct our foreign policy by rigid moral maxims . . . .
Throughout the world today, in free nations and in totalitarian countries as well, there is a preoccupation with the subject of human freedom, human rights. And I believe it is incumbent on us in this country to keep that discussion, that debate, that contention alive. No other country is as well-qualified as we to set an example.
Carter's ideas about human rights in U.S. foreign policy

A) informed policy makers for the next four decades.
B) were applied only to U.S. interests in Latin America.
C) were undone by Ronald Reagan's reinvigorated anticommunist and interventionist policies.
D) were ignored even by his own State Department.

Question 10

On Human Rights (1977)
Jimmy Carter
For too many years, we've been willing to adopt the flawed and erroneous principles and tactics of our adversaries, sometimes abandoning our own values for theirs. We fought fire with fire, never thinking that fire is better quenched with water. . . .
First we have reaffirmed America's commitment to human rights as a fundamental tenet of our foreign policy. . . . What draws us together, perhaps more than anything else, is a belief in human freedom. We want the world to know that our Nation stands for more than financial prosperity.
This does not mean that we can conduct our foreign policy by rigid moral maxims . . . .
Throughout the world today, in free nations and in totalitarian countries as well, there is a preoccupation with the subject of human freedom, human rights. And I believe it is incumbent on us in this country to keep that discussion, that debate, that contention alive. No other country is as well-qualified as we to set an example.
Jimmy Carter's ideas about human rights in U.S. foreign policy were a direct response to American support for authoritarian regimes in

A) Europe.
B) Latin America.
C) Southeast Asia.
D) China.

Question 11

Tear Down This Wall (1987)
Ronald Reagan
Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe. From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guardtowers. . . .
In the 1950s, Khrushchev predicted: "We will bury you." But in the West today, we see a free world that has achieved a level of prosperity and well-being unprecedented in all human history. In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most basic kind-too little food. Even today, the Soviet Union still cannot feed itself. After these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity. Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace. Freedom is the victor. . . .
As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray-painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young Berliner: "This wall will fall. Beliefs become reality." Yes, across Europe, this wall will fall. For it cannot withstand faith; it cannot withstand truth. The wall cannot withstand freedom.
Which contemporary trend best describes the fundamental values articulated by Reagan?

A) globalization of trade and information as catalysts to democratic movements
B) the outsourcing of manufacturing and services
C) the fall of oppressive dictatorships in the Middle East
D) the widespread adoption of free market principles and capitalism

Question 12

Tear Down This Wall (1987)
Ronald Reagan
Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe. From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guardtowers. . . .
In the 1950s, Khrushchev predicted: "We will bury you." But in the West today, we see a free world that has achieved a level of prosperity and well-being unprecedented in all human history. In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most basic kind-too little food. Even today, the Soviet Union still cannot feed itself. After these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity. Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace. Freedom is the victor. . . .
As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray-painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young Berliner: "This wall will fall. Beliefs become reality." Yes, across Europe, this wall will fall. For it cannot withstand faith; it cannot withstand truth. The wall cannot withstand freedom.
Which Cold War example best illustrates the contrast in freedom that Reagan is describing?

A) Israel and its neighboring Arab countries
B) Cuba and Puerto Rico
C) North Korea and South Korea
D) Iran and Iraq

Question 13

The Moral Majority (1996)
William Martin, With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America
This combination of covenantal thinking, conviction of divine mission, and profound awareness of human fallibility have marked American political institutions and movements from the Mayflower Compact to the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, from the New Deal and New Frontier and Great Society, to the rise of the Moral Majority and the Christian Coalition and the construction of the Republican Party's 1994 Contract With America.
Continued support for the political movement described in the excerpt is best represented by which of the following issues?

A) the passage of laws exempting people from elements of the Civil Rights Acts based on their religious objection to gay marriage
B) the prevalence of Roe v.Wade as judicial precedent
C) the elimination of the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" Policy by executive order
D) wars against terrorism in Iraq and Afghanistan

Question 14

On Human Rights (1977)
Jimmy Carter
For too many years, we've been willing to adopt the flawed and erroneous principles and tactics of our adversaries, sometimes abandoning our own values for theirs. We fought fire with fire, never thinking that fire is better quenched with water. . . .
First we have reaffirmed America's commitment to human rights as a fundamental tenet of our foreign policy. . . . What draws us together, perhaps more than anything else, is a belief in human freedom. We want the world to know that our Nation stands for more than financial prosperity.
This does not mean that we can conduct our foreign policy by rigid moral maxims . . . .
Throughout the world today, in free nations and in totalitarian countries as well, there is a preoccupation with the subject of human freedom, human rights. And I believe it is incumbent on us in this country to keep that discussion, that debate, that contention alive. No other country is as well-qualified as we to set an example.
Jimmy Carter's speech addresses debates about

A) rooting out communism and containment.
B) American territorial expansion.
C) the merits of a large nuclear arsenal.
D) the "military-industrial complex."

Question 15

The Nixon Administration:

A) created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).
B) was not interested in enlarging the federal government with new agencies other than the EPA.
C) did not support the Endangered Species Act, which was vetoed by Nixon but survived with a congressional override.
D) A and C

Question 16

Richard Nixon's New Federalism:

A) proposed a decrease in funding for Social Security.
B) called for a reduction in all government spending and a balanced budget.
C) proposed that a system of block grants be assigned to states to spend as they saw fit.
D) demanded that the federal government administer all aid, even on the local level.

Question 17

Nixon's Family Assistance Plan:

A) proposed to guarantee a minimum income for all Americans.
B) won approval by Congress.
C) was seen as too radical by liberals.
D) replaced Aid to Families with Dependent Children.

Question 18

Tear Down This Wall (1987)
Ronald Reagan
Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe. From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guardtowers. . . .
In the 1950s, Khrushchev predicted: "We will bury you." But in the West today, we see a free world that has achieved a level of prosperity and well-being unprecedented in all human history. In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most basic kind-too little food. Even today, the Soviet Union still cannot feed itself. After these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity. Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace. Freedom is the victor. . . .
As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray-painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young Berliner: "This wall will fall. Beliefs become reality." Yes, across Europe, this wall will fall. For it cannot withstand faith; it cannot withstand truth. The wall cannot withstand freedom.
How did Reagan's speech foreshadow the cause of the United States' victory in the Cold War?

A) The Soviet Union could not keep up economically with the more prosperous United States and was no longer able to challenge the United States.
B) The rise of democratic movements throughout the world undermined the Soviet Union's position of power.
C) Many of the states of the Soviet Union sought change after enduring stagnant economies throughout the Cold War era.
D) Berliners tore down the wall in response to decades of oppressive rule.

Question 19

The Moral Majority (1996)
William Martin, With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America
This combination of covenantal thinking, conviction of divine mission, and profound awareness of human fallibility have marked American political institutions and movements from the Mayflower Compact to the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, from the New Deal and New Frontier and Great Society, to the rise of the Moral Majority and the Christian Coalition and the construction of the Republican Party's 1994 Contract With America.
The most significant cause of the political movement described in the excerpt was

A) resistance to increasing globalization.
B) increasing patriotism and nationalism in the face of the Cold War.
C) growing opportunities for higher education.
D) expanding influence of evangelical Christian churches and organizations.

Question 20

What did the Supreme Court rulings San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez and Milliken v. Bradley suggest?

A) The Court found the Constitution requires equality of school funding.
B) The Court recognized a school district's obligation to move its students great distances to achieve racial integration.
C) The Court was willing to abandon the idea overturning local control of schools.
D) The Court would continue to rule in favor of busing in the future.

Question 21

Which of the following statements correctly describes the outcome of the My Lai Massacre?

A) The military cover-up of the atrocity prevented the guilty parties from ever facing trial.
B) American public opinion declared the defendants guilty before there even was a trial.
C) The leaders responsible for the massacre were all sentenced to life and remain in jail to this day.
D) One person was found guilty in this killing of 350 civilians, but was released in 1974.

Question 22

Domestically, President Gerald Ford:

A) was successful at reviving the American economy.
B) introduced programs that encouraged growth in the manufacturing sector.
C) reversed the economic policies of his predecessor.
D) failed to revive the economy.

Question 23

Why did President Carter cut off aid to Argentina in 1978?

A) He was protesting the military junta under Augusto Pinochet that had grabbed power in a coup.
B) He was sending a signal to the socialist Allende movement, which had nationalized the American-dominated petroleum industry in that South American nation.
C) Carter was expressing his support for Great Britain's prime minister Margaret Thatcher and its seizure of the Falkland Islands.
D) A brutal military dictatorship had emerged there, waging a dirty war against its own citizens.

Question 24

Under the Nixon administration, the United States:

A) supported the government of Salvador Allende in Chile.
B) boycotted South Africa to protest apartheid.
C) supported democratic reforms in Iran.
D) continued to undermine Third World governments.

Question 25

What triggered the rise of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia?

A) The victory of communists in Vietnam in 1975.
B) The manipulations of the Soviet KGB secret service in Phnom Penh.
C) The invasion of U.S. troops in 1970.
D) The assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem.

Question 26

The Church Committee revealed that since the beginning of the Cold War:

A) the CIA and FBI had engaged in abusive actions.
B) the Catholic Church had secretly channeled funds to Third World countries fighting communism.
C) every administration had traded arms for hostages behind the back of Congress.
D) the Ku Klux Klan had been receiving funds from the FBI to sabotage the civil rights movement.

Question 27

When they were arrested, the burglars at the Watergate apartment complex were breaking into:

A) the psychiatrist Daniel Ellsberg's office.
B) the Washington Post's headquarters.
C) the Democratic Party headquarters.
D) George McGovern's apartment.

Question 28

Why had it been premature for liberals to celebrate the downfall of their political adversary Richard Nixon?

A) Nixon would stage a second political comeback in the Reagan administration.
B) As many Democrats as Republicans wound up in jail in the Watergate scandal.
C) Nixon remained popular with the American public, despite the Watergate scandal.
D) Watergate undermined public confidence in the merits of the federal government.

Question 29

The Three Mile Island nuclear plant:

A) proved the success of the alternative energy resource.
B) was the first of its kind to be operational.
C) brought a halt to the nuclear energy industry's expansion.
D) was the first nuclear plant to have an accident.

Question 30

In 1975, the Vietnam War ended:

A) as the only war lost by the United States.
B) as a military, political, and social victory for the United States.
C) leaving very few Vietnamese casualties.
D) leaving many Americans optimistic.
E) as a result of the U.S. invasion of Cambodia.

Question 31

The economic condition known as stagflation was caused by:

A) declining oil prices.
B) low inflation rates.
C) stagnant economic growth and low inflation.
D) stagnant economic growth and high inflation.

Question 32

What did events surrounding the Watergate break-in and cover-up suggest about Richard Nixon?

A) That despite his involvement after the fact, he believed that even the president was not above the law.
B) He was willing to condone illegal activity if it would silence his political enemies.
C) His refusal to surrender the White House tapes initially showed strength and bolstered his standing with the American people.
D) A and B

Question 33

Which of the following best describes Nixon's foreign policy of "détente"?

A) It meant a continuation of the status quo.
B) The United States was not yet willing to sign arms-control treaties with the Soviet Union.
C) As demonstrated by diplomatic visits to both China and the Soviet Union, Nixon sought a peaceful coexistence with communist nations.
D) It meant a rejection of Henry Kissinger's "realist" approach to the Cold War.

Question 34

Which of the following comparisons of wage trends for 1953 to 1973 and 1973 to 1993 is accurate?

A) Wages were more equitable for women and minorities in the first period than in the second.
B) Wage gains were typically eaten up by inflation in the first half.
C) Nominal wages gradually sunk in the first half and rose in the second, but real wages behaved in the opposite way.
D) Wages increased significantly in the first period but stagnated in the second.

Question 35

Why did the CIA seek to destabilize the government of Chile after 1970?

A) The country had elected socialist Salvador Allende into office.
B) The U.S. sought to prevent the coup of General Augusto Pinochet.
C) The Chilean government had blocked U.S. access to Chilean copper mines.
D) The government of Chile had provided North Vietnam with covert support.

Question 36

What were the results of the U.S. invasion of neutral Cambodia in 1970?

A) The Viet Cong lost access to its Ho Chi Minh Trail.
B) South Vietnam gained increasing influence over a weak neighbor.
C) The invasion destabilized the nation and ushered in a murderous regime.
D) The impressive military action convinced communist China to approach the United States.

Question 37

"Vietnamization" was:

A) the Viet Cong's policy of immediate execution of defectors recaptured from the South Vietnamese army.
B) Nixon's term for the transformation of young people into "real" Americans when they refrained from protesting against the war.
C) Nixon's Vietnam strategy to have American troops gradually withdraw and South Vietnamese troops assume more of the fighting.
D) the State Department program offering fast-tracked political asylum for South Vietnamese military officials and their families.

Question 38

In 1976, Jimmy Carter won the presidential race in part because he:

A) promised never to lie to Americans.
B) pledged to pardon Richard Nixon.
C) did not support affirmative action.
D) was well connected within the Washington political scene.

Question 39

What led to the congressional discovery that the FBI had spied on millions of Americans in the 1960s?

A) The assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem.
B) The invasion of Cambodia.
C) The Church Committee investigations.
D) The hearings in the wake of the Kent State shootings.

Question 40

President Carter's foreign policy emphasized:

A) the need to fight communism around the world.
B) the policy of containment.
C) the right of the United States to intervene in Latin America.
D) human rights as a diplomatic priority.

Question 41

The Equal Rights Amendment:

A) stated that equality of rights under the law could not be abridged on account of sex.
B) was revived by second-wave feminists and was expected to arouse controversy, given its lack of support among a majority of congressional Republicans.
C) had originally been proposed in 1920 by former suffragists.
D) A and C

Question 42

How did trickle-down economics claim to increase government tax revenues?

A) By increasing the tariff.
B) By lowering tax rates.
C) By raising taxes.
D) By lowering wages.

Question 43

In response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, President Carter pursued all of the following policies EXCEPT:

A) boycotting the Moscow Olympics.
B) breaking off diplomatic relations with Pakistan.
C) placing an embargo on grain exports to the Soviet Union.
D) funneling aid to fundamentalist Muslims in Afghanistan who fought a guerilla war against the Soviets.

Question 44

What motivated the Sagebrush Rebellion?

A) A rising tide of antigovernment sentiment.
B) Anger over the loss of jobs with the closing of the Nevada Test Site.
C) The desire of western ranchers for local control of grazing rights on public lands.
D) A and C

Question 45

During the 1970s, evangelical Christians:

A) significantly declined in number, as they became less vocal.
B) significantly increased in number, as they became more vocal.
C) became more liberal in their beliefs.
D) were banned from holding public office.

Question 46

Opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment, like Phyllis Schlafly, argued that the passage of the ERA would:

A) take away a woman's right to be a housewife.
B) finally make women truly equal citizens, a goal set forth at Seneca Falls over a century before.
C) be amended so as to exclude women from being drafted into the armed forces.
D) not change anything, and so its ratification would mean nothing.

Question 47

The handling of the Iranian hostage crisis:

A) was a diplomatic achievement for President Carter.
B) restored Americans' confidence in their nation.
C) made Jimmy Carter appear weak and inept.
D) made Ronald Reagan appear weak and inept.

Question 48

What setback did the advocates of the Roe v. Wade decision of 1973 suffer in 1976?

A) Congress overrode Ford's veto and ended federal funding for abortion in the Medicaid program.
B) The Supreme Court declared bans on abortion constitutional.
C) Congress enacted a bill banning abortion from health care policies for federal employees.
D) The Supreme Court reversed its position on access to contraception and allowed states to ban condoms.

Question 49

How did Phyllis Schlafly and her supporters invoke the principle of freedom in the battle over the ERA?

A) They argued that freedom for American women was best experienced through their husbands.
B) They argued that "freedom" for American women had already been achieved with the Nineteenth Amendment.
C) They argued it was the "free enterprise system" that truly liberated American women, because home appliances freed them from time-consuming labor.
D) Schlafly and her supporters never spoke of American freedom.

Question 50

How did the experience of the 1960s shape America's neoconservatives?

A) Neoconservatives came to believe that even the best-intentioned social programs did more harm than good.
B) The expense of the space race convinced them that they had to give up fighting the Cold War.
C) The U.S. experience in the Vietnam War taught neoconservatives to wage wars with all available resources.
D) The prosperity under the stewardship of liberal Democrats convinced them that New Deal economics were the path for the future.

Question 51

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the Iran Crisis?

A) The American hostages in Iran were released the day Carter left office.
B) In 1979, a popular revolution overthrew the shah and Iran became an Islamic state.
C) The Iranian Revolution signaled that opposition movements in Middle Eastern countries were shifting to religious fundamentalist ideologies.
D) After Carter refused the deposed shah entry for medical treatment in the United States, his exiled internal security force invaded the U.S. Embassy in Teheran and took American hostages.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is NOT true of Proposition 13?

A) It did not result in fewer funds for libraries and schools, as opponents claimed it would.
B) Although proposed by California conservatives, it reflected the growing anti-tax mood of the rest of the nation.
C) Businesses and homeowners benefited greatly from its passage.
D) It proved taxation could be a trenchant issue for politicians and American voters.

Question 53

The election of 1980 reflected:

A) the end of conservatism.
B) the validation of big government.
C) a return to progressivism.
D) growing frustration over America's condition.

Question 54

The Reagan Revolution:

A) included an emphasis on global human rights.
B) introduced an expanded welfare state.
C) strengthened the labor movement.
D) included cuts to government programs.

Question 55

Reagan's economic policies:

A) expanded food stamps and school lunch programs.
B) enlarged government revenue.
C) resulted in a rise in economic inequality.
D) strengthened labor unions.

Question 56

In order to protect U.S. interests, the Carter Doctrine declared that the United States would:

A) never intervene in the affairs of another nation.
B) use military force, particularly in Southeast Asia.
C) use military force, particularly in the Western Hemisphere.
D) use military force, particularly in the Persian Gulf.

Question 57

The Moral Majority:

A) favored abortion rights.
B) feared family values were being undermined.
C) focused on taxes and the federal debt.
D) wanted divorces to be easier to obtain.

Question 58

What was Reagan's reaction to the air traffic controllers' strike?

A) He ordered permanent military jurisdiction for the nation's air traffic control system.
B) He convinced those on strike to come back to the bargaining table and renegotiate their contracts.
C) He fired all of the air traffic controllers on strike.
D) He had the Justice Department sue PATCO, the air traffic controllers' union.

Question 59

During the 1970s, conservatives:

A) continued their overt opposition to the black struggle for racial justice.
B) insisted on more local control and resisted the power of the federal government.
C) employed the fiery rhetoric and direct confrontation tactics of Bull Connor and George Wallace.
D) made little progress.

Question 60

Which of the following assessments of the Carter administration in 1980 is accurate?

A) Without his masterful resolution to the Iranian hostage crisis, Carter's reelection would have been doubtful.
B) Prior to Reagan's announcement that he was going to run for president, few Americans would have doubted Carter's reelection.
C) Only Carter's defeat in the 1980 election saved him from almost certain impeachment by a heavily Republican Congress.
D) Carter's approval ratings in 1980 had fallen lower than Nixon's at the time of his resignation.

Question 61

Evaluate the effect of the end of the Cold War on U.S. foreign policy.

Question 62

What victory could cultural conservatives claim in 1986?

A) They had secured a federal ban on pornography in the Supreme Court.
B) A majority of states ratified a constitutional amendment banning abortion.
C) The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state laws banning homosexual acts.
D) They had secured federal censorship of pornography.

Question 63

Bowers v. Hardwick:

A) upheld the constitutionality of state laws outlawing homosexual acts.
B) took the United States off the gold standard.
C) ruled affirmative action was constitutional in university decisions regarding enrollment.
D) stated that a criminal had the right to a state-appointed lawyer.

Question 64

Identify and explain three important factors that led to the end of the Cold War.

Question 65

In foreign policy, Reagan:

A) opposed "authoritarian" noncommunist regimes.
B) embraced Carter's emphasis on human rights.
C) decreased military spending.
D) initiated the largest military buildup in American history.

Question 66

Geraldine Ferraro is best known as:

A) the first female candidate on a major-party presidential ticket.
B) a conservative who campaigned against the Equal Rights Amendment.
C) the leader of the Redstockings.
D) cofounder of the National Organization of Women (NOW).

Question 67

The Iran-Contra affair:

A) was a scandal that brought down Reagan's cabinet, as well as high-ranking officials in the Marine Corps.
B) resulted in the seizure of a secret Iranian oil reserve owned by Oliver North.
C) was the greatest scandal of the Reagan administration.
D) refers to the U.S. efforts to overthrow the shah.

Question 68

Mikhail Gorbachev:

A) accused Reagan of presiding over an "evil empire."
B) inaugurated political openness and economic reform in the Soviet Union.
C) was reviled by Reagan for his unwillingness to negotiate arms reduction.
D) ensured the Soviet Union would continue as a strong ally of the United States in the future.

Question 69

The "Second Gilded Age":

A) could describe the 1980s, a decade where making deals was more profitable for companies than making products.
B) was a Mondale-Ferraro 1984 campaign slogan slamming Reagan's coddling of the rich.
C) could describe the 1980s, a decade where organized labor made substantial gains as it had in the 1890s.
D) was the title of a 1980s documentary about "yuppies" who sold out to the financial establishment.

Question 70

Determined to overturn the Vietnam syndrome, President Reagan:

A) refused to commit U.S. troops abroad.
B) sent troops to Grenada and Lebanon.
C) expanded Jimmy Carter's policy of human rights.
D) sent troops to overthrow a repressive dictatorship in Chile.