Deck 22: Genomics

Question 1

The first genome to be synthesized was that of

A)the influenza virus.
B)the fruit fly.
C)E.coli.
D)Mycoplasma genitalium.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The term genomics means

A)the study of genotypes.
B)population genetics.
C)the study of genetic disease.
D)the study of genomes.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

_____ was the first organism to have its entire genome sequenced.

A)The fruit fly
B)E.coli
C)Haemophilus influenzae
D)Mycoplasma genitalium

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The original impetus to sequence the human genome was to investigate

A)how the four nitrogenous bases encode information.
B)how people vary.
C)how cancer arises.
D)the effects of exposure to low-level radiation on the genetics of populations.

Question 5

The ENCODE project is examining

A)the chicken genome,to learn more about dinosaurs,whose DNA was not preserved.
B)the part of the human genome sequence that does not encode protein.
C)the genes that account for our anatomy and physiology.
D)a representative 1 percent of the human genome.

Question 6

DNA sequencing can reveal

A)mutations that do not alter phenotype.
B)mutations that do not alter genotype.
C)which tissues express a gene.
D)how many genes a person has.

Question 7

Two technologies that sped progress of the human genome project in 1991 were

A)recombinant DNA technology and PCR.
B)amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling.
C)the invention of the Internet and personal computers.
D)expressed sequence tags and microarrays.

Question 8

Expressed sequence tags (ESTs)allow researchers to identify

A)genes that encode proteins.
B)microsatellites.
C)introns.
D)ring chromosomes.

Question 9

An initial objection to sequencing the human genome was that it would take funding away from a pressing health concern of the time.This problem was

A)the AIDS epidemic.
B)tuberculosis and malaria in developing nations.
C)swine flu,which was threatening to be a pandemiC.
D)SARS.

Question 10

The term genome was first used by

A)H.Winkler in 1920.
B)Francis Crick in 1962.
C)Francis Collins in 1992.
D)J.Craig Venter in 1990.

Question 11

Positional cloning

A)seeks regions of the genome shared by the members of large families who have the same Mendelian disorder.
B)scans and then sequences the human genome chromosome by chromosome,in size order.
C)determines the sequence of protein-encoding genes on a chromosome.
D)identifies expressed sequence tags in genes of interest.

Question 12

Who was the first director of the human genome project?

A)James Watson
B)Francis Crick
C)Jacques Monod
D)Craig Venter

Question 13

The part of the genome that encodes protein is called the

A)intron.
B)exon.
C)exome.
D)prodrome.

Question 14

The "1,000 Genomes Project" investigated 2,500 genomes from 27 populations.

Question 15

Which genetic map is derived from overlapping short pieces of DNA and is used to distinguish genes tens of kilobases apart?

A)Cytogenetic map
B)Linkage map
C)Physical map
D)Sequence map

Question 16

Three percent of the human genome project budget was set aside to address issues of

A)agriculture as it relates to cattle breeds.
B)inherited susceptibilities to infectious diseases,such as tuberculosis and malaria.
C)ethics,the law,and society.
D)developing technologies from genetic discoveries.

Question 17

cDNA is copied from

A)DNA.
B)protein.
C)mRNA.
D)a pictogram.

Question 18

The human genome project did not discover copy number variants because

A)people did not know they existed.
B)the sequenced and overlapped DNA pieces were unique.
C)there are too many to count,and they overlap among individuals.
D)no restriction enzymes are known that cut at these sequences.

Question 19

In the 1980s and 1990s,positional cloning led to the discovery of genes that

A)encode all proteins in the human genome.
B)cause hemophilia,fragile X syndrome,and colorblindness.
C)cause several types of cancers.
D)cause Duchene muscular dystrophy,cystic fibrosis,and Huntington disease.

Question 20

To identify genes that are actively expressed,researchers isolate

A)DNA.
B)protein.
C)mRNA.
D)amino acids.

Question 21

The _____ DNA sequencing technique aligned DNA pieces one chromosome at a time.

A)clone-by-clone
B)whole-genome shotgun
C)positional cloning
D)software-automated

Question 22

Exome and genome sequencing are unlikely to detect

A)introns.
B)deletions.
C)balanced translocations.
D)exons that are not buried within introns.

Question 23

The microbiome considers

A)DNA from microorganisms in the human body.
B)human DNA in microorganisms.
C)all DNA that is too small to be seen in a light microscope.
D)genes that contribute to or control metabolism.

Question 24

Genome sequencing shows that humans share the greatest genomic similarities with

A)yeast.
B)a nematode worm.
C)a cow.
D)a chimpanzee.

Question 25

Genes that are highly conserved are

A)found in a wide range of species.
B)repeated many times in a genome.
C)found in humans only.
D)deleted by natural selection.

Question 26

The strategy that was ultimately the most successful in sequencing the human genome was

A)the recombinant DNA approach.
B)the epigenesis approach.
C)the whole genome shotgun approach.
D)the exome approach.

Question 27

The following sequence is part of a genome.C T G T G G T A A C T G A G T C A C T A G
Fragments corresponding to it that would be useful in deriving the sequence are

A)







$$\text { GUCUC \quad GAUC\quad ACCAU \quad AUUGA \quad GACUC\quad CUCAG \quad AGUG}$$
B)
$$\text { CTGTG \quad CTAG \quad TGGTA \quad TAACT \quad CTGAG\quad GAGTC \quad TCAC }$$
C)

$$\text { CACT \quad CTGAG\quad GAGTC\quad TCAAT\quad ATGGT \quad GATC\quad GTGTC }$$
D) $\text { ACG\quad GTGAT\quad CTGTA\quad CTGTGTAC\quad GTG\quad CTGACTG }$

Question 28

The following fragments of DNA correspond to a section of the genome. $$\text { ACTGI \quad GTGTT\quad GACTC \quad TTCAAC\quad ACTGA\quad TGAC }$$
The derived sequence is

A)C T C A G T C A A C T T G T G T C A
B)T G A C A C A A G T T G A C T G A G
C)A C T G T G T T C A A C T G A C T C
D)A C T G T G T G T T G A C T C T T C A A C A C T G A T G A C

Question 29

One surprise from comparative genome projects is that

A)all species examined so far have the same genes.
B)we do not know the function of a great many genes.
C)small organisms can have large genomes.
D)large organisms can have small genomes.

Question 30

The efficacy of DNA sequencing is improved by _____.

A)high coverage
B)repeating DNA segments
C)lesser genome copies
D)minimal overlapping

Question 31

According to the genomic analysis of Mycoplasma genitalium,what is the number of essential genes?

A)48,000
B)480
C)265 to 350
D)3

Question 32

Sequencing genomes provides much more information than sequencing exomes.

Question 33

Only about 6 percent of the human genome sequence is considered highly conserved.

Question 34

ESTs are cDNAs made from the mRNAs in a cell type that is abnormal in a particular illness.

Question 35

Sequencing the yeast genome received priority because

A)yeast causes infections in humans.
B)yeast is essential in baking and brewing.
C)the number of yeast genes is a round number - 6,000.
D)one-third of the genome has its counterparts among mammals.

Question 36

A pictogram is used to

A)compare which DNA base is present at a particular position in a conserved short DNA sequence among different species.
B)compare the frequency of two-base sequences in the genomes of species thought to be closely related based on other types of evidence.
C)visualize what the chromosomes of different species look like when condensed.
D)align long sections of the genomes of different species that are the same in sequence.

Question 37

A limitation of exome and genome sequencing is that _____.

A)they cannot distinguish between pairs of SNPs on the same homologous chromosomes.
B)they cannot help detect inversions.
C)they are blind to uniparental disomy.
D)they cannot identify the frequency of a variant in a particular population.

Question 38

Whole-genome shotgunning is faster,but it misses some sections that the clone-by-clone method detects.

Question 39

The human body is home to a vast number of microorganisms termed the human microbiome.

Question 40

Once people began to have their genomes sequenced,it became clear that human genomes varied more than had been thought.This is because the way that the genome was initially sequenced did not account for

A)mutations.
B)copy number variants.
C)SNPs.
D)ethnic differences.

Question 41

A SNP that changes the amino acid sequence of an encoded protein is termed

A)synonymous.
B)nonsynonymous.
C)transliteral.
D)mutagenic.

Question 42

Sequencing of the first three human genomes revealed that the percent of our SNPs likely to influence our phenotypes is

A)0 percent.
B)<1 percent.
C)about 2 percent.
D)about 10 percent.