Deck 12: The World System and Colonialism

Question 1

Which of the following is a reason that the Madagascar project to increase rice production was successful?

A)Malagasy leaders were of the peasantry, or had strong ties to it, and therefore were prepared to follow the descent-group ethic of pooling resources for the good of the group as a whole.
B)The elites and the lower class were of different origins and therefore had no strong connections through kinship, descent, or marriage.
C)There is a clear fit between capitalist development schemes and corporate descent-group social organization.
D)It took into account that native forms of social organization inevitably break down into nuclear family organization, impersonality, and alienation.
E)The educated members of Malagasy society are those who have struggled to fend for themselves and therefore brought an innovative kind of independence to the project.

Answer 1

Malagasy leaders were of the peasantry, or had strong ties to it, and therefore were prepared to follow the descent-group ethic of pooling resources for the good of the group as a whole.

Question 2

What kind of disease theory underlies traditional understandings of susto?

A)Personalistic
B)Naturalistic
C)Biomedical
D)Emotionalistic
E)Tribal

Answer 2

Emotionalistic

Question 3

Cultural resource management is an example of applied

A)ethnology.
B)biological anthropology.
C)archaeology.
D)linguistic anthropology.
E)ethnography.

Answer 3

archaeology.

Question 4

What is an illness?

A)A nonexistent ailment (only "diseases" are real)
B)An artificial product of biomedicine
C)A scientifically identified health threat
D)A purely linguistic problem
E)A health problem as it is experienced by the affected individual

Question 5

What did Robert Redfield argue regarding the relations between urban and rural communities?

A)Peasants were culturally isolated from cities.
B)Cities were centers from which cultural innovations were spread to rural and tribal areas.
C)Kin-based ethnic associations only exist in rural areas.
D)There are so many connections between rural and urban areas that it is not useful to distinguish between them.
E)Urban centers have more in common with each other, even across national boundaries, than they do with rural areas in the same country.

Question 6

Which of the following should not be one of the goals of an applied anthropological approach to urban programs?

A)Work with the community to ensure that the change is implemented correctly
B)Identify key social groups in the urban context
C)Translate the needs and desires of the community to funding agencies
D)Create a single universal policy to be applied to all urban communities
E)Elicit wishes from the target community

Question 7

Anthropology may help the progress of education by enabling educators to avoid all of the following except

A)indiscriminate assignment of nonnative speakers of English to the same classrooms as children with "behavior problems."
B)tolerance of ethnic diversity.
C)incorrect application of labels (e.g., "learning impaired").
D)sociolinguistic discrimination.
E)ethnic stereotyping.

Question 8

What is a disease?

A)A health problem as it is experienced by the affected individual
B)An artificial product of biomedicine
C)A consequence of foraging
D)An unnatural state of health
E)A scientifically identified health threat

Question 9

What was the postwar baby boom of the late 1940s and 1950s responsible for?

A)It fueled the general expansion of the American educational system, including academic anthropology.
B)It promoted renewed interest in applied anthropology during the 1950s and 1960s.
C)It brought anthropology into most high school curricula.
D)It produced a new interest in ethnic diversity.
E)It brought an end to the world system.

Question 10

What term refers to the beliefs, customs, specialists, and techniques aimed at ensuring health and curing illness?

A)Disease theory
B)Medical anthropology
C)Health care system
D)Shaman
E)Psychosemantics

Question 11

All development projects should aim to accomplish all of the following except

A)to promote change, but not overinnovation.
B)to preserve local systems, while working to make them better.
C)to respect local traditions.
D)to base models of development on indigenous practices and social forms.
E)to develop strategies with little input from local communities.

Question 12

The use of anthropological findings, concepts, and methods to accomplish a desired end is known as

A)applied anthropology.
B)economic anthropology.
C)conceptual anthropology.
D)sociobiology.
E)participant observation.

Question 13

Which of the following is not a proper role for an applied anthropologist?

A)Working with local people in addition to "experts" and officials
B)Identifying locally perceived needs for change
C)Helping to design and implement culturally appropriate development programs
D)Helping to impose development programs designed solely by international authorities
E)Protecting local people from projects and policies not in their best interest

Question 14

The Malagasy development program illustrates the importance of

A)the local government's commitment to improving the lives of its citizens.
B)replacing subsistence farming with a viable cash crop.
C)replacing outdated traditional techniques of irrigation.
D)breaking down corporate descent groups, which are too independent and interfere with development.
E)the top-down strategies developed by the United Nations.

Question 15

What term refers to the tendency to view less-developed countries as more alike than they are?

A)Cultural relativism
B)Ethnobias
C)Overinnovation
D)Underdifferentiation
E)Intervention philosophy

Question 16

Which of the following statements about the early application of anthropology is not true?

A)Malinowski proposed that "practical anthropology" should focus on the diffusion of European culture into tribal societies.
B)Malinowski was not opposed to aiding colonial regimes by studying land tenure and land use in order to recommend how much land local people should keep and what Europeans should get.
C)The British empire saw no use for anthropologists, and British colonials purposefully distanced themselves from anthropologists in the field.
D)A historical association existed between early anthropology, especially in Europe, and colonialism.
E)During World War II, American anthropologists studied Japanese and German culture to predict the behavior of the wartime enemies of the United States.

Question 17

What is a common goal of development projects?

A)To increase socioeconomic stratification
B)To promote ethnocide
C)To facilitate cultural assimilation
D)To decrease local autonomy
E)To increase equity

Question 18

Where are most anthropologists employed today?

A)The business sector
B)International organizations
C)Universities and colleges
D)Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
E)Government

Question 19

What kind of disease theory would attribute a person's illness to the consumption of hot or cold substances under the wrong conditions?

A)Personalistic
B)Naturalistic
C)Biomedical
D)Emotionalistic
E)Tribal

Question 20

Applied anthropology's systemic perspective recognizes that

A)diseases affect many different systems of the human body.
B)changes don't occur in a vacuum, and a program or project has multiple effects.
C)the world-system theory of Wallerstein provides the best basis for applied work.
D)it is necessary for applied work to focus entirely on educational systems.
E)the most effective viewpoint for applied work is always that of a state administrator.

Question 21

Anthropologists researching the effects of development at the local level are able to identify inadequacies that may not be evident to economists working at national and global levels.

Question 22

What does it mean to say that an economic development project is culturally compatible? What are the advantages of ensuring that projects are culturally compatible?

Question 23

How might a premedical student apply some of the knowledge learned in anthropology courses as a physician?

Question 24

Human societies are becoming increasingly urban.What are (or will be) some of the effects of increased urbanization? Where are these effects most pronounced? What contributions can applied anthropologists make to urban planning?

Question 25

Discuss the reasons why many anthropologists have turned from academic to applied work.

Question 26

What is the relationship between theory and practice in anthropology? Do you agree that applied anthropology should be recognized as a separate subdiscipline? How is it different from the traditional subfields of anthropology?

Question 27

What is the fallacy of underdifferentiation? What are some possible alternatives to it?

Question 28

Indicate your career plans, if known, and describe how you might apply the knowledge you learned in an introductory anthropology course in your future vocation.If you have not yet chosen a career, pick one of the following: economist, engineer, diplomat, architect, or elementary schoolteacher.Why is it important to understand the culture and social organization of the people who will be affected by your work?

Question 29

There is considerable debate today over whether governments should or should not require schools to provide bilingual education for students, and if so, how this could best be accomplished.Pretend you are an anthropologist that a school board in a bilingual community has asked to provide some guidance on this issue.What might you tell the school board about the relationships between students' social, cultural, and linguistic backgrounds and their potential for success in school?

Question 30

What are some of the things that applied anthropologists in each of the four subdisciplines do? What types of settings do they work in, with whom do they collaborate, and on what issues do they focus?

Question 31

Development anthropology refers to the branch of anthropology that uses data collected in local settings to formulate theories about the development of culture through time.

Question 32

According to Kottak, what is a common problem for international development projects?

A)They lack an intervention philosophy.
B)They often assume the best way to increase production and income is through industrialization.
C)They tend to use local cultural models and processes rather than the more advanced Western models.
D)They frequently make unnecessary attempts to extend indigenous lifestyles that are already obsolete.
E)They overemphasize the needs of local communities.

Question 33

Discuss the major advantages and disadvantages of scientific medicine and other health care systems (be careful to distinguish between scientific medicine and Western medicine per se).

Question 34

Discuss ways in which anthropology is relevant to business.

Question 35

What is overinnovation, and why can it undermine development projects?

Question 36

Development projects are much more likely to succeed if they are based on traditional social organizations and respond to locally perceived needs.

Question 37

Development projects that assume all "less-developed countries" are alike

A)have only limited chances of succeeding.
B)are the most successful kind of development scheme.
C)have never taken place.
D)are known as utopian intervention.
E)are known as research and development.

Question 38

Which of the following statements about applied anthropology is not true?

A)One of the most valuable tools in applying anthropology is the ethnographic method.
B)Many applied anthropologists have worked with development agencies such as the World Bank and USAID.
C)The application of anthropology to social problems has been a central concern in the discipline since its origin.
D)Applied anthropology is a recently developed subfield within anthropology and reflects an entirely new concern with the application of anthropology to social problems.
E)Forensic anthropologists work with the police, medical examiners, and courts to identify victims of crimes.

Question 39

The original marketing strategy of McDonald's in Brazil

A)promoted a beer with lunch.
B)completely changed the menu to include Brazilian favorites.
C)tried to Americanize Brazilian eating habits.
D)took into consideration the Brazilian habit of eating hot foods, like hamburgers, on the beach.
E)focused on the Sunday evening dinner market.

Question 40

In a comparative study of sixty-eight development projects, Kottak determined that

A)overinnovation was the most productive development model.
B)culturally compatible projects were twice as successful as incompatible ones.
C)the socialist bloc model was the most successful.
D)the capitalist bloc model was the most financially successful.
E)the underdifferentiated model led to the most equity.

Question 41

The example of postcolonial development in Madagascar demonstrates that descent group organization can be a major obstacle to economic development.

Question 42

During World War II, the U.S.government recruited anthropologists to study Japanese and German culture.

Question 43

Businesses are no longer interested in hiring applied anthropologists now that the majority of goods are bought and sold over the Internet.

Question 44

Biomedicine, which aims to link illness to scientifically demonstrated agents that bear no personal malice toward their victims, is an example of a naturalistic medical system.

Question 45

Non-Western medicine does not maintain a sharp distinction between biological and psychological illnesses.

Question 46

There is considerable cross-cultural variation in the interpretation and treatment of illnesses.

Question 47

Population growth and increasing urbanization are far more pronounced in the highly industrialized, wealthy nations of North America and Europe than they are in developing countries.

Question 48

In his comparison of rural and urban communities, Redfield found that cultural innovations spread from urban areas to rural ones.

Question 49

Academic and applied anthropology have a symbiotic relationship, as theory aids practice and application fuels theory.

Question 50

Medical anthropology is strictly an applied field within anthropology.

Question 51

An illness is a scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen.

Question 52

Health care systems refer to the nationalized health care services that only exist in core industrial nations.

Question 53

Cultural resource management (CRM) refers to the efforts of peripheral nations to develop tourism focused on their cultural heritage, past and present.