Deck 23: The United States and the Cold War, 1945-1953

Question 1

Why were American diplomats particularly dismayed that the Soviets had installed a procommunist government in Poland in 1945?

A) U.S. forces had hoped to include Poland in the western European security pact that later became known at NATO.
B) The Soviet Union had ruled Poland brutally prior to the war and was responsible for most of the killings that took place there in the war.
C) Stalin had promised Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt at Yalta that he would allow a democratic government in Poland.
D) Americans feared that Soviet control of Poland would make it easier for the Red Army to capture and control all of Germany.

Answer 1

Stalin had promised Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt at Yalta that he would allow a democratic government in Poland.

Question 2

The Marshall Plan:

A) provided economic assistance to the Soviets.
B) was a U.S.-Soviet program to rebuild Europe.
C) offered economic assistance to noncommunist governments.
D) was limited in scope and focused on West Germany.

Answer 2

offered economic assistance to noncommunist governments.

Question 3

The Truman Doctrine (1947)
Harry S. Truman
At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one.
One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression.
The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms.
I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.
I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.
The ideas evoked in the Truman Doctrine are most similar to the concepts associated with

A) Puritanism.
B) Manifest Destiny.
C) progressivism.
D) the Fourteen Points.

Answer 3

Manifest Destiny.

Question 4

The Truman Doctrine (1947)
Harry S. Truman
At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one.
One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression.
The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms.
I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.
I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.
The Truman Doctrine reveals American unease with

A) social reform campaigns.
B) civil rights movements.
C) secret alliances.
D) political instability.

Question 5

The Truman Doctrine (1947)
Harry S. Truman
At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one.
One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression.
The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms.
I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.
I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.
The ideas expressed in this passage are an example of

A) realpolitik.
B) massive retaliation.
C) containment.
D) dependency.

Question 6

Why was it inevitable that the United States and the Soviet Union would eventually come into conflict after the war ended?

A) FDR had privately urged his advisers that the wartime friendly relationship between both nations could never last.
B) Historically, both nations had never shared long-term interests or values.
C) It was clear as early as the Tehran conference that Stalin had never intended to follow through on any of the Grand Alliance agreements.
D) Exploitation of Iran's northern oil fields suggested the Soviet Union was already ahead of the United States in postwar economic development.

Question 7

Wallace's vision for America's role in the world after World War II is most at odds with

A) the ideas of the American Revolution.
B) Radical Republicanism during Reconstruction.
C) actions of the United States in Cuba after the Spanish-American War.
D) the American justification for entering World War I.

Question 8

The Truman Doctrine (1947)
Harry S. Truman
At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one.
One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression.
The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms.
I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.
I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.
The precedent established by the Truman Doctrine is best reflected by the

A) support of West Berliners when the city was blockaded.
B) providing of military advisers to the South Vietnamese.
C) establishment of the state of Israel.
D) CIA-backed support of a pro-American regime in Iran.

Question 9

Which of the following events did NOT occur after Truman's 1947 speech to Congress?

A) A precedent was established for the United States to support "freedom-loving peoples" everywhere in their struggles against communism.
B) Congress approved $400 million in U.S. military aid to Greece and Turkey.
C) Truman received only immediate, short-term Republican support for his containment policies.
D) The Central Intelligence Agency and the Atomic Energy Commission were set up without democratic oversight.

Question 10

The "Iron Curtain":

A) separated the free West from the communist East.
B) divided East and West Germany.
C) separated the United States from the Soviet Union.
D) separated Japan from the rest of Asia.

Question 11

How did the Freedom Train suggest the meaning of freedom remained controversial?

A) Protests erupted in a number of cities over the required recitation of the Freedom Pledge and signing of the Freedom Scroll for access to the exhibit.
B) American Heritage Foundation members were unhappy the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were withdrawn from the documents to be displayed.
C) The Wagner Act, the law guaranteeing workers' right to form unions, was removed from inclusion in the documents display.
D) The international press criticized the spectacle accompanying the American train when millions of people were suffering amid the ruins of World War II.

Question 12

The Century of the Common Man (1942)
Henry Wallace
We who live in the United States may think there is nothing very revolutionary about freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and freedom from the fear of secret police. But when we begin to think about the significance of freedom from want for the average man, then we know that the revolution of the past 150 years has not been completed, either here in the United States or in any other nation in the world. . . .
I say that the century on which we are entering . . . can be and must be the century of the common man. Everywhere the common man must learn to build his own industries with his own hands in a practical fashion. Everywhere the common man must learn to increase his productivity. . . . No nation will have the God-given right to exploit other nations. Older nations will have the privilege to help younger nations get started on the path to industrialization, but there must be neither military nor economic imperialism. The methods of the nineteenth century will not work in the people's century. . . . As their masses learn to read and write, and as they become productive mechanics, their standard of living will double and treble. . . .
Those who write the peace must think of the whole world. There can be no privileged peoples. We ourselves in the United States are no more a master race than the Nazis. And we can not perpetuate economic warfare without planting the seeds of military warfare. We must use our power at the peace table to build an economic pace that is just, charitable, and enduring.
Wallace's wartime speech foreshadowed

A) postwar decolonization.
B) policies based on collective security.
C) containment.
D) the military industrial complex.

Question 13

After World War II, the only nation that could rival the United States was:

A) the Soviet Union.
B) Germany.
C) Japan.
D) Great Britain.

Question 14

The Truman Doctrine:

A) advocated a return to isolationism.
B) was an alliance between the United States and Great Britain.
C) called for more cordial relations with the Soviet Union.
D) committed the United States to fighting communism anywhere.

Question 15

Why did American policymakers agree to spend billions of dollars on the economic recovery of Europe under the Marshall Plan?

A) They hoped to provoke the Soviet Union with this program.
B) They were trying to further solidify the division between the East and the West on the continent.
C) They were happy to provide their own constituents with profitable defense contracts.
D) They were afraid that if they did not help with the recovery, western European nations might fall into the Soviet sphere of influence.

Question 16

The policy of "containment" can best be described as:

A) preventing the expansion of U.S. economic interests in Latin America to appease growing unrest in impoverished regions.
B) a focus on the containment of further military conflict in the postwar world.
C) preventing the spread of communism worldwide.
D) George Kennan's theory that the United States must pursue normal relations with the Soviet Union, or fail to contain Chinese postwar aggression.

Question 17

What obstacle did Harry Truman face when he assumed the presidency following the death of Franklin Roosevelt in April 1945?

A) Roosevelt's popularity made it difficult for Truman to win the respect of Congress and the people.
B) At this time in the war, Americans were looking for a president with a military background, something Truman could not offer.
C) Truman had been such an aggressive power player in Congress that he was likely to face stiff opposition there.
D) Harry Truman had absolutely no experience in foreign policy, the most important qualification at this point in American history.

Question 18

Why was it unlikely that the Soviet Union was going to embark on a new military campaign in the years following World War II?

A) The communist nation had suffered more than 20 million casualties, along with immense devastation.
B) Stalin was eager to demonstrate to eastern Europeans the pacifist credentials of his communist regime.
C) The Soviet Union had made enormous territorial gains during the war and had every interest in securing them first.
D) Stalin was shocked and appalled by the American use of the nuclear bomb in Japan and vowed to his people never to sink to that level.

Question 19

The Century of the Common Man (1942)
Henry Wallace
We who live in the United States may think there is nothing very revolutionary about freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and freedom from the fear of secret police. But when we begin to think about the significance of freedom from want for the average man, then we know that the revolution of the past 150 years has not been completed, either here in the United States or in any other nation in the world. . . .
I say that the century on which we are entering . . . can be and must be the century of the common man. Everywhere the common man must learn to build his own industries with his own hands in a practical fashion. Everywhere the common man must learn to increase his productivity. . . . No nation will have the God-given right to exploit other nations. Older nations will have the privilege to help younger nations get started on the path to industrialization, but there must be neither military nor economic imperialism. The methods of the nineteenth century will not work in the people's century. . . . As their masses learn to read and write, and as they become productive mechanics, their standard of living will double and treble. . . .
Those who write the peace must think of the whole world. There can be no privileged peoples. We ourselves in the United States are no more a master race than the Nazis. And we can not perpetuate economic warfare without planting the seeds of military warfare. We must use our power at the peace table to build an economic pace that is just, charitable, and enduring.
This speech represents one set of ideas in the United States during the 1940s that sought to

A) contain communism.
B) promote American industry.
C) create a stable global economy.
D) advocate nativism.

Question 20

Japan:

A) was aided by the United States in rebuilding its postwar industrial base to establish a strong economic counter to communism in the Far East.
B) was under the control of the supreme commander Douglas MacArthur from the end of the war until 1948.
C) was aided economically by the United States after the war, but saw very little interference with its political structure.
D) A and B

Question 21

Why did the United States back away from pressuring its European allies to grant self-government to colonies in Asia and Africa?

A) American diplomats valued nations like France more highly for their alliance in the European Cold War.
B) Since the United States was expanding its own empire, it was losing the moral high ground against European colonial powers.
C) American strategists reasoned that national independence in Asia and Africa was likely to benefit the Soviet Union more than the United States.
D) Southern Democrats in Congress did not want to inspire civil rights campaigns at home by supporting national independence in Asia or Africa.

Question 22

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

A) was immediately ratified by Congress.
B) was honored by both the United States and the Soviets.
C) included freedom of speech and religion.
D) was drafted by President Truman.

Question 23

What did Eleanor Roosevelt do of particular significance several years after the war ended?

A) She acted as the U.S. representative in attendance at the Nuremburg Trials.
B) She chaired the committee that drafted the United Nation's "Universal Declaration of Human Rights."
C) She became an outspoken critic of communist independence movements around the world.
D) She traveled to China in an attempt to broker an end to the bitter civil war.

Question 24

All of the following statements are true of the Fair Deal EXCEPT:

A) the Fair Deal included a provision to expand public housing.
B) Congress passed Truman's Fair Deal to raise the standard of living for Americans.
C) the Fair Deal included a provision to increase the minimum wage.
D) the Fair Deal included a provision to create a national health insurance program.

Question 25

Which long-held U.S. territory was granted independence in 1946?

A) Puerto Rico.
B) The Philippines.
C) Wake Island.
D) Guam.

Question 26

Japan's constitution, which Americans had written, provided for the first time in Japanese history:

A) a written constitution.
B) freedom of speech.
C) women's suffrage.
D) procedural due process.

Question 27

Which statement best describes what NSC-68 called for?

A) Patience on the part of the United States in dealing with the Soviet Union.
B) A permanent military buildup and a global application of containment.
C) Limited strategic goals, confronting the Soviets only at key industrial areas.
D) A sole reliance on nuclear weapons in order to spare conventional forces.

Question 28

In 1949, Mao Zedong:

A) represented the Chinese at the United Nations.
B) led a successful communist revolution in China.
C) led a successful communist revolution in Taiwan.
D) was an ally of the United States.

Question 29

Why did the United States allow West Germany to become part of a defensive alliance less than ten years after the defeat of Nazi Germany?

A) East Germany had positioned nuclear missiles along the border to the west.
B) The United States depended heavily on the expertise of German rocket scientists.
C) The United States made this concession in order to win access to lucrative German consumer markets.
D) The successful Soviet detonation of a nuclear bomb underlined the importance of a militarily united West.

Question 30

How did the United States respond to Joseph Stalin's blockade around Berlin?

A) Truman ordered that supplies be brought to Berlin via an airlift.
B) Truman put American forces on high alert and threatened atomic war if Stalin did not lift the blockade.
C) Truman ignored it.
D) Truman asked the United Nations to place an embargo on all goods going to the Soviet Union.

Question 31

"Militant Liberty" was the code name for a national security agency that:

A) patrolled the border in search of illegal aliens.
B) encouraged Hollywood to produce anticommunist movies.
C) required labor unions to purge suspected communist leaders.
D) forced schools to fire teachers and professors suspected of teaching Marxist ideas.

Question 32

The impact of the Cold War on American culture was:

A) especially evident in the movies.
B) limited in scope.
C) discouraged in the public schools.
D) widely criticized by the news media.

Question 33

The principle of human rights-the idea of basic rights belonging to all persons because they are human-was introduced into international relations:

A) after the Holocaust.
B) after the dropping of the atomic bomb.
C) when NATO was established.
D) in the revolutionary period of the late eighteenth century.

Question 34

Why did France and other Europeans understand NATO as a form of double containment?

A) The organization would keep both the United States and the Soviet Union in check.
B) NATO would prevent the expansion of the British empire as well as of American imperialism.
C) The pact would guard them against Soviet aggression as well as against the resurgence of a powerful Germany.
D) NATO would contain communism but also contain the costs of defense for European nations.

Question 35

According to some critics, how did the casting of the Cold War as a worldwide struggle between freedom and slavery have unfortunate consequences?

A) It made it difficult to discern legitimate postwar struggles for economic and political freedom from those simply motivated by American interests.
B) It suggested that the United States would align itself against postwar colonial independence movements in the name of anticommunism.
C) It prevented any long-term establishment of a diplomatic presence in Moscow.
D) A and B

Question 36

In the 1950s, what did the term "totalitarianism" describe?

A) Fascism and national socialism.
B) Socialism and communism.
C) Social democracy and the New Deal.
D) Fascism, Nazism, and communism.

Question 37

How did the Soviet focus on social and economic rights in the Cold War human rights debate affect American attitudes?

A) It caused millions of Americans to be jealous and get curious about the Soviet Union.
B) It inspired American politicians to invoke the example of the Soviet Union in order to push for bolder reincarnations of the New Deal.
C) In the climate of anticommunist hysteria, it prompted many Americans to condemn these rights as a first step to socialism.
D) It gave Americans comfort to know that their own emphasis on social and economic rights placed them far ahead of the Soviet Union.

Question 38

The Berlin Blockade was:

A) a barrier erected by Allied forces in postwar Berlin to shield them from angry protests of starving residents.
B) a means for the United States to justify its threat to mobilize Allied forces stationed in Turkey.
C) erected because the United States threatened to invade the Soviet Union.
D) the reaction by the Soviet Union to the establishment of a separate currency in western Berlin's occupied zones.

Question 39

Which statement about the Korean conflict is FALSE?

A) The United Nations authorized the use of forces to repel the North Koreans.
B) Chinese troops threatened to enter the conflict, but never did.
C) General MacArthur argued for an invasion of China and for the use of nuclear weapons.
D) Truman removed General MacArthur from his command when he publicly criticized Truman.

Question 40

To wage the cultural Cold War, the Central Intelligence Agency and Defense Department:

A) promoted the work of artist Norman Rockwell.
B) censored the work of modern artists.
C) funded artistic publications, concerts, performances, and exhibits.
D) sought to censor the work of painter Jackson Pollock.

Question 41

In 1948, the Progressive Party:

A) advocated expanded social welfare programs.
B) supported segregation.
C) supported Truman's civil rights proposals.
D) agreed with Truman's Cold War policies.

Question 42

Which of the following does NOT accurately depict one of the uses of anticommunism?

A) Businesses resisted government regulatory efforts as "socialism."
B) Conservative Catholic congregations were investigated for enforcing "principles of communist conformity" among parishioners.
C) Republicans accused New Deal Democrats of "subversion."
D) Democrats supported the implementation of tough anticommunist measures as a defense against Republican charges of "disloyalty."

Question 43

What reason did the Hollywood Ten give for not cooperating with the HUAC hearings?

A) They were all communists and did want to indict themselves.
B) Ronald Reagan had threatened that they would lose their jobs if they cooperated.
C) They were all busy making movies and did not have time to attend the hearings.
D) They felt the hearings were a violation of the First Amendment.

Question 44

Why did Harry Truman's loyalty review system target homosexuals working for the government?

A) The president was an outspoken homophobe.
B) Joseph McCarthy's announcement that there were over fifty homosexuals in the State Department had forced Truman's hand.
C) Homosexuals were legally prohibited from working for the government.
D) Homosexuals were considered susceptible to blackmail and thought to be lacking the manly qualities necessary to fight communism.

Question 45

The Taft-Hartley Act:

A) outlawed the closed shop.
B) legalized sympathy strikes.
C) strengthened the rights of organized labor.
D) banned right-to-work laws.

Question 46

The 1948 presidential race:

A) was a three-way race.
B) was the last to occur before television forever changed campaigning.
C) ended the movement of southern Democrats into the Republican Party.
D) highlighted gender as a campaign issue for the Republican Party.

Question 47

The McCarran-Walter Act:

A) removed immigration quotas based on nationality.
B) made immigration law much more flexible for Asians and Latinos.
C) recognized the need for political asylum for refugees from South Africa.
D) authorized the deportation of communists, including naturalized citizens.

Question 48

How had the political climate changed in the South during World War II in the early Cold War years?

A) The mass exodus of African-Americans for the West Coast and Northeast left the region almost exclusively white.
B) The high concentration of prisoner-of-war camps in the region had made these southerners savvy in foreign affairs.
C) The number of African-Americans in the region that were registered to vote increased sevenfold.
D) In light of the fight against an enemy with a racial ideology, the states of the upper South abolished segregation and Jim Crow rule.

Question 49

Joseph McCarthy:

A) had the full support of the Senate during his anticommunist crusade.
B) successfully uncovered the communist infiltration of the federal government.
C) successfully uncovered the communist infiltration of the U.S. army.
D) was an embarrassment to his party by 1954.

Question 50

Who were the "Dixiecrats"?

A) Members of the national press corps who covered the story of Strom Thurmond's breakaway from the Democratic Party.
B) Southern Democrats who walked out of the 1948 convention to form the "States' Rights Democratic Party."
C) Southern labor organizers who campaigned against passage of the Taft-Hartley Act.
D) Republicans who favored maintaining segregation in the South in support of the principle of states' rights.

Question 51

Operation Dixie was:

A) a postwar strike wave.
B) the postwar union campaign in the South.
C) an effort to increase black suffrage.
D) the congressional effort to outlaw lynching.

Question 52

In the aftermath of World War II:

A) very few women lost their wartime jobs to returning veterans.
B) the majority of returning GIs went back to work.
C) Americans paid more for consumer goods.
D) B and C.

Question 53

During the Cold War, Americans:

A) formed anticommunist groups who pressured public libraries to remove "un-American" books from their shelves.
B) were united in their outrage over the jailing of Communist Party leaders.
C) fired teachers who refused to sign loyalty oaths.
D) remained generally unconcerned over the prospect of communists living in America.

Question 54

Operation Wetback:

A) was the code name for a CIA operation conducted on the border between Texas and Mexico.
B) was how leftist news organizations described the McCarran-Walter Act.
C) was a military operation that rounded up illegal aliens found in Mexican-American neighborhoods for deportation.
D) was opposed by President Truman.

Question 55

Why did southern Democrats fear losing their position in the Democratic Party following its national convention of 1948?

A) The numbers were ever shrinking in proportion to northern Democrats.
B) The strong migration westward had significantly reduced the southern Democratic constituency.
C) President Truman used the convention to bolster the position of his fellow Democrats from the northeastern establishment.
D) Party liberals under the leadership of Hubert Humphrey had added a strong civil rights plank to the party platform.

Question 56

Why did anticommunist Harry Truman veto the McCarran-Walter Act?

A) The anticommunist measures targeting immigrants did not go far enough for Truman.
B) The McCarran-Walter Act closely mirrored the Committee on Immigration's report, Whom Shall We Welcome, an investigative body commissioned by Truman's political enemies.
C) Truman had become alarmed at the excesses of the anticommunist crusade.
D) Truman did not actually veto the act, preferring to propose an alternative bill.

Question 57

The charges against which of the following organizations led to the downfall of Joseph McCarthy in 1954?

A) The Defense Department.
B) The Voice of America.
C) The State Department.
D) The army.

Question 58

Why did nearly 5 million workers walk off their jobs over the course of 1946?

A) Returning veterans had been given preferential treatment in hiring and promotion.
B) The millions of women who had worked in defense industries were refusing to leave their jobs.
C) The postwar wave of deflation was dramatically reducing the value of worker's wages.
D) The removal of price controls resulted in a drop in workers' real income.

Question 59

All of the following statements about the Cold War's impact on American life are true EXCEPT:

A) the Cold War reshaped immigration policy.
B) Cold War military spending weakened the economy.
C) Cold War policy supported scientific research in medicine and computers.
D) the Cold War contributed to the dismantling of segregation.

Question 60

President Truman's civil rights plan called for all of the following EXCEPT:

A) a permanent federal civil rights commission.
B) national laws against lynching and the poll tax.
C) equal access to jobs.
D) reparations.

Question 61

The impact of the Cold War on the civil rights movement:

A) was quite limited at the time.
B) was beneficial because the Urban League accepted communists into its ranks.
C) included government action against black leaders.
D) caused the NAACP to enlist the aid of the Soviets.

Question 62

Organized labor emerged as:

A) a vocal critic of McCarthyism.
B) a major supporter of the foreign policy of the Cold War.
C) a radical wing of the Communist Party.
D) a militant group willing to fight the Red Scare.

Question 63

Civil rights initiatives after 1948:

A) waned, given widespread American sentiment that any criticism of American society smacked of "disloyalty."
B) continued in the same vein as those achieved during the Truman administration.
C) included enforcement of bans on discrimination in employment and housing.
D) remained a strong priority for the Democratic Party.

Question 64

How did white supremacists take advantage of anticommunist rhetoric?

A) They pointed to the interracial society of the Soviet Union as a warning sign.
B) They stressed the fact that African-Americans were twenty times more likely to be communist than whites.
C) They pointed out that the United States' only reliable ally against the Soviet Union was the apartheid regime of South Africa.
D) They charged African-American civil rights leaders with a communist agenda.

Question 65

Analyze the political, social, and economic effects of the Cold War on domestic life in the United States during the period 1945-1970.

Question 66

Evaluate the extent to which the end of World War II in 1945 marked a turning point for United States foreign policy, analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the war to the period after it.

Question 67

What was so ironic about Dean Acheson's speech to the Delta Council in 1947?

A) Acheson praised the president's defense of democratic institutions in the place that did not know democracy.
B) Acheson was urging the gathering of cotton planters to automate production, while the Democrats were pushing for fair wages for black farmworkers.
C) Acheson was delivering a speech meant for new African-American Democrats in Mississippi to a gathering of white supremacists.
D) The Under Secretary of State was warning the same audience against the Cold War that had already heard Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech a month prior.

Question 68

Document Based Question
Analyze the causes of American fear of communism from 1945 to 1960 and the effect it had on the American people.
Document 1
Source: President Harry S Truman, Address to Joint Session of Congress, March 12, 1947.
The very existence of the Greek state is today threatened by the terrorist activities of several thousand armed men, led by Communists, who defy the government's authority at a number of points, particularly along the northern boundaries. . . . Meanwhile, the Greek Government is unable to cope with the situation. . . . The United States must supply that assistance. We have already extended to Greece certain types of relief and economic aid but these are inadequate. . . . I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. . . . There is no other country to which democratic Greece can turn.
Document 2
Source: President Harry S Truman, Statement on Detection of Soviet Atomic Test, September 23, 1949.
I believe the American people to the fullest extent consistent with the national security are entitled to be informed of all developments in the field of atomic energy. That is my reason for making public the following information.
We have evidence that within recent weeks an atomic explosion occurred in the USSR. Ever since atomic energy was first released by man, the eventual development of this new force by other nations was to be expected. This probability has always been taken into account by us.
Document 3
Source: Movie poster for The Red Menace, 1949.
Document 4
Source: Joseph McCarthy, Speech at Wheeling, West Virginia, February 9, 1950.
The great difference between our western Christian world and the atheistic Communist world is not political, gentlemen, it is moral. For instance, the Marxian idea of confiscating the land and factories and running the entire economy as a single enterprise is momentous.
Today we are engaged in a final, all-out battle between communistic atheism and Christianity. . . . Unless we face this fact, we shall pay the price that must be paid by those who wait too long.
I have here in my hand a list of 205 . . . a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department.
Document 5
Source: Federal Aid Highway Act, June 29, 1956.
SEC. 108. NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INTERSTATE AND DEFENSE HIGHWAYS.
(a) INTERSTATE SYSTEM.-It is hereby declared to be essential to the national interest to provide for the early completion of the "National System of Interstate Highways," as authorized and designated in accordance with section 7 of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 (58 Stat. 838). It is the intent of the Congress that the Interstate System be completed as nearly as practicable over a thirteen-year period and that the entire System in all the States be brought to simultaneous completion. Because of its primary importance to the national defense, the name of such system is hereby changed to the "National System of Interstate and Defense Highways." Such National System of Interstate and Defense Highways is hereinafter in this Act referred to as the "Interstate System."
Document 6
Edwin Marcus, "Awake at Last," 1957, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs
Division.
Document 7
Source: U.S. Military Spending, 1945 -1996 (Billions of 1996 Dollars in Outlays), Center for Defense Information.

Question 69

How did black organizations employ the language of the Cold War?

A) Most black activists shied away from any nod to Cold War language for fear of government reprisals.
B) Organizations such as the NAACP used phrases such as "freedom versus slavery" to rally support for desegregation.
C) They noted how the Russians could use racism to damage America's image abroad, given its hypocrisy about the meaning of "freedom" at home.
D) The NAACP in particular copied the tactics of communist strategists in labor organizations such as the Southern Conference for Human Welfare.