Deck 10: Ethnicity and Race

Question 1

According to Marx, who are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat?

A)The product of gender differentiation in Europe's tribal past
B)The owners of the means of production in core and periphery nations, respectively
C)Distinct and opposed classes in the capitalist economy
D)Exogamous social groups
E)Moiety groups that dominated Western capitalism

Answer 1

Distinct and opposed classes in the capitalist economy

Question 2

Which of the following resulted from the growing demand for sugar in Europe?

A)The independent indigenous nations of Mexico and South America, which grew sugarcane, became more powerful.
B)Sugar-producing nations moved from the periphery to the core of the world system.
C)Capitalism-once a cultural trait specific to New Guinea (where sugar was first domesticated)-expanded to the rest of the world.
D)The transatlantic slave trade developed.
E)English peasants who grew sugarcane became members of the bourgeoisie.

Answer 2

The transatlantic slave trade developed.

Question 3

Which of the following is not true of 20th-century industrialization?

A)It brought new industries and new jobs.
B)It had tremendously beneficial effects on the economies, ecologies, and populations of "developing" nations in Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.
C)It led to depletion of fossil fuels.
D)Increased production spurred strategies to sell everything industry could churn out.
E)Mass production gave rise to a culture of overconsumption.

Answer 3

It had tremendously beneficial effects on the economies, ecologies, and populations of "developing" nations in Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.

Question 4

Which is not generally true of core nations?

A)They represent the dominant structural position in the world system.
B)They consist of the strongest and most powerful states.
C)They have advanced systems of production.
D)They have complex economies.
E)They have less control over world finance than do semiperiphery nations.

Question 5

The Industrial Revolution began in

A)England.
B)China.
C)the United States.
D)Germany.
E)France.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about world-system theory is not true?

A)It has been written about by Wallerstein.
B)It stresses the existence of a global culture.
C)It claims that a set of economic and political interconnections has characterized much of the globe since the 16th century.
D)It focuses on links and power differentials between local peoples and international forces.
E)It deals exclusively with non-Western, horticultural societies.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the world system is not true?

A)It is based on economies oriented toward world market for profit.
B)It depends on each nation producing all that is needed by its own population.
C)It was established primarily through European colonialism.
D)The standard of living tends to be higher for populations living in core nations.
E)Nations may change their positions in the world system.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about British colonialism is not true?

A)It lacked an intervention philosophy.
B)It consisted of two main phases.
C)It was legitimized by the racist notion of "the white man's burden."
D)It began to disintegrate following World War II.
E)It was driven by economic interests.

Question 9

What fueled the European "Age of Discovery"?

A)A desire to save the souls of local peoples
B)Pilgrims fleeing persecution in their European homelands
C)The feudal kingdoms of East Asia reaching out to establish trade links with Europe
D)A seven-year-long drought in Europe that forced governments to look outside their borders for food to sustain their populations
E)European commercial interest in exotic raw materials

Question 10

Which of the following statements concerning semiperiphery nations is not true?

A)They are industrialized.
B)They export industrial goods and commodities.
C)They lack the power and economic dominance of core nations.
D)Brazil is an example of a semiperiphery nation.
E)Their economic activities are less mechanized than those in the periphery.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about Marx is not true?

A)He analyzed 19th-century industrial capitalism.
B)He viewed socioeconomic stratification in terms of several classes with different but complementary interests.
C)He called the owners of the means of production the bourgeoisie.
D)He called the people who sold their labor the proletariat.
E)He emphasized class consciousness.

Question 12

What term refers to wealth or resources invested in business with the intent of producing a profit?

A)Stock
B)Proletariat
C)Caste
D)Bourgeoisie
E)Capital

Question 13

In terms of energy consumption, what nation consumes the most nonrenewable resources today?

A)China
B)United States
C)Germany
D)Russia
E)India

Question 14

According to Weber, what are the three dimensions of social stratification?

A)Means of production, mode of production, measure of production
B)Status, exchange, religion
C)Gender, ethnicity, race
D)Wealth, power, prestige
E)Age, gender, ethnicity

Question 15

What are the three positions that nations occupy in the world system?

A)Core, periphery, and semiperiphery
B)Metropole, satellite, and semisatellite
C)State, nation-state, and nation
D)Wealth, power, and prestige
E)Bourgeoisie, middle class, and proletariat

Question 16

What term is used to refer to the study of the interactions between European nations and the societies they colonized?

A)Mission civilisatrice
B)Neoliberalism
C)Postcolonial
D)Postimperial
E)Posthegemonic

Question 17

Peripheral nations

A)export to the core but not the semiperiphery.
B)lack industrialization.
C)are isolated from the world economy.
D)have economies that are shaped to serve the interests of the core.
E)have little incentive to interact with nations of the core.

Question 18

According to Marx, classes are

A)desirable, because they perform tasks necessary to the survival of society.
B)part of the original, preindustrial social system of humans.
C)opposed to one another on the basis of conflicting economic interests.
D)based more on notions of prestige and morality than on actual economic differences.
E)not important to an understanding of history.

Question 19

Why was late 18th-century France able to maintain the form of its domestic manufacturing system?

A)France was far richer in terms of natural resources than England was.
B)France had more productive New World colonies than England did.
C)France had a larger population than England did, and thus could simply augment its domestic production system.
D)King Romer I, who ruled France, was a strong supporter of industry.
E)The French Revolution shifted the economy away from industry.

Question 20

According to Marx, class consciousness results from

A)the persistence of ethic identities after ethnic "markers" (distinct clothing styles, etc.) have more or less disappeared.
B)an elaboration of diverse religious beliefs in industrialized societies.
C)peoples' recognition of cognatic kin beyond the boundaries of biological relatedness.
D)peoples' identification with groups based on common economic interests.
E)the gradual elaboration of gender-based differences first established during the period of peasant subsistence farming.

Question 21

In what kind of manufacturing system does an entrepreneur supply raw materials to workers in their homes and collect the finished products from them?

A)Capitalism
B)Industrialism
C)Tribute exchange
D)Reciprocity
E)Domestic system

Question 22

What are the core, semiperiphery, and periphery? What is their relationship to world capitalism?

Question 23

What is the capitalist world economy? When did it originate and what are its features?

Question 24

What is the world-system perspective, and why is it important in anthropology?

Question 25

What is the difference between colonialism and imperialism? What effects do they have on cultural and ethnic diversity?

Question 26

The term indigenous peoples is used to refer to

A)people who live in autonomous, independent nation-states.
B)peasants who are of the same ethnicity as the ruling elite.
C)the original inhabitants of particular territories.
D)any population living in a nation-state on the periphery of the world system.
E)people who have immigrated to a new country.

Question 27

How did Marx and Weber's views on stratification differ?

Question 28

Modern colonialism began

A)following World War II.
B)with the fall of Rome.
C)during the European "Age of Discovery."
D)as a result of the Bolshevik Revolution.
E)at the end of the Seven Years' War.

Question 29

The former Soviet Union, as well as the socialist and previously socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia, are sometimes referred to as

A)the Postcolonial World.
B)the Neocolonial World.
C)the First World.
D)the Second World.
E)the Third World.

Question 30

What is the dominant intervention philosophy today?

A)Neoclassicism
B)Neoimperialism
C)Neosocialism
D)Neocommunism
E)Neoliberalism

Question 31

Neoliberalism entails all of the following except

A)the view that government should not regulate private enterprise and market forces.
B)striving to cut government expenses.
C)the belief that property should be communally owned and that people should work for the common good.
D)maximization of profits through cost reduction.
E)tariff- and barrier-free international trade and investment.

Question 32

What term refers to a former colony with large numbers of European colonists and sparser native populations?

A)Settler country
B)Nonsettler country
C)Mixed country
D)Postimperial country
E)Emergent country

Question 33

What was the Industrial Revolution? How did the lives of ordinary working people change as a result of this revolution?

Question 34

What were some of the major differences between British and French colonial policies?

Question 35

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England rather than in France?

Question 36

The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time is known as

A)neoliberalism.
B)an intervention philosophy.
C)a green revolution.
D)colonialism.
E)socialism.

Question 37

What has the company BHP Billiton done in Papua New Guinea?

A)The company increased the standard of living for the majority of the indigenous population.
B)The company closed the mine that was not up to environmental standards.
C)The company denied that they have made any negative environmental impacts.
D)Their mine has caused flooding and pollution that has caused many indigenous families to move.
E)The company began a reforestation project.

Question 38

What form of rule did France use in colonies with long histories of state organization?

A)Indirect rule
B)French-appointed leaders moved to the colony to rule
C)Direct rule
D)Corrupt rule
E)Capitalist rule

Question 39

Why is the idea of corruption an issue in postsocialist countries?

A)The World Bank is giving money to corrupt governments without trying to prevent it.
B)There is a clear divide between the state and the religious sphere that is being followed.
C)In Russia today, there is not a clear divide between public and private domains.
D)Religious leaders are stepping in to replace the authoritarian government.
E)Capitalism has boosted the economies of postsocialist states but has created a class distinction again.

Question 40

How were many postcolonial countries, especially in Africa, formed?

A)Indigenous tribes united to overthrow colonial powers and found their own countries.
B)Colonial powers lumped and separated indigenous groups of people into arbitrary countries.
C)War between eastern and western Africa eventually divided the continent into countries.
D)Nation-states were formed in Africa long before colonialism and remained distinct.
E)Colonial powers tried to form countries based on keeping indigenous people of the same culture together in the same country.

Question 41

What are some lasting effects of colonialism in the world today? How have ethnic, political, and religious identities been altered by colonialism?

Question 42

Continual expansion is one of the characteristic features of industrial economic systems.

Question 43

Many of the political, linguistic, and economic distinctions separating the countries of West Africa today are inventions of colonialism.

Question 44

Industrialization and mass production have given rise to a culture of consumption.

Question 45

Factory workers enjoyed higher wages and greatly improved living conditions as a result of the Industrial Revolution.

Question 46

Today, many American companies are "outsourcing" jobs in order to take advantage of cheap labor in noncore nations.

Question 47

Unlike other authoritarian regimes, Communist societies were characterized by multiparty political systems.

Question 48

According to Marx, the bourgeoisie includes people who must sell their labor to survive.

Question 49

The British notion of "the white man's burden" was similar to the French concept of mission civilisatrice in that both were ethnocentric ideologies used to justify colonialism.

Question 50

According to Wallerstein, nations in the world system can be classified into three types: core, periphery, and frontier.

Question 51

The modern world system benefits all participating societies equally.

Question 52

Settler postcolonies are characterized by large native populations that have displaced the former European colonists, forcing them to migrate back to their country of origin.

Question 53

Marx argued that socioeconomic stratification was based on the sharp, simple division between successful Protestant industrialists and poor Catholic peasants.

Question 54

When indigenous peoples are incorporated into modern nation-states, they usually become ethnic minorities.

Question 55

Higher wages and improved benefits for workers in core nations is possible because added surplus from the periphery enables companies to maintain high profit margins.

Question 56

Imperialism is a relatively recent phenomenon that began with the British empire.

Question 57

With the spread of industrialization, indigenous economies, ecologies, and populations have become threatened all over the world.

Question 58

The transatlantic slave trade was spurred by European demands for iron ore.

Question 59

The Industrial Revolution did not begin in France because the French domestic manufacturing system could increase production without innovating.

Question 60

Sugar and cotton helped fuel the development of a capitalist world economy.

Question 61

Central to most intervention philosophies is the idea that modernization, Westernization, and industrialization will bring long-term benefits to local groups.

Question 62

To receive international loans, governments of developing countries have been required to accept neoliberal principles.

Question 63

Corruption has become a major problem in postsocialist states.