Deck 14: Gender

Question 1

Gender differences among tropical and semitropical foragers shows that

A)the status of women is much lower than it is among northern foragers like the Inuit.
B)women's work usually contributes more to the diet than does men's work; consequently, there is less gender stratification.
C)the distinction between public and domestic spheres of activity is much sharper than it is in most horticultural societies.
D)there is no sex-based division of labor.
E)women never take part in hunting.

Answer 1

women's work usually contributes more to the diet than does men's work; consequently, there is less gender stratification.

Question 2

The __________ is an example of a matrilineal-matrifocal society.

A)United States
B)Yanomami
C)Betsileo
D)Etoro
E)Minangkabau

Answer 2

Minangkabau

Question 3

__________ refers to the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the sexes.

A)Sex roles
B)Sex stereotypes
C)Gender stereotypes
D)Gender roles
E)Gender duties

Answer 3

Gender roles

Question 4

In general, societies with the patrilineal-patrilocal complex are not characterized by

A)scarce resources.
B)inheritance of land and prestige through female lines.
C)a strongly developed public-domestic dichotomy.
D)male control of prestige goods.
E)increased inter-village warfare.

Question 5

Gender stratification is

A)less pronounced among agriculturalists.
B)includes societies where women control all the strategic resources.
C)generally reduced when the domestic and public spheres are not sharply separated.
D)allows women to become more powerful as the contribute more to the domestic sphere.
E)allows women to become more powerful as the contribute less to the domestic sphere.

Question 6

__________ contributed to the emergence of the American notion that "a woman's place is in the home."

A)European immigration around 1900
B)World War II
C)Voting rights for women
D)Inflation
E)The Women's Rights Movement

Question 7

In many highland Papua New Guinea patrilineal-patrilocal societies

A)women are the primary producers of subsistence crops.
B)women govern the public distribution of prestige items.
C)women fear contacts, including sexual intercourse, with men.
D)polygyny decreases household productivity because a man must provide for more than one wife.
E)the public-domestic dichotomy is minor or nonexistent.

Question 8

More than half of American households with incomes below the poverty line

A)are patrifocal.
B)are extended.
C)are headed by men.
D)are headed by women.
E)are headed by grandparents.

Question 9

In a(n) __________ society, women's status should be highest.

A)pastoral
B)agricultural
C)horticultural society experiencing considerable population pressure
D)tropical foraging
E)industrial state with high unemployment

Question 10

In general, the status of women

A)rises as dependence on food production intensifies.
B)is higher in societies in which males do most of the work in food production.
C)is higher among agriculturalists than it is among foragers.
D)is higher in matrilineal societies than it is in patrilineal societies.
E)is higher in Yanomami society than it is among the Betsileo of Madagascar.

Question 11

Cross-cultural studies indicate that

A)men contribute much more to subsistence than women do.
B)a gender-based division of labor is very uncommon.
C)in most societies, women tend to be the primary child caregivers.
D)women generally are less restricted than men are with respect to premarital and extramarital sex.
E)men never contribute to child care.

Question 12

Domestic-public dichotomy is defines as strong differentiation between

A)spheres of exchange.
B)the secular and the sacred.
C)elite and commoners.
D)the home and the outside world.
E)local and international trade.

Question 13

Public dichotomy

A)tends to be more pronounced among agriculturalists than among foragers.
B)tends to be more pronounced among foragers than among pastoralists.
C)is not significant in urban industrial societies.
D)is reinforced in American society by women working both inside and outside the home.
E)is not present in the industrial states of the Western world.

Question 14

The term intersex describes

A)gender stratification processes.
B)homosexual practices of the Etoro.
C)a discrepancy between external and internal genitals.
D)a castrated man.
E)sexual practices of chimpanzees.

Question 15

Biological differences between males and females, other than contrasts in breasts and genitals, is

A)sex.
B)sexual dimorphism.
C)gender.
D)gender dimorphism.
E)sexual bifurcation.

Question 16

__________ is not culturally constructed.

A)Race
B)Gender
C)Kinship
D)Sex
E)Sexual norms

Question 17

Recent cross-cultural studies of gender roles demonstrated that

A)the gender roles of men and women are largely determined by their biological capabilities.
B)women are subservient to men in nearly all societies because their subsistence activities contribute much less to the total diet than do those of men.
C)the relative status of women is variable, depending on factors such as subsistence strategy, the importance of warfare, and the prevalence of a domestic-public dichotomy.
D)foraging, horticultural, pastoral, and industrial societies all have similar attitudes regarding gender roles.
E)changes in the gender roles of men and women are usually associated with social decay and anarchy.

Question 18

In patrilineal parilocal societies,

A)men control the prestige hierarchy.
B)men work harder at food production and manufacturing than do women.
C)men are in short supply due to the practice of male infanticide.
D)men and women enjoy approximately equal status.
E)men trade subsistence goods but not prestige items.

Question 19

Among foragers

A)men excel under harsh living conditions and therefore accrue vastly more prestige than women accrue.
B)warfare makes men dominant over women.
C)the status of women declines when they provide most of the food.
D)men and women are equal; there is no gender inequality.
E)the lack of a clear public-domestic dichotomy contributes to reduced gender inequality.

Question 20

The statement, __________, is not true.

A)"anthropologists view sexual orientation as learned, malleable, and culturally constructed"
B)"culture plays a role in molding individual sexual urges toward a collective norm"
C)"individuals differ in every society on the nature, range, and intensity of their sexual interests"
D)"sexual orientation is genetically predetermined, and culture plays no role in its expression"
E)"four forms of sexual orientation - heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, and asexuality - are found throughout the world"

Question 21

Compare two of the following in terms of gender roles and stratification: (a) foraging societies, (b) matrilineal-matrilocal societies, (c) patrilineal-patrilocal societies, and (e) industrial societies.

Question 22

The fact that chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates engage in masturbation and same-sex sexual activity suggests that

A)human sexuality is completely determined by biology.
B)it is immoral for humans to engage in such activities.
C)flexibility in sexual expression is part of humans' primate heritage.
D)heterosexual sex is more common among humans than among other primates.
E)human sexuality is completely determined by culture.

Question 23

The worldwide increase in female-headed households does not stem from

A)decreasing divorce rates.
B)male migration.
C)unwed adolescent parenthood.
D)civil strife.
E)the idea that child care is a woman's responsibility.

Question 24

A matrilineal-matrilocal society is most likely to emerge when

A)population pressure is high.
B)a shift to agriculture has recently taken place.
C)men's hunting activities are more important than women's gathering.
D)polygyny is common.
E)warfare is infrequent.
Essay Questions

Question 25

Define a matriarchy.If anthropologists have encountered one, describe it.If not, provide a description of the closest approximation, and compare it to a patriarchy.

Question 26

A political system ruled by men in which women have inferior status is a(an)

A)matriarchy.
B)patriarchy.
C)patrilocality.
D)patrilineality.
E)anarchy.

Question 27

The specific roles assigned to each gender vary from culture to culture.

Question 28

List differences between sex and gender.Explain why it is important to understand this distinction.

Question 29

Explain the difference between intersex individuals and self-identified transgender individuals.Give at least two examples of each.

Question 30

The statement, __________, is not true.

A)"according to the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was believed to sap a man's vitality"
B)"according to the Etoro, women who wanted too much heterosexual intercourse were viewed as witches"
C)"according to the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was permitted only about 100 days a year"
D)"according to the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was permitted to take place only in a couple's residence"
E)"according to the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was seen as a necessary sacrifice that would eventually lead to a man's death"

Question 31

__________ is not part of the patrilineal-patrilocal complex.

A)Patrilineality
B)Patrilocality
C)Warfare
D)Reduced gender stratification
E)Male supremacy

Question 32

Identify social, political, and economic conditions that influence gender stratification and violence against women.

Question 33

Explain how industrialism affected gender roles and stratification.Discuss the reasons that poverty is becoming feminized.

Question 34

Discuss whether or not certain sexual preferences are more natural than others.Use cross-cultural evidence to substantiate the argument.

Question 35

Cross-culturally, women's activities tend to be associated with the home, while men are generally more active in the public domain.

Question 36

Define the domestic-public dichotomy.Identify the kinds of societies where it is more pronounced and less pronounced.Explain how it relates to gender stratification.

Question 37

Intersex can result from such unusual chromosome combination as X0.

Question 38

Gender roles are the instinctual behaviors associated with each sex.

Question 39

Gender stratification refers to an unequal distribution of socially valued resources, power, prestige, and personal freedom between men and women.

Question 40

Oversimplified ideas about the characteristics of males and females are known as gender roles.

Question 41

Gender stratification tends to be extreme in patrilineal-patrilocal societies.

Question 42

The World Economic Forum in 2006 ranked the U.S.as 61^st in the world in terms of equal pay for equal work.

Question 43

Women head more than half of the households in America that have incomes below the poverty.

Question 44

Patriarchy only occurs in such tribal societies as the Yanomami.

Question 45

Cross-cultural studies of foraging societies indicate that women never hunt or fish.

Question 46

The designer Dior changed the image of male model from a thin juvenile to a rugged outdoorsman.

Question 47

Yanomami society is one of the few matriarchies that have been documented by anthropologists.

Question 48

All anthropologists agree that a true matriarchy has never existed.

Question 49

Cross-culturally, there are only two specific genders.

Question 50

Women's status tends to be high in matrilineal-matrilocal societies.

Question 51

Homosexual practices among the Etoro demonstrate that homosexuality is more pronounced in matrilocal societies.

Question 52

Domestic violence against women is prevalent in patrilineal-patrilocal societies because women are isolated from their supportive kin.

Question 53

The World Economic Forum in 2006 found that the gender gap in education worldwide has only closed 20 percent.

Question 54

In the United States, attitudes regarding the role of women in the workplace have varied according to economic needs.

Question 55

Single-parent families headed by women are becoming increasingly common because of male migration, divorce, abandonment, and the idea that child care is women's responsibility.

Question 56

Male-female avoidance among the Etoro was linked to beliefs about the cycle of birth, physical growth, maturity, old age, and death.

Question 57

Countries with the greatest female labor force participation also ranked the least happy according to a 2010 Gallup poll.