Deck 7: The Genus Homo

Question 1

The _________ model suggests that a wave of anatomically modern humans replaced the Neandertals.

A)broad-spectrum revolution
B)phyletic transformation
C)"Out of Africa" or "Eve" model
D)multiregional evolution
E)manifest destiny

Answer 1

"Out of Africa" or "Eve" model

Question 2

__________ is associated with the site of Zhoukoudian.

A)H.habilis
B)H.erectus
C)Archaic H.sapiens
D)Neandertals
E)H.sapiens

Answer 2

H.erectus

Question 3

H.erectus is generally associated with the

A)Neolithic age.
B)Oldowan age.
C)Mousterian age.
D)Lower Paleolithic age.
E)Upper Paleolithic age.

Answer 3

Lower Paleolithic age.

Question 4

The statement, __________, best describes H.habilis.

A)"H.habilis was the first hominin species to use fire."
B)"H.habilis was short with long arms, like australopithecines."
C)"H.habilis was found with Mousterian tools."
D)"H.habilis had a cranial capacity of 1,000 cm³."
E)"H.habilis is only found in Asia."

Question 5

__________ is not located within the probable H.erectus range.

A)Java
B)China
C)South Africa
D)Alaska
E)Dmanisi

Question 6

The Paleoindians of North America used __________ to hunt large game.

A)Clovis points
B)Mousterian points
C)Acheulian hand axes
D)Levallois blades
E)Oldowan pebble tools

Question 7

The original settlers of the Americas came from

A)south east Asia
B)Russia
C)Northwest Asia
D)Europe
E)None of the above is correct.

Question 8

__________ is a trend in hominin evolution since the genus Homo began.

A)A lack of sexual dimorphism
B)decreased molar size
C)Stable population numbers
D)Bipedalism
E)A decreasing geographic range

Question 9

According to the mtDNA analyses, the first modern humans left Africa

A)About 2 m.y.a.
B)About 1 m.y.a.
C)About 735,000 years ago.
D)About 535,000 years ago.
E)About 135,000 years ago.

Question 10

The fossil KNM-ER 1470, sometimes called H.rudolfensis, was unusual because it

A)lived at the same time as A.afarensis.
B)was found with Upper Paleolithic tools.
C)was the first hominin species found outside of Africa.
D)has a combination of large molars and a large brain.
E)was the first hominin species found in the Americas.

Question 11

__________ characterize the Upper Paleolithic.

A)Hand axes
B)Pebble tools
C)Metallurgy
D)Plant domestication
E)Blade tools

Question 12

Researchers learned that ___________ by looking at the molars and chewing muscles of H.erectus.

A)H.erectus was more dependent on tubers than earlier hominins
B)H.erectus was more dependent on hunting than earlier hominins
C)the chewing apparatus of H.erectus was essentially identical to that of H.habilis
D)the chewing apparatus of H.erectus was different from that of H.habilis
E)H.erectus had not yet begun to hunt.

Question 13

____________ does not characterize a typical Neandertal skull.

A)A broad face
B)A large brow ridge
C)Huge front teeth
D)Small nasal cavities
E)An average cranial capacity larger than that of modern humans

Question 14

Many Neandertal anatomical traits reflect adaptation to

A)the interglacial environment.
B)the lack of full human speech.
C)extreme, dry heat.
D)vegetarianism.
E)a cold climate.

Question 15

___________ is the name of the stone tool tradition associated with Neandertals.

A)Oldowan
B)Acheulian
C)Mousterian
D)Würm
E)Lower Paleolithic

Question 16

____________ did not facilitate the spread of H.erectus from tropical into subtropical and temperate environments.

A)The use of fire
B)Living in rock shelters and caves
C)Upper Paleolithic toolmaking traditions
D)Increasingly efficient hunting methods
E)A larger brain and essentially modern skeleton

Question 17

Evidence from the South American site of Monte Verde suggests that the Americas may have first been settled

A)around 18,000 years ago.
B)around 180,000 years ago.
C)around 1.8 m.y.a.
D)around 1,800 years ago.
E)None of the above is correct.

Question 18

__________ species is associated with the broad-spectrum revolution.

A)Robust australopithecines
B)Neandertals
C)H.sapiens
D)Archaic H.sapiens
E)H.erectus

Question 19

The broad-spectrum revolution is defined as the period when

A)glacial retreats led to the exploitation of a greater variety of plant and animal foods.
B)the greatest diversity of hominins lived in Africa.
C)H.sapiens populations overtook Neandertal caves and began to draw animal figures.
D)primates developed the ability to see more than just primary colors and therefore could distinguish different types of leaves.
E)H.sapiens shifted from gradual evolution to punctuated equilibrium.

Question 20

The current debate about Neandertals' relation to anatomically modern humans (AMHs) focuses on

A)whether Neandertals were fully human or an H.erectus hybrid.
B)whether Neandertals made microlithic tools.
C)whether Neandertals or AMHs were best adapted to a cold climate.
D)whether Neandertals or AMHs settled the Americas first.
E)whether Neandertals contributed to the ancestry of modern Europeans.

Question 21

Discuss the Neandertals-their anatomy, when they existed, and their geographic distribution.Review and evaluate the different positions in the debate over Neandertals' relationship to anatomically modern humans.

Question 22

Citing both biological and cultural evidence, discuss the major similarities and differences between the sociocultural means of adaptation employed by Australopithecus and H.erectus.

Question 23

__________ was the first hominin species to expand its range outside of Africa.

A)H.erectus
B)A.afarensis
C)H.sapiens
D)A.africanus
E)H.sapiens neanderthalensis

Question 24

Paleolithic means

A)the study of fossil humans.
B)old technology.
C)old Stone Age.
D)bronze Age.
E)a period of warm weather between glacial periods.

Question 25

Scientists used __________ evidence to learn about the Neandertals at El Sidrόn.

A)archaeological
B)palynological and DNA
C)fossil, archaeological, and DNA
D)bioarchaeological and survey
E)Y chromosome DNA and forensic

Question 26

The broad-spectrum revolution

A)led to a fluorescence of colored cave paintings beginning around 70,000 B.P.
B)led to a new technological tradition based on flaked tools.
C)provided the environmental circumstances favoring the evolution of "Mitochondrial Eve."
D)set the stage for the development of food production based on plant cultivation and animal domestication.
E)led to the extinction of the Neandertals.

Question 27

Body ornamentation

A)could signify group identity or social status.
B)is first known to be used by H.habilis in Africa.
C)could be a response to decreasing population.
D)is the most distinctive thing about H.floresiensis.
E)is not considered a part of behavioral modernity by any anthropologists.

Question 28

Identify the main anatomical differences between Neandertals and H.sapiens, and discuss how these differences have been interpreted.

Question 29

The Red Deer Cave people are significant because they are the most recent human remains found anywhere that

A)closely resemble Neandertals.
B)closely resemble modern humans.
C)closely resemble Homo floresiensis.
D)do not closely resemble modern humans.
E)did not use tools.

Question 30

Provide evidence for an increased dependence on culture during hominin evolution.

Question 31

The Denisovans

A)are descended from one man called Dennis, who lived about 200,000 years ago in Africa.
B)were distant cousins to the Neandertals and lived in Asia.
C)provide evidence that Neandertals did not interbreed with modern humans.
D)were found with the first evidence of use and control of fire.
E)are the common ancestor of the australopithecines and H.habilis.

Question 32

Some researchers believe that H.rudolfensis was a separate species that was contemporaneous with

A)Ardipithecus.
B)H.habilis.
C)H.sapiens.
D)Gigantopithecus.
E)A.anamensis.

Question 33

Analysis of large samples of human mitochondrial DNA has led some researchers to hypothesize that all

A)modern humans are descended from Neandertals in Western Europe.
B)current human mitochondrial DNA comes from one woman who lived in Africa some 200,000 years ago.
C)modern humans are descended directly from chimpanzees and gorillas, but not orangutans.
D)modern humans are not descended from robust australopithecines.
E)H.erectus populations around the world eventually evolved into populations of H.sapiens.

Question 34

Discuss the major anatomical differences between the australopithecines and H.erectus.

Question 35

Analyze how biological changes in H.erectus reflected, or made possible, new cultural adaptive strategies.

Question 36

Identify and discuss the significance (in terms of environmental, economic, and social changes) of the broad-spectrum revolution in southwestern Europe.

Question 37

Homo heidelbergensis

A)is found only in East Asia.
B)primarily used the Oldowan tool technology.
C)was part of the broad-spectrum revolution.
D)is also called Homo floresiensis.
E)was named after a jaw found in a gravel pit at Mauer.
Essay Questions

Question 38

The surprising hominin species found on an island living as recently as 13,000 B.P.was

A)H.erectus.
B)A.robustus.
C)Neandertals.
D)H.floresiensis.
E)H.habilis.

Question 39

___________ is not a general trend in hominin evolution.

A)Greater reliance on cultural means of adaptation
B)An increase in the quantity, variety, and quality of tools
C)An increase in cranial capacity
D)A decrease in the overall geographic range of hominins
E)Population growth

Question 40

The fossils found at Ileret showed that

A)H.habilis evolved into H.erectus.
B)H.erectus did not have any sexual dimorphism.
C)H.erectus lived 3 m.y.a.
D)H.habilis had modern humanlike body size and proportions.
E)H.habilis and H.erectus lived at about the same time.

Question 41

A reliance on plant foods is the ecological niche of H.erectus that separated them from H.habilis.

Question 42

Unlike the Mousterian, which included a great variety of stone tool types, Upper Paleolithic tool traditions included only a few kinds of implements.

Question 43

Neandertals made clothes, developed elaborate tools, and hunted reindeer, mammoths, and woolly rhinos in order to survive in the cold European climate.

Question 44

The stone tool traditions of the Upper Paleolithic were based primarily on blade tools which, compared to the Mousterian, were faster to make and more efficient in terms of the amount of cutting edge obtained from the same amount of stone.

Question 45

H.erectus was the first hominin species to expand outside of Africa, eventually colonizing Europe and Asia.

Question 46

During the warmer period after the end of the Würm glaciation, human groups modified their subsistence strategies in order to exploit a greater variety of plant and animal species.

Question 47

Monte Verde, located in Chile, is one of the most important H.erectus sites.

Question 48

Only two hominin species, H.sapiens neanderthalensis and H.sapiens sapiens, ever lived in the Americas.

Question 49

Paleoindians used spears tipped with Clovis points to hunt large game in southern Europe during the Upper Paleolithic.

Question 50

Recent genetic research comparing Neandertal DNA and modern human DNA supports the theory that Neandertals evolved into European AMHs.

Question 51

Choppers that were made by removing flakes from one end of a cobble chacterize the Acheulian tradition.

Question 52

Identify the beginning of human behavioral modernity.Discuss the traditional view as well as the revised view with examples to support each approach.

Question 53

Evidence from the Israeli sites of Skh?ūl and Qafzeh suggests that AMHs evolved from archaic H.sapiens populations in the region long before the Neandertals died out in Europe.

Question 54

The Paleolithic tool tradition associated with H.erectus is the Acheulian.

Question 55

Most of what is known today about archaic H.sapiens comes from South Asia.

Question 56

Mousterian is the stone tool tradition associated with Neandertals.

Question 57

Neandertals had an average brain size about the same as, or larger than, modern humans.

Question 58

Discuss the fossil and genetic evidence for the Out of Africa theory relating to anatomically modern humans.Analyze what this evidence indicates about the role of Neandertals in the evolution of modern humans.

Question 59

All paleoanthropologists agree that the skull designated KNM-ER 1813 belongs to a separate species, H.rudolfensis.

Question 60

H.erectus was the first hominin to control fire.

Question 61

Homo floresiensis was a giant hominin that lived in Europe during the interglacial periods.

Question 62

Evidence from the cave of El Sidrόn suggests that the Neandertals who lived there might have been victims of cannibalism.

Question 63

Recent DNA analysis suggests that the Americas were settled by more than one haplogroup.

Question 64

The DNA of the Denisovans suggests that they interbred with ancestral Melanesians.

Question 65

Beringia is the land bridge that once connected Siberia and North America.