Deck 8: Genetics of Behavior

Question 1

Researchers estimate that about _____ genes are involved in behavioral disorders.

A)10-20
B)100-120
C)100-300
D)500

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which choice accurately conveys the complexity of neural connections in the human brain?

A)About 100 billion neurons each contact 1,000 to 10,000 other neurons.
B)A million or so neurons each contact up to 100 other neurons.
C)10 million or so neurons each contact up to 10,000 other neurons.
D)A billion or so neurons each contact up to a million other neurons.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The first intelligence tests,developed in the late 19th century,tested a person's

A)mathematics and verbal skills.
B)sensory perception and reaction time.
C)problem-solving and logic skills.
D)hand-eye coordination.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A person with narcolepsy may experience

A)cataplexy,in which he or she suddenly collapses.
B)dogaplexy,in which he or she suddenly collapses.
C)inability to sleep.
D)excessive REM sleep.

Question 5

As individuals age,heritability of IQ

A)increases.
B)decreases.
C)remains relatively constant.
D)becomes impossible to assess.

Question 6

Genes can affect behavior by encoding proteins that

A)function as neurotransmitter transporters,neurotransmitter receptors,and enzymes that control the synthesis of neurotransmitters and myelin.
B)aggregate to form synapses.
C)are neurotransmitters or neuroregulators.
D)alter synaptic connections when a person thinks in a certain way.

Question 7

Causes of intellectual disability include gene and chromosomal disorders,infections,malnutrition,and noninherited birth defects.

Question 8

Genetic contribution to intelligence increases with age because

A)the expression of intelligence genes accumulates over time.
B)a person has more years of schooling.
C)a person has greater control over his or her environment.
D)the number of genes that contribute to intelligence increases.

Question 9

Evidence that sleep has an inherited component is that

A)MZ twins share more sleep characteristics than do DZ twins.
B)siblings often go to sleep and wake up at the same time.
C)people with insomnia have the same chromosome abnormality.
D)DZ twins share more sleep characteristics than do MZ twins.

Question 10

Candidate genes for the inherited components of mood disorders affect

A)muscle and nerve cell function.
B)connective tissue function.
C)signal transduction and neurotransmission.
D)cellular adhesion and blood clotting.

Question 11

The average score on an IQ test,such as the Stanford-Binet,is

A)50.
B)75.
C)100.
D)150.

Question 12

A synapse is

A)a space between neurons.
B)a neurotransmitter molecule.
C)a type of protein.
D)a gene that controls the nervous system.

Question 13

The best description of the probable role that genes play in behavioral disorders is that

A)a single gene causes each of these disorders.
B)the same disorder may be caused by a single gene in one individual,and solely by an environmental factor in another.
C)single genes with major influences as well as small inputs from common gene variants contribute to susceptibility to behavioral disorders,perhaps requiring environmental triggers.
D)variants of the same gene underlie major depressive disorder,bipolar disorder,anxiety disorder,eating disorders,and schizophrenia.

Question 14

The parts of the brain where addiction arises are

A)the suprachiasmatic nuclei,the ventricles,and the cerebral cortex.
B)the nucleus accumbens,the ventral tegmental area,and the prefrontal cortex.
C)the frontal medulla,the cerebellum,and the hypothalamus.
D)the presynaptic neuron,postsynaptic neuron,and synapse.

Question 15

Which of the following behavioral disorders has the highest rate of prevalence in the U.S.population?

A)Major depressive disorder
B)Schizophrenia
C)Anorexia nervosa
D)Autism spectrum disorders

Question 16

The first narcolepsy gene was discovered in

A)bats.
B)cockroaches.
C)hippos.
D)dogs.

Question 17

The part of the human brain that controls the sleep-wake cycle is called the

A)nucleolus.
B)cerebral cortex.
C)suprachiasmatic nuclei.
D)substantia nigra.

Question 18

The molecular explanation for narcolepsy is that

A)certain brain cells have many extra orexin/hypocretin receptors,so these cells receive too many messages to sleep.
B)the orexin/hypocretin receptor is missing,abnormal in structure,or unable to move to the surface of certain brain cells,blocking signals to stay awake.
C)a gene is missing in chromosome 6 that encodes the protein narcoleptin.
D)a viral infection activates genes that promote sleep.

Question 19

A standardized test that takes into account the fact that some students have access to coaching and others do not assesses

A)global studies.
B)global intelligence ability.
C)economic stability.
D)financial status.

Question 20

Jeremy leads an active lifestyle.He spends at least two hours in the gym every day.He follows a high protein diet and consumes caffeine in moderate quantities.Despite this,Jeremey falls asleep at his desk four to five times a day.Once he wakes up,he finds it difficult to move around for a few minutes.He likely has

A)anorexia nervosA.
B)bulimia.
C)schizophrenia.
D)narcolepsy.

Question 21

The lifetime risk for major depressive disorder in the general population is

A)1%.
B)2%.
C)10%.
D)25%.

Question 22

In the 1980s,when researchers began seeking gene variants that caused or contributed to bipolar disorder,it seemed that each extended family had its own mutations.These findings,looking back,most likely mean that

A)bipolar disorder results from imitating the behavior of an affected family member.
B)many gene variant combinations cause or contribute to bipolar disorder,but only a few such variants are seen in any one family.
C)many people fake the symptoms of bipolar disorder.
D)bipolar disorder reflects changes in gene expression,but not in mutations.

Question 23

Some drugs are plant products that can bind neural receptors in a human body because the body makes a similar chemical.Endorphins are the human equivalent of

A)opiates.
B)cocaine.
C)THC (tetrahydrocannabinol).
D)ethanol.

Question 24

A gene variant that,when homozygous,may be common to people with addictions to different substances is

A)the CFTR allele that also causes cystic fibrosis.
B)the serotonin transporter A5.
C)the A1 allele of the dopamine D(2)receptor.
D)the dopamine transporter B3.

Question 25

Anandamide (and THC)differ from neurotransmitters in that they bind to

A)presynaptic receptors.
B)postsynaptic receptors.
C)dendrites.
D)axons.

Question 26

LSD binds receptors that normally bind

A)dopamine.
B)serotonin.
C)epinephrine.
D)trace amines.

Question 27

Bipolar disorder affects about _____ percent of the U.S.population.

A)0.1
B)1
C)2
D)5

Question 28

SSRIs such as Prozac,Paxil,and Zoloft are widely prescribed to treat

A)post-traumatic stress disorder.
B)major depressive disorder.
C)schizophrenia.
D)minor depressive disorder.

Question 29

Smoking cigarettes causes lung cancer because

A)nicotine destroys the membranes of alveoli,the microscopic air sacs.The alveoli expand,and the person cannot completely exhale.
B)nicotine is deposited as black,sticky tar in respiratory passages.
C)nicotinic receptors in the lungs bind carcinogens in cigarette smoke.
D)nicotine binds the A1 allele of the dopamine D(2)receptor.

Question 30

The two identifying characteristics of addiction are

A)intolerance and independence.
B)intolerance and dependence.
C)tolerance and independence.
D)tolerance and dependence.

Question 31

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors treat depression by

A)inhibiting the production of serotonin.
B)preventing postsynaptic neurons from releasing serotonin into the synapse.
C)preventing presynaptic neurons from taking up serotonin from the synapse.
D)releasing endomorphins in the plasma membranes of the postsynaptic neurons.

Question 32

Erica needs to increasingly consume more cocaine to get the same effect.She is exhibiting

A)tolerance.
B)dependence.
C)paranoia.
D)suicidal ideation.

Question 33

Anandamide is a substance made in the body that is the equivalent of the active component of

A)heroin.
B)chocolate.
C)marijuana.
D)barbiturates.

Question 34

The biological basis of nicotine addiction is that nicotinic receptors bind

A)nicotine molecules and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.Binding releases dopamine,which causes pleasurable feelings.
B)postsynaptic receptors that normally bind endorphins.
C)the dopaminergic receptor,releasing acetylcholine,which causes the pleasurable feelings.
D)the pleasure center in the brain.

Question 35

Age of onset for schizophrenia is

A)prenatal.
B)birth.
C)early childhood.
D)early adulthooD.

Question 36

Dr.Gregory House,a character on a television program,experiences severe withdrawal symptoms when he stops taking hydrocodone,a drug that he originally took to alleviate leg pain,but has not been able to give up.He is exhibiting

A)tolerance.
B)dependence.
C)paranoia.
D)suicidal ideation.

Question 37

Early symptoms of schizophrenia affect

A)thinking.
B)hearing.
C)vision.
D)aggression.

Question 38

Schizophrenia affects about _____ percent of the population.

A)0.1
B)1.0
C)5.0
D)10.0

Question 39

Harold is so sad that for months he can barely get out of bed.If he does,he just sits at the kitchen table with his head on his hands.Yet for a few weeks,about once every four or five months,he reverses mood.He becomes chatty and animated,uncharacteristically spending lavishly.Harold most likely has

A)schizophreniA.
B)euphoria.
C)bipolar disorder.
D)major depressive disorder.

Question 40

A likely biological basis of major depressive disorder is

A)reuptake pumps for serotonin in the presynaptic neuron membrane that do not function adequately.
B)absent reuptake pumps for serotonin in the presynaptic neuron membrane.
C)reuptake pumps for serotonin in the postsynaptic neuron membrane that do not function adequately.
D)reuptake pumps for serotonin in the postsynaptic neuron membrane that are overactive,depleting serotonin in the synapse.

Question 41

Natasha has schizophrenia.The probability that her young brother Boris develops schizophrenia too is about _____ times the general worldwide population risk.

A)2
B)4
C)9
D)12

Question 42

The biological basis of autism may be

A)exposure to Ebola viruses during pregnancy.
B)formation of aberrant synapses.
C)interference with the ability to form synapses during childhood that are a response to experience,impairing learning and memory.
D)binding to nicotinic receptors in a way that destroys neurons in the hippocampus.

Question 43

Two proteins that control synapse formation in response to environmental stimuli in early childhood and that when abnormal might lie behind autism are

A)collagen and elastin.
B)insulin and glucagon.
C)neurexin and neuroligin.
D)fibrin and fibrinogen.

Question 44

The heritability of autism is _____ percent.

A)10
B)25
C)55
D)90

Question 45

Environmental factors that might cause or contribute to schizophrenia include

A)infection by smallpox virus.
B)maternal malnutrition.
C)excess oxygen to a fetus.
D)maternal use of anti-depressants.

Question 46

The existence of MZ twin pairs in which only one has autism suggests that

A)some MZ twins are really dizygotic.
B)the environment contributes to autism.
C)twins cannot become autistiC.
D)genes do not contribute to causing autism.

Question 47

Viruses that may cause or contribute to development of schizophrenia includes

A)rubella.
B)hepatitis A.
C)herpes virus.
D)HIV.

Question 48

Schizophrenia differs from dementia in that it

A)is a single-gene disorder.
B)is treatable with insulin.
C)is episodic rather than degenerative.
D)is degenerative rather than episodic.

Question 49

Schizophrenia means "split _____."

A)ends
B)mind
C)personality
D)emotions

Question 50

A neurotransmitter that might contribute to causing autism if levels are abnormal is

A)dopamine.
B)trace amines.
C)glutamate.
D)norepinephrine.