Deck 2: Culture

Question 1

The media help propel a transnational culture of __________, as they spread information about products, services, rights, institutions, and lifestyles.

A)conflict
B)tolerance
C)invention
D)electronic communication
E)consumerism

Answer 1

consumerism

Question 2

Individuals do not learn culture through

A)genetic transmission.
B)unconscious acquisition.
C)through observation.
D)through direct instruction.
E)conscious acquisition.

Answer 2

genetic transmission.

Question 3

The statement, __________, is not true.

A)"culture is a distinctive possession of humanity"
B)"culture is acquired by all humans as members of society through enculturation"
C)"culture encompasses shared, symbol-based, learned behavior and beliefs transmitted across generations"
D)"everyone is cultured"
E)"culture is transmitted genetically"

Answer 3

"culture is transmitted genetically"

Question 4

__________ is an example of civic culture.

A)Television shows
B)The government
C)McDonald's
D)An unspoken dress codes for funerals
E)A musical performance at the city civic center

Question 5

The statement, __________, is not true.

A)"cultural relativism argues that cultural values vary between cultures"
B)"cultural relativism argues that some cultures are relatively better than others"
C)"cultural relativism argues that we shouldn't use our own standards to judge conduct in other cultures"
D)"cultural relativism argues that no one culture is better than any other"
E)"cultural relativism argues that each culture is a unique, integrated whole"

Question 6

__________ are cultural particularities.

A)Features of a culture that are isolated from other features in the same culture
B)Features unique to a given culture, not shared with any others
C)Different levels of culture
D)The most general aspect of culture patterns
E)Cultural features exhibited by individuals rather than groups

Question 7

Shared culture means that culture is

A)an attribute of particular individuals.
B)an attribute of individuals as members of their groups.
C)what ensures that all people raised in the same society have the same opinions.
D)universally regarded as more important than the concept of the individual.
E)imposed by more than one person.

Question 8

__________ describes the cultural change that results when two or more cultures have continuous contact.

A)Acculturation
B)Enculturation
C)Independent invention
D)Colonization
E)Imperialism

Question 9

Cultural rights different from human rights in that

A)human rights are real, while cultural rights are just perceived.
B)cultural rights are morally based, while human rights are methodologically based.
C)cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals.
D)cultural rights are more clear-cut than human rights.
E)the term cultural rights is a politically correct synonym for human rights.

Question 10

__________ is a cultural generality.

A)Life in groups
B)The use of fire
C)Incest taboo
D)Use of symbols
E)Nuclear family

Question 11

__________ diffusion takes place when two cultures trade, intermarry, or wage war on one another.

A)Forced
B)Direct
C)Indirect
D)Enculturated
E)Bilateral

Question 12

__________ focuses on how people with different motives, intentions, and degrees of power and influence manage to create and transform the society in which they live.

A)Cultural relativism
B)Experimental anthropology
C)Interpretive anthropology
D)Neoevolutionism
E)Practice theory

Question 13

The statement, __________, is not true.

A)"all human groups have culture"
B)"culture provides the particular way that groups of humans deal with biological needs"
C)"human groups differ in their capacities for culture"
D)"the capacity for culture is shared by all humans"
E)"cultural learning is uniquely elaborated among humans"

Question 14

Cultural relativism is

A)a cultural universal, based upon the human capacity to use symbols.
B)the argument that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture.
C)a cultural particular, based upon the interrelatedness of humans.
D)the opposite of participant observation.
E)the same thing as ethnocentrism.

Question 15

The process by which children learn culture is

A)acculturation.
B)cultural transmission.
C)enculturation.
D)ethnoabsorption.
E)diffusion.

Question 16

____________ defines processes that are causing nations and people to be increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent.

A)Acculturation
B)Diffusion
C)Globalization
D)Enculturation
E)Independent invention

Question 17

_________ is a cultural universal.

A)Hypodescent
B)Hyperdescent
C)Bifurcate merging kinship terminologies
D)Transhumance
E)Some kind of family

Question 18

Ethnocentrism is defined as viewing another culture

A)by that culture's standards.
B)in terms of your own culture and values.
C)by government standards.
D)by the universal moral code that we all follow.
E)through rose-colored glasses.

Question 19

The emergence of agriculture in of the Middle East and in Mexico is an example of

A)acculturation.
B)enculturation.
C)independent invention.
D)colonization.
E)diffusion.

Question 20

__________ defines a sign that has no necessary or natural connection to the thing it stands for or signifies.

A)Morpheme
B)Lexicon
C)Phoneme
D)Symbol
E)Collateral

Question 21

What people say they do or should do is

A)imagined culture.
B)ethnocentrism.
C)agency.
D)ideal culture.
E)verbal culture.

Question 22

Explore what studies of wild chimpanzees indicate about the nature of chimpanzee hunting behavior, and describe some possible implications of this behavior for our understanding of early hominin social organization.

Question 23

Explain the differences between cultural universals, generalities, and particularities.Illustrate your answer with examples.

Question 24

Describe the extent to which the use of tools is unique to humans.Illustrate your answer with examples from studies of nonhuman animals, including other primates.

Question 25

Describe how human adaptability relates to culture.

Question 26

__________ refers to the process by which humans innovate to creatively find solutions to problems.

A)Enculturation
B)Acculturation
C)Independent invention
D)Globalization
E)Diffusion

Question 27

Anthropologists consider __________ to be "cultured."

A)educated people
B)key cultural consultants
C)ethnocentric people
D)culturally sensitive people
E)all people

Question 28

Show how culture can be adaptive and maladaptive.Identify why it is important to understand that culture can be both adaptive and maladaptive.

Question 29

__________ refers to the different symbol-based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups within the same complex society.

A)Subcultures
B)Globalization
C)Diffusion
D)Hypodescent
E)Pidgins

Question 30

Humans do not share such features as __________ with chimpanzees.

A)tool use
B)meat eating
C)stereoscopic vision
D)high intelligence
E)visible estrus

Question 31

__________ is unique to humans.

A)Social life
B)Tool use
C)Meat eating
D)Food sharing
E)Preserved kinship systems
Essay Questions

Question 32

Describe the biological features that humans share with primates and how they provide a biological basis for cultural attributes.Define how human culture is similar to and different from aspects of primate life.

Question 33

Identify the defining attributes of culture, and provide examples of each attribute.Then, provide examples of each attribute.

Question 34

__________ is responsible for pidgin English.

A)Enculturation
B)Acculturation
C)Independent invention
D)Migration
E)Diffusion

Question 35

Humans do not share such features as __________ with other primates.

A)opposable thumbs
B)enlarged brain-to-body ratio
C)depth perception
D)parental investment in offspring
E)habitual bipedalism

Question 36

Discuss the different kinds of learning, and identify the kind of learning upon which culture depends.

Question 37

Compare and contrast the various mechanisms of cultural change.

Question 38

Recent research on chimpanzee eating habits indicates that

A)chimps are habitual hunters.
B)male chimps are exclusive herbivores.
C)chimpanzees occasionally cook meat at volcanically heated springs.
D)while chimps do hunt a little, they get most of their meat by stealing it from predators.
E)chimpanzee hunting is the main reason New World monkeys are almost extinct.

Question 39

Define globalization and identify the forces that are driving it.Discuss how globalization is affecting local peoples, as well as how they are responding.

Question 40

Define ethnocentrism and cultural relativism and highlight where they are similar or different.Identify the problems that can arise from cultural relativism in an anthropologist's work.

Question 41

Culture is both public and individual, both in the world and in people's minds.

Question 42

Diffusion plays an important role in spreading cultural traits around the world.

Question 43

Cultural generalities may arise through independent invention, when people in different societies devise similar solutions to comparable problems or challenges.

Question 44

The idea of universal, inalienable human rights that are superior to the laws and customs of particular cultures challenges the notion of cultural relativism.

Question 45

Cultural relativism is a core value of American society.

Question 46

The nuclear family is a feature of all known cultures.

Question 47

Culture is transmitted genetically.

Question 48

Cultural relativists believe that people should judge culture only according to the standards and traditions of that culture and not according to standards of other cultural traditions.

Question 49

By definition, a symbol has an intrinsic and natural link to the thing it signifies.

Question 50

Because cultures are integrated, patterned systems, a change in one part of a culture often leads to changes in other parts.

Question 51

Researchers have observed Japanese macaques making and using "termiting" sticks in the wild.

Question 52

Only people living in the industrialized, capitalist countries of Western Europe and the United States are ethnocentric.

Question 53

Although culture is one of the principle means by which humans adapt to their environment, some cultural traits may threaten a group's survival.

Question 54

People in a given culture differ very little in terms of their ideas, values, goals, and beliefs.

Question 55

Culture is transmitted in society.

Question 56

The word cat is a symbol.

Question 57

Although there are many different levels of culture, an individual can participate in only one level at a time.

Question 58

Cultural learning often occurs among nonhuman animals that live in groups.

Question 59

Indigenous peoples can do nothing to counter threats to their cultural identity, autonomy, and livelihood posed by globalization.

Question 60

Acculturation is the process by which people lose the cultures that they learned as children.

Question 61

The Internet has hindered the process of globalization.

Question 62

According to anthropologists, cultures eventually become fixed traditions and stop changing.