Deck 16: Ethnicity and Race

Question 1

__________ is the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States.

A)Anglo-Americans
B)Hispanics
C)African Americans
D)Asian Americans
E)Native Americans

Answer 1

Hispanics

Question 2

__________ are ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status.

A)Silent majorities
B)Captive nations
C)Colonies
D)Nationalities
E)Plural societies

Answer 2

Nationalities

Question 3

__________ automatically places the children of a union between members of different groups in the minority group.

A)Hypervitaminosis
B)Polygyny
C)Polyandry
D)Hypodescent
E)Hypogamy

Answer 3

Hypodescent

Question 4

__________ describes the identification with, and feeling part of, a cultural group, and exclusion from other cultural groups.

A)Culture shock
B)Ethnicity
C)Cultural relativism
D)Assimilation
E)Ethnocentrism

Question 5

__________ refers to the view that cultural diversity in a country is something good and desirable.

A)Assimilation
B)Acculturation
C)Enculturation
D)Colonialism
E)Multiculturalism

Question 6

__________ refers to the devaluing of a group because of its assumed behavior, values, abilities, or attributes.

A)Discrimination
B)Apartheid
C)Assimilation
D)Diaspora
E)Prejudice

Question 7

Discrimination that is not legally sanctioned is

A)ethnic discrimination.
B)prejudicial discrimination.
C)de jure discrimination.
D)de facto discrimination.
E)situational discrimination.

Question 8

The anti-Basque campaign waged during the Franco dictatorship in Spain is an example of

A)forced assimilation.
B)cultural relativism.
C)status ascription.
D)multiculturalism.
E)an imagined community.

Question 9

The Holocaust is an example of

A)forced assimilation.
B)cultural colonialism.
C)genocide.
D)ethnocide.
E)hypodescent.

Question 10

A major difference between Brazilian and American racial classifications is that

A)Brazilians do not recognize racial differences.
B)American categories are purer than Brazilian ones.
C)Brazilian racial categories are based on genotype, whereas American categories are based on phenotype.
D)in the United States, social race is determined at birth and does not change, but in Brazil, racial identity can change from day to day.
E)None of the above is correct.

Question 11

__________ refers to a person's ability to emphasize different identities in different social contexts.

A)Ethnic identity
B)Racial substitution
C)Situational negotiation of identity
D)Discourse analysis
E)Rotating core personality traits

Question 12

The United States census

A)shows an increase of people selecting of "some other race" since 1980.
B)form uses biological racial categories.
C)found that people do not have any trouble selecting one racial category.
D)form uses racial categories based on hyperdescent.
E)uses the same racial categories as the categories used in the Canadian census.

Question 13

In Japan, burakumin

A)are perceived as "pure" Japanese even though they are the offspring of interracial marriages.
B)suffer from discrimination as members of a stigmatized minority group.
C)enjoy the highest status of all racial groups.
D)no longer face any discrimination.
E)constitute a numerical majority.

Question 14

Nationalities create "imagined communities" because

A)in reaction to colonial governments.
B)most members of a nationality will never meet
C)they do not exist in real terms.
D)they are comprised of many different ethnic groups and subcultures, and therefore may disintegrate at any moment.
E)the members of a nationality constantly compare their society to an idealized, quasi-historical past.

Question 15

When a dominant group compels a minority group to adopt the dominant culture, it is

A)attitudinal discrimination.
B)genocide.
C)forced assimilation.
D)ethnocentrism.
E)environmental racism.

Question 16

Policies and practices that harm a group and its members is

A)colonialism.
B)racism.
C)prejudice.
D)ethnocentrism.
E)discrimination.

Question 17

Social races

A)have some biological basis, although they mostly can be explained through culture.
B)have declined in importance, and anthropologists no longer study the subject.
C)are a cultural construction and have no real world effects.
D)are biologically distinct from ethnic groups.
E)are groups assumed to have a biological basis but they are defined in a culturally arbitrary manner.

Question 18

The dominance of Russian culture, language, and people in the former Soviet empire by communist ideology is an example of

A)multiculturalism.
B)cultural colonialism.
C)hypodescent.
D)enculturation.
E)plural society.

Question 19

Barth uses the term __________ to refer to a society that combines ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization, and economic interdependence of groups.

A)colony
B)broad-spectrum subsistence
C)plural society
D)imagined community
E)assimilation

Question 20

__________ defines the destruction of an ethnic group's culture.

A)Genocide
B)Prejudice
C)Ethnocide
D)Discrimination
E)Diaspora

Question 21

Define hypodescent, and determine if it exists in every human society.

Question 22

Define the term social race, and explain how this concept differs from "race" as perceived by the average American.

Question 23

Define identity shifting, and identify the differences between identities that may be situationally negotiated and those that cannot.Give specific examples of both.

Question 24

In many societies, minority groups have inferior power and less secure access to resources than do majority groups.

Question 25

Describe the notion of "imagined community."

Question 26

Describe a "plural society".According to Barth, what conditions contribute to the stability and endurance of ethnic boundaries.

Question 27

An examination of racial classifications from around the world indicates that

A)all cultures classify races similarly.
B)the classification of racial types is an arbitrary, culturally specific process.
C)the best racial classifications are based solely on phenotypical traits.
D)the best racial classifications are based solely on genotype.
E)the best racial classifications are based on both genotype and phenotype.

Question 28

Identify the major differences between Brazilian and American systems of racial classification.

Question 29

The statement, __________, is not true.

A)Ethnicity is based on actual, perceived, and assumed cultural similarities among members of the same ethnic group.
B)People may change the amount of importance they place on ethnicity due to political or individual life changes.
C)Ethnic distinctions can be based on language and geography.
D)Unlike race, ethnicity derives from biological differences among human groups.
E)Ethnic distinctions can be based on religion, kinship, history, and "race."

Question 30

Define discrimination.Explain the differences between de facto and de jure discrimination, and give examples of each.

Question 31

"Hispanic" is a racial category referring to people who are biologically descended from indigenous Central or South American populations.

Question 32

Only bilingual people engage in identity shifting.

Question 33

List the effects colonialism and colonial nation-building had on "imagined communities" (e.g., ethnic groups, nationalities).Illustrate the answer with specific examples.

Question 34

Outline the difference between assimilationism and multiculturalism.Describe how these affect minority ethnic groups.

Question 35

Nation-state refers to an ethnic group that is not politically autonomous.

Question 36

"Race" is

A)based on biology, while ethnicity is based on culture.
B)only important in the United States.
C)an achieved status.
D)a scientifically defined characteristic.
E)culturally constructed.

Question 37

No hypodescent rule developed in Brazil.

Question 38

A policy of ethnic expulsion or ethnic persecution may create

A)social races.
B)ethnic harmony.
C)refugee populations.
D)a plural society.
E)multiculturalism.

Question 39

Segregation in the southern United States and apartheid in South Africa are examples of

A)situational discrimination.
B)genocide.
C)assimilation.
D)de jure discrimination.
E)de facto discrimination.

Question 40

Instead of asking about race, the Canadian census form asks about

A)ethnicity.
B)visible minorities.
C)multiculturalism.
D)cultural diffusion.
E)genotype.
Essay Questions

Question 41

Racial categories in Japan are more rigid than those in Brazil.

Question 42

Many "imagined communities" were created by colonialism.

Question 43

The hypodescent rule is found in most Western industrialized nations.

Question 44

The burakumin constitute an isolated breeding population that is genetically distinct from the majority Japanese population.

Question 45

Racial categories in Brazil are flexible.

Question 46

The modern concept of "race" was modeled after an ancient theorem of the Great Chain of Being.

Question 47

The hypodescent rule is applied to individuals who are racially "pure."

Question 48

Cultural colonialism is a process of external assimilation that occurs when a developing nation-state requests financial support from a First World nation-state.

Question 49

Interracial, biracial, and multiracial identities are becoming increasingly common in the United States.

Question 50

The assimilationist approach to cultural diversity encourages minority ethnic groups to retain their unique identities.

Question 51

In Brazil, a person's phenotype and racial label may change due to environmental factors.

Question 52

Lack of interaction between coexisting ethnic groups helps to ensure stability in a plural society.

Question 53

In cultural terms, a race is an ethnic group that is assumed to have a biological basis.

Question 54

Multiculturalism is the opposite of assimilationism.