Deck 16: Evolution of Microbial Life

Question 1

Which of the following diseases can be considered among the most devastating of all time?

A) Influenza
B) Measles
C) Chicken pox
D) Herpes

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When bacterial cells exchange genetic information by passing plasmids from one cell to another,a ____________ forms between the cells and is a passageway through which the DNA is exchanged.

A) conjugation bridge
B) contraction bridge
C) flagellar whip
D) binary bridge

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The simplest and most abundant form of life on earth today are the

A) prokaryotes.
B) fungi.
C) molds.
D) protists.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is found in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes?

A) DNA
B) Flagella
C) Binary fission
D) Unicellularity
E) Mitosis

Question 5

Which of the following would Earth's early atmosphere have lacked?

A) Methane
B) Oxygen
C) Ammonia
D) Hydrogen sulfide

Question 6

Prokaryotes that live in anaerobic environments,such as swamps and marshes,and produce methane gas are called

A) cyanobacteria.
B) methanogens.
C) thermophiles.
D) methanocysts.

Question 7

When bacterial cell walls are thin and stain red with Gram stain,they are

A) gram-negative.
B) gram-positive.
C) gram-neutral.
D) red bacteria.

Question 8

Discovery that viruses act more like a chemical than an organism came from work with the

A) Vibrio cholerae virus.
B) SARS virus.
C) HIV virus.
D) tobacco mosaic virus.

Question 9

Spherical bacteria are called

A) cocci.
B) bacilli.
C) spirilla.
D) none of these.

Question 10

All viruses have an envelope around their capsid.

Question 11

______________ consist of a core segment of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and are not "alive."

A) Viruses
B) Protists
C) Bacteria
D) Archaea

Question 12

Scientists suspect that the first macromolecules to form when cells first arose were

A) polysaccharides.
B) DNA.
C) RNA.
D) enzymes.

Question 13

Viruses contain ________ as their genetic material.

A) DNA and RNA
B) RNA or DNA
C) protein
D) carbohydrate

Question 14

Eukaryotes are first seen in the fossil record __________ years ago.

A) 200,000
B) 2 million
C) 10 million
D) 1.5 billion

Question 15

Under harsh environmental conditions,some bacteria are able to form thick-walled ______________ to protect them for up to hundreds of years until conditions improve.

A) cysts
B) zygotes
C) spirochetes
D) endospores

Question 16

Bats are a healthy carrier for which of the following diseases?

A) SARS
B) West Nile Virus
C) Hantavirus
D) Influenza
E) AIDS

Question 17

All of the following are correct about gram-positive bacteria except

A) they have a thick peptidoglycan layer.
B) they are more sensitive to antibiotics like penicillin.
C) they stain purple in a gram stain.
D) they have an outer membrane.
E) they may have a capsule surrounding them.

Question 18

The Miller-Urey experiment included

A) finding extraterrestrial organisms.
B) the bubble model of containment of polar molecules.
C) reconstructing the oxygen free atmosphere of early earth.
D) None of the choices are correct.

Question 19

The primary characteristic of protists is that they are

A) the only unicellular eukaryotes.
B) microscopic eukaryotes.
C) photosynthetic eukaryotes.
D) eukaryotes that are not animals,plants,or fungi.

Question 20

Viruses that can infect bacterial cells are

A) AIDS virus strains.
B) influenza viruses.
C) cold viruses.
D) bacteriophages.

Question 21

Which of the following substances are commercially produced by fungi?

A) Some antibiotics
B) Citric acid
C) Cheese
D) Wine
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 22

The typical mushrooms,but not truffles or morels,belong to the

A) ascomycetes.
B) basidiomycetes.
C) zygomycetes.
D) imperfect fungi.

Question 23

Amoebas move by

A) cilia.
B) flagella.
C) pseudopodia.
D) gliding mechanisms.
E) all of these.

Question 24

Protists that obtain their energy from organic molecules synthesized by other organisms are called

A) phototrophs.
B) heterotrophs.
C) osmotrophs.
D) chemoautotrophs.

Question 25

A mass of fungal hyphae is called a

A) septum.
B) mycelium.
C) gametophyte.
D) sporophyte.

Question 26

Unicellular,photosynthetic protists that contain chlorophylls a and b include some types of green algae and

A) foraminifera.
B) ciliates.
C) amoebas.
D) euglenoids.

Question 27

Fungi and ______ are the main decomposers in the biosphere.

A) protists
B) animals
C) plants
D) bacteria

Question 28

The yeasts mostly belong to which group?

A) Ascomycetes
B) Basidiomycetes
C) Zygomycetes
D) Imperfect fungi

Question 29

The _________________ are fungi that do not reproduce sexually.

A) ascomycetes
B) basidiomycetes
C) zygomycetes
D) imperfect fungi

Question 30

The mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi are called _______.

A) molds
B) lichens
C) mycorrhizae
D) truffles

Question 31

The morels and truffles belong to which group?

A) Ascomycetes
B) Basidiomycetes
C) Zygomycetes
D) Imperfect fungi

Question 32

Protists that have unique,double shells of silica and contain chlorophylls a and c are called

A) green algae.
B) diatoms.
C) red algae.
D) forams.

Question 33

Which of the following is not a fungus?

A) Morel
B) Black bread mold
C) Yeast
D) Slime mold

Question 34

There are ____________ different described species of fungi.

A) 550
B) 4 million
C) 74,000
D) 2,000

Question 35

Which of these kingdoms is the most diverse?

A) Protists
B) Fungi
C) Animal
D) Plant

Question 36

Fungi are at least _____ million years old.

A) 1
B) 25
C) 50
D) 100
E) 400

Question 37

In a mycorrhiza,the filamentous fungi increase the plant's uptake of

A) oxygen.
B) carbon dioxide.
C) mineral nutrients.
D) glucose.
E) carbon.

Question 38

The septa in hyphae

A) rarely form a complete barrier.
B) are commonly found in plants and animals as well as fungi.
C) are only found in the Zygomycota.
D) prevent cytoplasm from flowing.

Question 39

A lichen is made up of a(n)___________ and a __________.

A) alga;fungus
B) animal;fungus
C) fungus;plant
D) fungus;protist

Question 40

The __________ are protists that stream along as a multinucleate mass of cytoplasm.

A) ciliates
B) cellular slime molds
C) plasmodial slime molds
D) water molds

Question 41

The slender filaments that make up the body of a fungus are called ____________.

Question 42

The two kingdoms of prokaryotes are called _____________.

Question 43

Some bacteria can pass plasmids from one cell to another in a process called ________________.

Question 44

The most diverse eukaryotic kingdom is made up of the ______________.

Question 45

The symbiotic associations between plant roots and fungi are called _______________.

Question 46

The fungal phyla are distinguished primarily by

A) their color.
B) their size.
C) their mode of sexual reproduction.
D) whether they make spores or not.
E) their habitat.

Question 47

__________________ are small bubbles that may have been the first step in the evolution of cellular structure.

Question 48

Viruses that originate in one organism,pass to another organism,and cause a disease in the new host are called ____________ viruses.

Question 49

Some bacteria attach to surfaces of other cells with short outgrowths called _____________.

Question 50

Describe what scientists feel may be the first step in the evolution of cellular organization.

Question 51

Describe bacterial conjugation.

Question 52

Fungi differ from plants in all the following ways except

A) fungi have filamentous bodies.
B) fungi have nuclear mitosis.
C) fungi are heterotrophic.
D) fungi have cell walls made of cellulose.
E) fungi have nonmotile sperm.

Question 53

A ___________ is a symbiotic association between fungi and either green algae or cyanobacteria.

Question 54

Fungi obtain nutrients by _______________ digestion.

Question 55

A fungal __________ is light enough to be carried for miles in the wind,dispersing the fungus to new areas.

Question 56

Fungi are able to break down dead or decaying matter but are unable to digest the cellulose in wood.

Question 57

Viral genomes can be of DNA or ___________.

Question 58

Prokaryotes reproduce using a method called _________________.

Question 59

Fungal hyphae that have two nuclei are said to be ____________________.

Question 60

The ________________ model proposes that when life originated,key chemical processes generating the building blocks of life were contained in a spherical structure.

Question 61

How are fungi used by humans?

Question 62

Are viruses living or nonliving? Explain.

Question 63

What are some of the unique features of the fungi that lead us to believe they are not closely related to any other group of organisms?