Deck 28: A Divided Nation

Question 1

How did President Bush characterize the toppling of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan?

A) As a "mission accomplished."
B) As an end to the "axis of evil."
C) As the triumph of a "coalition of the willing."
D) As only the beginning of the war on terror.

Answer 1

As only the beginning of the war on terror.

Question 2

Early in 2003, President Bush announced that the United States would go to war against Iraq:

A) with the full support of the United Nations.
B) because its dictator, Saddam Hussein, had ordered the terrorist attacks on September 11.
C) because it was believed that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction.
D) with the full support of the international community.

Answer 2

because it was believed that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction.

Question 3

Had President George W. Bush kept his focus on the issue that most concerned the foreign policy "realists" in his administration, he would have:

A) continued the pursuit of Al Qaeda, which was maintaining its capabilities.
B) kept the world's attention on North Korea.
C) prepared a liberation of the Darfur region in western Sudan.
D) invaded Iran.

Answer 3

continued the pursuit of Al Qaeda, which was maintaining its capabilities.

Question 4

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
Justice Anthony Kennedy
Equality of treatment and the due process right to demand respect for conduct protected by the substantive guarantee of liberty are linked in important respects. . . . If protected conduct is made criminal and the law which does so remains unexamined for its substantive validity, its stigma might remain even if it were not enforceable as drawn for equal protection reasons. When homosexual conduct is made criminal by the law of the State, that declaration in and of itself is an invitation to subject homosexual persons to discrimination both in the public and in the private spheres. . . .
The State cannot demean their existence or control their destiny by making their private sexual conduct a crime. Their right to liberty under the Due Process Clause gives them the full right to engage in their conduct without intervention of the government. "It is a promise of the Constitution that there is a realm of personal liberty which the government may not enter." Casey, supra, at 847. The Texas statute furthers no legitimate state interest which can justify its intrusion into the personal and private life of the individual.
Had those who drew and ratified the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth Amendment or the Fourteenth Amendment known the components of liberty in its manifold possibilities, they might have been more specific. They did not presume to have this insight. They knew times can blind us to certain truths and later generations can see that laws once thought necessary and proper in fact serve only to oppress. As the Constitution endures, persons in every generation can invoke its principles in their own search for greater freedom.
In this majority opinion, Justice Kennedy is advocating an interpretation of the Constitution that

A) changes with the times.
B) is based mostly on public opinion.
C) relies strictly on what the Founders would have said.
D) always defers to the whims of the states.

Question 5

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
Justice Anthony Kennedy
Equality of treatment and the due process right to demand respect for conduct protected by the substantive guarantee of liberty are linked in important respects. . . . If protected conduct is made criminal and the law which does so remains unexamined for its substantive validity, its stigma might remain even if it were not enforceable as drawn for equal protection reasons. When homosexual conduct is made criminal by the law of the State, that declaration in and of itself is an invitation to subject homosexual persons to discrimination both in the public and in the private spheres. . . .
The State cannot demean their existence or control their destiny by making their private sexual conduct a crime. Their right to liberty under the Due Process Clause gives them the full right to engage in their conduct without intervention of the government. "It is a promise of the Constitution that there is a realm of personal liberty which the government may not enter." Casey, supra, at 847. The Texas statute furthers no legitimate state interest which can justify its intrusion into the personal and private life of the individual.
Had those who drew and ratified the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth Amendment or the Fourteenth Amendment known the components of liberty in its manifold possibilities, they might have been more specific. They did not presume to have this insight. They knew times can blind us to certain truths and later generations can see that laws once thought necessary and proper in fact serve only to oppress. As the Constitution endures, persons in every generation can invoke its principles in their own search for greater freedom.
The decision in Lawrence v. Texas represents

A) the rolling back of conservative viewpoints of the 1970s and 1980s.
B) widespread acceptance of homosexuality in America.
C) the arrival of more liberal justices on the Supreme Court.
D) trends toward increasing the power of the federal government.

Question 6

Prior to the new national security atmosphere of the war on terror, what had separated Americans from the historical abuses of the CIA and FBI during the 1950s and 1960s?

A) The national security reforms of the Reagan administration.
B) The liberal civil rights enhancements of the Clinton administration.
C) The radical expansions of civil liberties under the Warren and Burger courts.
D) The discoveries of the Church Committee in the wake of Nixon's resignation.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about Saddam Hussein turned out to be true?

A) He possessed a mobile chemical weapons laboratory.
B) He had hidden weapons of mass destruction in his many palaces.
C) He was a horrible tyrant who ruled Iraq ruthlessly.
D) He was hiding in his palace as a safe haven from the war.

Question 8

What made Bush's 2002 "National Security Strategy" fundamentally different from previous American policy?

A) It began by defining freedom.
B) It called for a huge military buildup.
C) It did not refrain from nuclear weapons.
D) It advocated the use of preemptive war.

Question 9

Senator Robert Byrd
Calling heads of state pygmies, labeling whole countries as evil, denigrating powerful European allies as irrelevant-these types of crude insensitivities can do our great nation no good. We may have massive military might, but we cannot fight a global war on terrorism alone. We need the cooperation and friendship of our time-honored allies as well as the newer found friends whom we can attract with our wealth. Our awesome military machine will do us little good if we suffer another devastating attack on our homeland which severely damages our economy. Our military manpower is already stretched thin and we will need the augmenting support of those nations who can supply troop strength, not just sign letters cheering us on. . . .
We are truly "sleepwalking through history." In my heart of hearts I pray that this great nation and its good and trusting citizens are not in for a rudest of awakenings.
To engage in war is always to pick a wild card. And war must always be a last resort, not a first choice. I truly must question the judgment of any President who can say that a massive unprovoked military attack on a nation which is over 50% children is "in the highest moral traditions of our country." This war is not necessary at this time. Pressure appears to be having a good result in Iraq. Our mistake was to put ourselves in a corner so quickly. Our challenge is to now find a graceful way out of a box of our own making. Perhaps there is still a way if we allow more time.
Byrd's speech implies concern about the breakdown of

A) collective security and multilateral frameworks.
B) the superiority of the American military.
C) patriotism in the United States.
D) alliances with Europe.

Question 10

The Kyoto Protocol of 1997:

A) was an apology to Japan for the dropping of the atomic bombs.
B) addressed the issue of global warming and was rejected by President Bush.
C) addressed the issue of global warming and was supported by President Bush.
D) was a trade agreement between Japan and the United States.

Question 11

Why was the Iraq War compared to Vietnam?

A) Both had begun as nation-building projects.
B) Both featured free elections overseen by American officials that resulted in stable governments.
C) Both featured American policymakers with little knowledge of the country to which they sent troops.
D) Both the Vietnamese and Iraqi people welcomed American troops as liberators.

Question 12

After the September 11 attacks, who authorized the National Security Agency (NSA) to listen to domestic telephone conversations without a court warrant?

A) Defense Secretary Rumsfeld.
B) State Secretary Powell.
C) National Security Advisor Rice.
D) President Bush.

Question 13

What did the USA Patriot Act empower law enforcement agencies to do?

A) Convict U.S. citizens without trial.
B) Wiretap and spy on citizens without their knowledge.
C) Detain family members to secure the surrender of a suspect.
D) Employ physical torture to extract evidence from suspected gang members.

Question 14

Operation Enduring Freedom was launched in October 2001:

A) against Afghanistan, because the nation was harboring Osama bin Laden.
B) against Saudi Arabia, because it was harboring Osama bin Laden.
C) against Afghanistan, because the United States did not approve of the Taliban's treatment of women.
D) against Afghanistan, because the Afghan government had ordered the terrorist attacks of September 11.

Question 15

Senator Robert Byrd
Calling heads of state pygmies, labeling whole countries as evil, denigrating powerful European allies as irrelevant-these types of crude insensitivities can do our great nation no good. We may have massive military might, but we cannot fight a global war on terrorism alone. We need the cooperation and friendship of our time-honored allies as well as the newer found friends whom we can attract with our wealth. Our awesome military machine will do us little good if we suffer another devastating attack on our homeland which severely damages our economy. Our military manpower is already stretched thin and we will need the augmenting support of those nations who can supply troop strength, not just sign letters cheering us on. . . .
We are truly "sleepwalking through history." In my heart of hearts I pray that this great nation and its good and trusting citizens are not in for a rudest of awakenings.
To engage in war is always to pick a wild card. And war must always be a last resort, not a first choice. I truly must question the judgment of any President who can say that a massive unprovoked military attack on a nation which is over 50% children is "in the highest moral traditions of our country." This war is not necessary at this time. Pressure appears to be having a good result in Iraq. Our mistake was to put ourselves in a corner so quickly. Our challenge is to now find a graceful way out of a box of our own making. Perhaps there is still a way if we allow more time.
What made Barack Obama's presidential campaign "the first political campaign of the twenty-first century"?

A) Its widespread use of the Internet to raise money and communicate directly with voters.
B) Its use of televised debates.
C) Its use of television advertisements.
D) Its use of direct calling.

Question 16

Senator Robert Byrd
Calling heads of state pygmies, labeling whole countries as evil, denigrating powerful European allies as irrelevant-these types of crude insensitivities can do our great nation no good. We may have massive military might, but we cannot fight a global war on terrorism alone. We need the cooperation and friendship of our time-honored allies as well as the newer found friends whom we can attract with our wealth. Our awesome military machine will do us little good if we suffer another devastating attack on our homeland which severely damages our economy. Our military manpower is already stretched thin and we will need the augmenting support of those nations who can supply troop strength, not just sign letters cheering us on. . . .
We are truly "sleepwalking through history." In my heart of hearts I pray that this great nation and its good and trusting citizens are not in for a rudest of awakenings.
To engage in war is always to pick a wild card. And war must always be a last resort, not a first choice. I truly must question the judgment of any President who can say that a massive unprovoked military attack on a nation which is over 50% children is "in the highest moral traditions of our country." This war is not necessary at this time. Pressure appears to be having a good result in Iraq. Our mistake was to put ourselves in a corner so quickly. Our challenge is to now find a graceful way out of a box of our own making. Perhaps there is still a way if we allow more time.
Among the following options, the controversy most similar to the one discussed by Byrd was the United States'

A) support for the Contras in Nicaragua.
B) peacekeeping effort in Haiti.
C) arms limitation treaty with the Soviet Union.
D) invasion of Afghanistan.

Question 17

According to President George W. Bush's message to the American people in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, what would have kept terrorists from attacking the United States?

A) A love of freedom.
B) Better economic opportunities.
C) A love of country.
D) A true Christian faith.

Question 18

Senator Robert Byrd
Calling heads of state pygmies, labeling whole countries as evil, denigrating powerful European allies as irrelevant-these types of crude insensitivities can do our great nation no good. We may have massive military might, but we cannot fight a global war on terrorism alone. We need the cooperation and friendship of our time-honored allies as well as the newer found friends whom we can attract with our wealth. Our awesome military machine will do us little good if we suffer another devastating attack on our homeland which severely damages our economy. Our military manpower is already stretched thin and we will need the augmenting support of those nations who can supply troop strength, not just sign letters cheering us on. . . .
We are truly "sleepwalking through history." In my heart of hearts I pray that this great nation and its good and trusting citizens are not in for a rudest of awakenings.
To engage in war is always to pick a wild card. And war must always be a last resort, not a first choice. I truly must question the judgment of any President who can say that a massive unprovoked military attack on a nation which is over 50% children is "in the highest moral traditions of our country." This war is not necessary at this time. Pressure appears to be having a good result in Iraq. Our mistake was to put ourselves in a corner so quickly. Our challenge is to now find a graceful way out of a box of our own making. Perhaps there is still a way if we allow more time.
The war in Iraq can be considered part of the

A) containment of communism.
B) rolling back of communism.
C) war on terrorism.
D) promotion of free trade.

Question 19

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
Justice Anthony Kennedy
Equality of treatment and the due process right to demand respect for conduct protected by the substantive guarantee of liberty are linked in important respects. . . . If protected conduct is made criminal and the law which does so remains unexamined for its substantive validity, its stigma might remain even if it were not enforceable as drawn for equal protection reasons. When homosexual conduct is made criminal by the law of the State, that declaration in and of itself is an invitation to subject homosexual persons to discrimination both in the public and in the private spheres. . . .
The State cannot demean their existence or control their destiny by making their private sexual conduct a crime. Their right to liberty under the Due Process Clause gives them the full right to engage in their conduct without intervention of the government. "It is a promise of the Constitution that there is a realm of personal liberty which the government may not enter." Casey, supra, at 847. The Texas statute furthers no legitimate state interest which can justify its intrusion into the personal and private life of the individual.
Had those who drew and ratified the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth Amendment or the Fourteenth Amendment known the components of liberty in its manifold possibilities, they might have been more specific. They did not presume to have this insight. They knew times can blind us to certain truths and later generations can see that laws once thought necessary and proper in fact serve only to oppress. As the Constitution endures, persons in every generation can invoke its principles in their own search for greater freedom.
The decision in Lawrence v. Texas

A) was an aberration in the conservative culture of the 2000s.
B) exemplifies the Supreme Court's willingness to overturn its own earlier decisions.
C) was a victory for homosexuals but a defeat for other minorities.
D) emboldened the religious right.

Question 20

During his first year in office, George W. Bush:

A) raised tax rates for wealthy Americans.
B) sponsored legislation to protect the environment.
C) supported the accelerated reduction of nuclear weapons.
D) persuaded Congress to enact the largest tax cut in American history.

Question 21

By mid-2003, the American economy:

A) had fully recovered from the impact of the terrorist attacks of September 11.
B) was slowly recovering, as the number of new jobs increased.
C) was mixed, as the recession ended but the unemployment rate rose.
D) was especially strong in the technology sector.

Question 22

What was the result of Lawrence v. Texas?

A) The Supreme Court overturned the law on a procedural technicality.
B) The Supreme Court declared the criminalization of homosexual acts unconstitutional.
C) The Supreme Court paved the way for Obergefell v. Hodges twelve years later.
D) B and C

Question 23

The effect of undocumented immigrants on the economy of the United States:

A) is a settled question among economists.
B) has not yet been a subject of study, so no data exists.
C) appears to push down wages for those at the bottom of the economic ladder.
D) is negligible in terms of consumer spending and additional tax revenue.

Question 24

What setback did the Bush administration suffer in its war on terror in 2008?

A) The House voted for the immediate withdrawal of troops from Iraq.
B) The press disclosed the secret family ties between the Bush family and the Saudi Arabian monarchy.
C) The Senate began its investigations into the corruption and abuses of Vice President Dick Cheney's former company, Halliburton.
D) The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Guantanamo Bay detainees could invoke rights under the U.S. Constitution.

Question 25

Conservative Supreme Court justice Anthony Kennedy, writing for the majority in the Lawrence v. Texas and Obergefell v. Hodges rulings:

A) described the Constitution as a document bound by the "original intent" of the nation's founding fathers.
B) suggested constitutional interpretation must normally rest on a narrow reading of the text.
C) reaffirmed the liberal view of the Constitution as a "living document," whose protections expand as society changes.
D) offered no explanation for the Court's upholding of state laws banning same-sex marriages.

Question 26

All of the following contributed to the banking crisis of 2008 EXCEPT:

A) the Federal Reserve Bank had kept interest rates at unprecedentedly low levels.
B) banks and other lending institutions issued "subprime" mortgages.
C) Wall Street bankers developed complex ways of repackaging and selling "subprime" mortgages to investors.
D) the Federal Reserve Bank and other regulatory agencies slowed the speculative frenzy.

Question 27

In 2008, testifying before Congress, Alan Greenspan, the former head of the Federal Reserve Bank:

A) argued that regulation would damage banks, Wall Street, and the mortgage market.
B) admitted that there had been a "flaw" in his long-held conviction that free markets would produce the best results.
C) argued that the federal government should allow unregulated economic competition.
D) argued that banks and investment firms should regulate themselves.

Question 28

Hamdan v. Rumsfeld ruled that:

A) Hamdan was so dangerous he ought to be sent back to Saudi Arabia.
B) a prisoner held at Guantanamo Bay could challenge his incarceration in federal court.
C) it was constitutional for the National Security Agency to wiretap domestic calls without a court order.
D) the president had to uphold the Geneva Conventions.

Question 29

What was the response to the 2006 House of Representatives bill that criminalized offering assistance to illegal immigrants?

A) Silence from the mainstream media.
B) Mass protests staged by legal and illegal immigrants nationwide.
C) "Self-deportation" en masse.
D) Mass arrests of people distributing water to immigrants in Texas.

Question 30

Why did Goldman Sachs have to pay a fine of half a billion dollars in 2010?

A) It had underwritten most of the subprime mortgages during the real estate boom.
B) It had failed to document its business structure to the Securities and Exchange Commission.
C) It had knowingly sold toxic mortgage-based securities and then bet on their failure.
D) It had illegally financed the presidential campaign of Democratic president Obama.

Question 31

Why is the characterization of the war on terror as a "clash of civilizations"-the West versus Islam-unhistorical?

A) It denies the militancy of Christian sects.
B) It ignores the militant tendencies of Buddhism.
C) It denies a long past of cultural exchanges between the two.
D) It exaggerates the diversity of Islamic countries.

Question 32

Why was the lack of preparedness of the Federal Emergency Management Agency in the Hurricane Katrina disaster so damaging for the George W. Bush administration?

A) As a native of Louisiana, he was expected to display particular care for New Orleans.
B) The Bush administration had prided itself on its unique focus for homeland security.
C) President Bush had vociferously denied that hurricanes of this size could ever reach the United States.
D) President Bush had been the head of FEMA during his father's presidency.

Question 33

What did President George W. Bush's frequent references to freedom and liberty in his second inaugural address indicate?

A) He was more determined than ever to impose American democracy on the Middle East.
B) He was willing to expand his foreign policy focus from Iraq to North Korea.
C) He had decided to push for the repeal of the USA Patriot Act.
D) He wanted to restore support for the Iraq War with a focus on liberation, not terror.

Question 34

The Hurricane Katrina disaster highlighted which of the following to Americans in 2005?

A) The housing crisis was a minor problem compared to natural disaster.
B) Global warming required immediate action and generous government funds.
C) The nation and its economic recovery remained dependent on the price of oil.
D) Racial segregation in the lower wards of New Orleans had not changed since the 1950s.

Question 35

How did revelations about the U.S. military prison in Abu Ghraib, Iraq, change the position of the United States in the world?

A) Aware of American capabilities, terrorists began to proceed more cautiously.
B) Understanding that American forces took human rights less seriously overseas, Al Qaeda began to focus its activities in the developing world.
C) The incident undermined the reputation of the United States as a nation that adhered to standards of civilized behavior and the rule of law.
D) Realizing that the United States was overwhelmed by the task at hand, previously neutral European nations decided to assist the United States with the occupation of Iraq.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT true of the Bush and Obama administrations' efforts to police the southwest border?

A) They publicly supported protests against illegal immigration.
B) They paid private militias through the Department of Homeland Security to provide extra enforcement at border crossings.
C) They sent more U.S. Border Patrol agents to the southwest borderlands.
D) A and B

Question 37

All of the following statements about John Kerry and the 2004 presidential campaign are true EXCEPT Kerry:

A) was a Vietnam War veteran.
B) was very in touch with the people and embraced by the common man.
C) was from Massachusetts and a Catholic.
D) was nominated by the Democrats.

Question 38

Why did more American women hold paying jobs in mid-2009 than men?

A) A significant proportion of American men were serving with the armed forces in Iraq and Afghanistan.
B) The boom in the service and retail sectors of the economy at the time had significantly pushed employment among women.
C) The much larger proportion of women among immigrants tipped the balance.
D) Men were more likely to lose their jobs during the great recession.

Question 39

The borderlands of the Southwest:

A) had only rarely been a source of tension for Americans since the passage of the Hart-Cellar Act.
B) emerged as an area of renewed anxiety for some Americans in the wake of the September 11 attacks.
C) only infrequently enjoyed close cultural and community connections to Mexico.
D) seemed less of a national security threat than the borderlands of the Pacific Northwest.

Question 40

In a Supreme Court decision in 2003, the right to use affirmative action in college admissions was:

A) found unconstitutional.
B) reaffirmed.
C) supported by President Bush.
D) declared unnecessary in the twenty-first century.

Question 41

Which of the following statements about the Black Lives Matter movement is NOT accurate?

A) It focused on narrow platform policy, rather than a broad claim to black humanity.
B) Members demanded that police practices be changed and officers using excessive force be held accountable.
C) Public reaction to the movement was mixed and racially divided.
D) It emerged in response to the deaths of unarmed black men at the hands of police and other authorities.

Question 42

Which of the following was a job category for which the Bureau of Labor Statistics predicted strong growth in 2012?

A) Teacher.
B) Home health aides.
C) Factory operative.
D) Computer programmer.

Question 43

President Barack Obama surprised both his supporters and his opponents with:

A) his conduct in the war on terror from Guantanamo Bay to Libya.
B) his nominations to the Supreme Court.
C) his lack of special legislation to address the plight of African-Americans.
D) "Obamacare."

Question 44

The problem of inequality in America after 2010:

A) finally lost momentum with the economic recovery.
B) rose as union power declined.
C) was a result of corporations such as McDonald's and Wal-Mart paying its workers low wages that hovered around or below minimum wage.
D) B and C

Question 45

Which of the following statements about the Occupy movement is FALSE?

A) It resembled 1930s sit-down strikes.
B) It eventually died out and failed to inspire any other similar movements.
C) It ensured the phrase "the one percent" would enter America's political vocabulary.
D) It began as a grassroots protest against Wall Street malfeasance and growing inequality in America.

Question 46

In the 2008 election, when Barack Obama "redrew the nation's political map," he:

A) only won in Democratic strongholds.
B) did extremely well in cities.
C) only won in the North and West.
D) won in states that had been reliably Republican for years as well as in Democratic strongholds.

Question 47

What important piece of legislation tried to target the origins of the great recession in 2010?

A) "Obamacare."
B) TARP-the Troubled Asset Relief Program.
C) The bailout of the nation's automakers.
D) The bank regulation reform law.

Question 48

Evaluate the cultural and political consequences of immigration into the United States and migration within the United States after 1980.

Question 49

Explain the economic impact of technological developments in the United States after 1980 with attention to variation in the regional economies of the country.

Question 50

"Obamacare":

A) included a provision for government-run health insurance called "the public option."
B) was bitterly opposed by congressional Republicans because most favored a "single-payer" plan.
C) survived two challenges to its constitutionality.
D) was partially repealed in 2013 in order to avert a government shutdown.

Question 51

How did the 2013 Supreme Court ruling invalidate the heart of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

A) The entire act was declared unconstitutional, since evidence of racial bias in southern election law no longer met the Court's burden of proof standard.
B) The southern states cited in the original law no longer needed approval from the Justice Department before changing their election laws.
C) The Court threw out the law's original provision providing federal protection for African-American voters at the polls in four southern states.
D) Limitations were removed from the range of acceptable voter identification required for same-day registration at the polls.

Question 52

The claims of conservative Tea Party activists in 2010 included that:

A) President Obama was born in Africa, not the United States.
B) President Obama secretly worked to prevent a new health care law.
C) President Obama had not won the 2008 election with a majority vote.
D) the president wanted to repeal the Fourteenth Amendment birthright to citizenship.

Question 53

What did congressional Republicans denounce as a "government takeover" in March 2010?

A) A financial reform bill that required the breakup of big banks.
B) Western state officials assuming control of national parks within their borders.
C) A sweeping health care bill that required all Americans to purchase health insurance.
D) An executive order that mandated an expansion of Medicare and Medicaid in twenty-three states.

Question 54

Compare and contrast the ways in which the Cold War and the war on terrorism inspired debates about the interpretation of the Constitution with respect to civil liberties and human rights in the United States and abroad.

Question 55

The outcome of the presidential election of 2008 would have been less decisive if:

A) the Democratic candidate, Barack Obama, wasn't African-American.
B) the Republican candidate, John McCain, had not been so old.
C) Sarah Palin had been selected as vice president on John McCain's ticket.
D) President Bush's popularity had not suffered from the recession and the war on terror.

Question 56

How did Obama use "human rights" as a political weapon?

A) He threatened to withdraw aid from Israel if it did not end its occupation of the West Bank.
B) He temporarily moved the American Fifth Fleet out of its base in Bahrain, until the government agreed to stop jailing peaceful political dissenters.
C) He condemned China, but said virtually nothing about human rights abuses in Saudi Arabia and other nations that were U.S. allies in the war on terror.
D) He accused congressional Republicans of aiding the rise of ISIS at their refusal to fund additional ground troops in Iraq.

Question 57

Which of the following was a liability for President Obama as he entered his reelection campaign of 2012?

A) He had authorized a constitutionally questionable raid that killed Osama bin Laden.
B) The U.S. Supreme Court had struck down most of the Affordable Care Act.
C) He had failed to provide an authentic Hawaiian birth certificate to prove the legitimacy of his presidency.
D) Unemployment remained high even though the recession was officially over.

Question 58

All of the following statements about President Obama's inaugural address are true EXCEPT:

A) he promised a foreign policy based on diplomacy rather than on unilateral force.
B) his address harked back to the Revolutionary-era ideal of putting the common good before individual self-interest.
C) he blamed a culture of "greed and irresponsibility" for helping to bring on the economic crisis.
D) he spoke about freedom repeatedly.

Question 59

Why did the number of Americans receiving food stamps rise after 2008?

A) President Obama had eased eligibility requirements.
B) The Midwestern farm lobby had pushed for an expansion of the program.
C) The number of needy Americans skyrocketed with the recession.
D) Americans had become increasingly comfortable with handouts.

Question 60

What did President Obama do in his second term that involved historic enemies of the United States?

A) He apologized to the governments of Colombia and Honduras for the use of unauthorized military force in the war on drugs.
B) He moved to establish diplomatic relations with Cuba.
C) His administration helped broker a nuclear energy agreement with Iran.
D) B and C

Question 61

Analyze the social and economic effects of the rise of new developments in science and technology during the period 1980 to the present.

Question 62

Document Based Question
Analyze the major changes and continuities in the social and political experiences of immigrants who have migrated to the United States throughout its history.
DOCUMENT 1
On the Germans (1755)
Benjamin Franklin
And since detachments of English from Britain sent to America, will have their places at home so soon supply'd and increase so largely here; why should the Palatine Boors [Germans] be suffered to swarm into our settlements, and by herding together establish their languages and manners to the exclusion of ours? Why should Pennsylvania, founded by the English, become a colony of Aliens, who will shortly be so numerous as to Germanize us instead of our Anglifying them, and will never adopt our language or customs, any more than they can acquire our complexion? Which leads me to add one remark: That the number of purely white people in the world is proportionally very small. All Africa is black or tawny. Asia chiefly tawny. America (exclusive of the new comers) wholly so. And in Europe, the Spaniards, Italians, French, Russians, and Swedes are generally of what we call a swarthy complexion; as are the Germans also, the Saxons only excepted, who with the English make the principal body of white people on the face of the earth. I could wish their numbers were increased. And while we are, as I may call it, scouring our planet, by clearing America of woods, and so making this side of our globe reflect a brighter light to the eyes of inhabitants in Mars or Venus, why should we in the sight of superior beings, darken its people? Why increase the sons of Africa, by planting them in America, where we have so fair an opportunity, by excluding all blacks and tawneys, of increasing the lovely white and red? But perhaps I am partial to the complexion of my Country, for such kind of partiality is natural to Mankind.
DOCUMENT 2
"American River Ganges," Harper's Weekly (1875) Thomas Nast
DOCUMENT 3
On Chinese Immigration (1878)
Senate of California to the Congress
The State of California has a population variously estimated at from seven hundred thousand to eight hundred thousand, of which one hundred and twenty-five thousand are Chinese. The additions to this class have been very rapid since the organization of the State, but have been caused almost entirely by immigration, and scarcely at all by natural increase. . . . The pious anticipations that the influence of Christianity upon the Chinese would be salutary, have proved unsubstantial and vain. Among one hundred and twenty five thousand of them, with a residence here beneath the elevating influences of Christian precept and example, and with the zealous labors of earnest Christian teachers, and the liberal expenditure of ecclesiastical revenues, we have no evidence of a single genuine conversion to Christianity, or of a single instance of an assimilation with our manners, or habits of thought or life. . . . Neither is there any possibility that in the future education, religion, or the other influences of our civilization can effect any change in this condition of things. . . . Above and beyond these considerations, however, we believe, and the researches of those who have most attentively studied the Chinese character confirm us in the consideration, that th Chinese are incapable of adaptation to our institutions......
During their entire settlement in California they have never adapted themselves to our habits, modes of dress, or our educational system, have never learned the sanctity of an oath, never desired to become citizens, or to perform the duties of citizenship, never discovered the difference between right and wrong, never ceased the worship of their idol gods, or advanced a step beyond the musty traditions of their native hive. Impregnable to all the influences of our Anglo-Saxon life, they remain the same stolid Asiatics that have floated on the rivers and slaved in the fields of China for thirty centuries of time.
DOCUMENT 4
"The Restriction of Immigration" (1891)
Henry Cabot Lodge
The nations of Europe which chiefly contributed to the upbuilding of the original thirteen colonies were the English, the Scotch-Irish, so called, the Dutch, the Germans, and the Huguenot French. With the exception of the last they were practically all people of the same stock. During this century and until very recent years these same nations, with the addition of Ireland and the Scandinavian countries, have continued to furnish the chief component parts of the immigration which has helped to populate so rapidly the territory of the United States. Among all these people, with few exceptions, community of race or language, or both, has facilitated the work of assimilation. In the last ten years, however, as appears from the figures just given, new and wholly different elements have been introduced into our immigration, and what is more important still the rate of immigration of these new elements has risen with much greater rapidity than that of those which previously had furnished the bulk of the population of the country. The mass of immigration, absolutely speaking, continues, of course, to come from the United Kingdom and from Germany, but relatively the immigration from these two sources is declining rapidly in comparison with the immigration from Italy and from the Slavic countries of Russia, Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia, the last of which appears under the head of Austria. . . . Thus it is proved, first, that immigration to this country is increasing, and, second, that it is making its greatest relative increase from races most alien to the body of the American people and from the lowest and most illiterate classes among those races. In other words, it is apparent that, while our immigration is increasing, it is showing at the same time a marked tendency to deteriorate in character. . . . They live in miserable sheds like beasts; the food they eat is so meagre, scant, unwholesome, and revolting that it would nauseate and disgust an American workman, and he would find it difficult to sustain life upon it. Their habits are vicious, their customs are disgusting, and the effect of their presence here upon our social condition is to be deplored. . . . [I]n the opinion of the committee, no amount of effort would improve their morals or "Americanize" this class of immigrants.
DOCUMENT 5
U.S. Bureau of Immigration (1924)
DOCUMENT 6
On the Nonexistent "American" (1963)
Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan
Perhaps the meaning of ethnic labels will yet be erased in America. But it has not yet worked out this way in New York. It is true that immigrants to this country were rapidly transformed, in comparison with immigrants to other countries, that they lost their language and altered their culture. It was reasonable to believe that a new American type would emerge, a new nationality in which it would be a matter of indifference whether a man was of Anglo-Saxon or German or Italian or Jewish origin, and in which indeed, because of the diffusion of populations through all parts of the country and all levels of the social order, and because of the consequent close contact and intermarriage, it would be impossible to make such distinctions. This may still be the most likely result in the long run. After all, in 1960 almost half of New York City's population was still foreign-born or the children of foreign-born. Yet it is also true that it is forty years since the end of mass immigration, and new processes, scarcely visible when our chief concern was with the great masses of immigrants and the problems of their "Americanization," now emerge to surprise us. The initial notion of an American melting pot did not, it seems, quite grasp what would happen in America. At least it did not grasp what would happen in the short run, and since this short run encompasses at least the length of a normal lifetime, it is not something we can ignore.....
Conceivably the fact that one's origins can become only a memory suggests the general direction for ethnic groups in the United States-toward assimilation and absorption into a homogeneous American mass. And yet, as we suggested earlier, it is hard to see in the New York of the 1960s just how this comes about. Time alone does not dissolve the groups if they are not close to the Anglo-Saxon center. Color marks off a group, regardless of time; and perhaps most significantly, the "majority" group, to which assimilation should occur, has taken on the color of an ethnic group, too. To what does one assimilate in modern America? The "American" in abstract does not exist, though some sections of the country, such as the Far West, come closer to realizing him than does New York City.
DOCUMENT 7
U.S. Census Bureau (2000)
Continent of Birth for Immigrants, 1990-2000

Question 63

Evaluate the extent to which the attacks of September 11, 2001, contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostering change in United States foreign policy during the period 2001 to the present.

Question 64

Compare and contrast the causes and effects of immigration to the United States during the period 1880 to 1930 and the period 1980 to the present.