Deck 5: The Cultures of Colonial North America

Question 1

Compared to the British, the French in North America __________.

A) had much worse relations with the Indian populations
B) did not respond to Indian opposition with violence
C) tended to have better relations with the Indians
D) were successful in promoting their religion among the Indians

Answer 1

tended to have better relations with the Indians

Question 2

The Enlightenment was inspired by which of these?

A) the Reformation
B) the French Revolution
C) the revolution in scientific thought
D) the Renaissance

Answer 2

the revolution in scientific thought

Question 3

By the 1730s in the colonial South, __________.

A) almost everyone was an active church member
B) only 1 adult in 15 was affiliated with a church
C) Quakers had become the largest religious group
D) most people were Puritans

Answer 3

only 1 adult in 15 was affiliated with a church

Question 4

In The Sovereignty and Goodness of God, Mary Rowlandson described her experiences __________.

A) as an Indian captive
B) recovering from smallpox
C) converting to Catholicism
D) as a widow left with four children

Question 5

A significant characteristic of Spanish colonial communities was __________.

A) the great prosperity most of them experienced
B) their close association with religious missions
C) the religious equality between the colonizers and the natives
D) the rigid segregation practiced between Indians and Europeans

Question 6

What did New England, New Spain, and New France have in common?

A) They were all frontiers of inclusion.
B) All of them were semi-democratic.
C) They were all places with large slave populations.
D) They all had an official church.

Question 7

Most American colonists followed European tradition in __________.

A) making their living off the land
B) developing new skills and trades
C) seeking urban rather than rural life
D) being heavily dependent on markets

Question 8

In the British colonies of the eighteenth century, the ability to read was __________.

A) confined to the clergy
B) confined to the elite classes of those colonies
C) seen primarily in communities where religion was important
D) much more widespread than in the French and Spanish colonies

Question 9

Which statement best describes English immigration policy in its American colonies?

A) They wanted to keep the colonies Catholic.
B) They limited migration because they did not want to lose population.
C) They had a liberal policy for both English and foreign nationals.
D) They allowed only English-speaking Protestant settlers.

Question 10

Northampton, Massachusetts, in 1734 was __________.

A) a stable community with few problems
B) a declining community with shrinking opportunities
C) a fast-growing and prosperous community
D) isolated on the colonial frontier

Question 11

Social class in eighteenth-century America was __________.

A) nonexistent
B) based on land monopoly
C) based on economic rank
D) comparable to European aristocracy

Question 12

By the mid-eighteenth century, most of the British North American colonies __________.

A) were ruled by royal governors
B) were governed by proprietors
C) had few rights of local self-government
D) had become democracies

Question 13

What, more than shared religion, bound people of the Middle Colonies?

A) similar national origins
B) institutions of government
C) tight-knit communities with little mobility
D) low immigration rates

Question 14

After 1661, the new attitude in England toward religion resulted in which change in Massachusetts?

A) More immigrants came, fleeing religious persecution.
B) Puritans tightened their control over the colony.
C) The Crown had more control over the colony.
D) Puritans had to accept non-Puritans meeting in public.

Question 15

Which of these was the largest and most prosperous European colony on North America in 1750?

A) Massachusetts
B) Virginia
C) New France
D) New Spain

Question 16

The rising colonial demand for Indian lands stemmed from __________.

A) settlers' expectation of property ownership
B) a desire to convert Indians to Christianity
C) an interest in Indian folkways
D) a desire to open new trade routes to the South and West

Question 17

Jonathan Edwards's preaching called for __________.

A) abandoning all hope of salvation
B) the poor to defer to the rich
C) a return to the strict Calvinism of an earlier generation
D) seeking satisfaction through material goods

Question 18

In eighteenth-century British North America, the gap between rich and poor __________.

A) steadily narrowed
B) steadily widened
C) remained stable
D) disappeared

Question 19

The French, Spanish, and Dutch all attempted to __________.

A) transplant European feudalism to North America
B) settle their North American colonies with convicts
C) build utopian societies in the New World
D) make social equality the hallmark of their American colonies

Question 20

Jonathan Edwards tried to reconcile what potentially contradictory influences in his writings?

A) the Bible and popular culture
B) the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening
C) Indian and British social practices
D) British law and American democracy

Question 21

The "long lot" pattern of farm lands would most likely have been found in areas originally settled by __________.

A) Spain
B) England
C) France
D) the Netherlands

Question 22

According to the Calvinist theology of election, __________.

A) salvation was offered only to a few at God's grace
B) good works were necessary for salvation
C) God's love assured that almost everyone could be saved
D) human free will determined salvation

Question 23

In the regional North American societies, family and kinship, __________, and the local community were the most significant factors in everyday life.

A) market relations
B) the church
C) ethnic identity
D) colonial officials

Question 24

The earliest American colleges-Harvard, William and Mary, and Yale-were founded mainly to __________.

A) train ministers
B) spread Enlightenment ideas
C) Christianize Indians
D) train soldiers

Question 25

American colonial possessions of which country formed a huge "crescent"?

A) France
B) Spain
C) England
D) Russia

Question 26

The greatest barrier to economic mobility in eighteenth-century British America was __________.

A) a rigid and racist class system
B) scarce and increasingly expensive land
C) legal limits on leaving one's birth community
D) a growing feudal system

Question 27

People following the craft system of apprentice, journeyman, and master would be most likely to be found in __________.

A) a colonial town
B) the backcountry
C) a Lower South plantation
D) a presidio

Question 28

In the 1730s and 1740s, __________ abandoned its tradition of fair dealing and perpetrated a series of fraudulent seizures of western lands from the Delaware Indians.

A) Pennsylvania
B) Massachusetts
C) Virginia
D) Maryland

Question 29

The immediate spur to the creation of new Spanish missions in upper California after 1769 was the rumored expansion into the area by __________.

A) Russia
B) England
C) France
D) the Netherlands

Question 30

In what area of eighteenth-century America would one find soldados de cuera?

A) New France
B) New England
C) the Lower South
D) New Spain

Question 31

Compared to European preindustrial societies, the population of eighteenth-century America __________.

A) grew three times faster
B) grew at about the same rate
C) slowly declined
D) grew much more slowly

Question 32

The Enlightenment was based on a faith in __________.

A) divine revelation
B) a changeless world
C) human reason
D) salvation by God's grace

Question 33

After the Great Awakening, both black and white members and preachers were accepted in which type of churches?

A) Baptist
B) Presbyterian
C) New England Puritan
D) Anglican

Question 34

Which of these people argued most strenuously for religious toleration?

A) Roger Williams
B) Cotton Mather
C) Jonathan Edwards
D) George Whitefield

Question 35

The Great Awakening had its deepest effects on __________.

A) young people
B) the elderly
C) recent immigrants
D) the wealthy

Question 36

Which of these was an important difference between the New York elite who owned land along the Hudson River and the wealthy proprietors of Pennsylvania?

A) The New York elite was made up of newly wealthy men.
B) The New York elite were Quakers.
C) The proprietors of Pennsylvania generally rented their land to tenants.
D) The proprietors of Pennsylvania were willing to sell land to anyone who could pay.

Question 37

In Connecticut in the 1760s, the Great Awakening __________.

A) had little influence on politics
B) led to political battles between New Lights and Old Lights
C) excluded ordinary people from politics
D) mainly appealed to the rich and well established

Question 38

If you were a member of a community governed by a Puritan congregation, you were most likely living in __________.

A) the French Crescent
B) the Lower South
C) the Chesapeake
D) New England

Question 39

If you were a habitant living in a long-lot pattern, you were most likely to live near what city?

A) Boston
B) Charleston
C) Los Angeles
D) Detroit

Question 40

During the period of the Spanish mission system, the native population of California __________.

A) grew sharply
B) remained stable
C) fell sharply
D) grew at about the same rate as the white population

Question 41

Which group in British North America was most attracted to Enlightenment thought?

A) the elite
B) the middle class
C) the poor
D) farmers

Question 42

Opposition to early-eighteenth-century innovations in religious thought was strongest among __________.

A) ordinary people in the countryside
B) elites in port cities
C) the urban poor
D) colonial officials

Question 43

By the early eighteenth century, Indians on the southern fringe of the Great Plains had acquired horses from __________.

A) French fur traders
B) British soldiers
C) Spanish colonists
D) southern plantation owners

Question 44

Most craftsmen __________.

A) eventually left their trades and worked as day laborers
B) eventually attained the position of master
C) remained at the journeyman level for the whole of their careers
D) were third- or fourth-generation Americans

Question 45

Who were the "strolling poor" and what problems increased their numbers? How did the rising number of the poor impact colonial society?

Question 46

From a high of 7 million to 10 million Indians north of Mexico in 1500, to what had the native population fallen by 1800?

A) around 1 million
B) around 5 million
C) around 3 million
D) around 100,000

Question 47

For most North American colonists of the mid-eighteenth century, __________.

A) the colonies were only a temporary home
B) the homeland epitomized all that was backward and undesirable
C) the community was more important than the individual
D) the individual was more important than the community

Question 48

What church was selected by English authorities as the state religion of Virginia?

A) Church of England
B) Baptist
C) Quaker
D) Puritan

Question 49

In 1700, Florida, Texas, New Mexico, and California were all colonies of __________.

A) the Netherlands
B) Britain
C) France
D) Spain

Question 50

What impact did the Great Awakening have on the character of politics and government in the British North American colonies? Use the political conflict between Old Lights and New Lights in mid-eighteenth-century Connecticut to support your response.

Question 51

The colonial culture of North America in the early eighteenth century was essentially __________.

A) anti-European
B) dormant
C) progressive
D) conservative

Question 52

In the eastern portion of North America, the preeminent concern of Indian peoples was __________.

A) falling prices for fish and furs
B) population growth in the British colonies
C) internal political divisions within tribes and confederacies
D) the arrival of French and Spanish colonists

Question 53

What caused the Spanish presence in eighteenth-century Florida to be reduced to a few forts and military families?

A) fierce fighting against British and Indian forces
B) gold rush in Texas
C) major epidemics
D) slave uprisings

Question 54

What motivated Pennsylvania colonists to establish a tradition of religious tolerance?

A) Quakers had been persecuted in England and wanted to avoid this injustice in America.
B) Roger Williams exerted a strong impact on the colony's founders
C) The Quakers believed that toleration would stimulate economic growth.
D) Pennsylvania was settled by Puritans, who had been repressed.

Question 55

What made the Puritan tradition in New England a "curious mix of freedom and repression"? How did Puritan New England eventually become a less religiously repressive society?

Question 56

Explain how the mounted Plains Indian was a product of the colonial era.

Question 57

What became the most profitable sector of the economy of New France by 1750?

A) sugar plantations
B) tobacco plantations
C) rum trading
D) beaver trade

Question 58

What types of opportunities outside of the home did colonial women have in eighteenth-century British North America? How did widowhood affect a woman's position in colonial society?

Question 59

Which of these was an important difference between Florida and New Mexico?

A) The population of New Mexico was expanding.
B) Florida was home to more than 10 million slaves.
C) New Mexico was controlled by Spain.
D) Florida was controlled by France.

Question 60

For many people, religious revivalism offered the first opportunity to __________.

A) take advantage of a genuine economic opportunity
B) participate actively in public debate and public action
C) contribute to the community
D) voice their opposition to British rule

Question 61

In which of these was literacy most widespread?

A) the British colonies in North America
B) New Spain
C) New France
D) trans-Mississippian North America

Question 62

What eventually drew California Indians to the Franciscan missions?

A) food, clothing, new tools, and a fascination with the friars
B) the prospect of using Spanish military power to defend themselves
C) force
D) the promise of work and pay in cash

Question 63

What happened to the Presbyterian Church because of the Great Awakening?

A) The church divided between Old Lights and New Lights.
B) The church nearly went out of existence.
C) The church's membership grew impressively.
D) Presbyterians were not involved with the Great Awakening.

Question 64

Why did the French crown ignore the Huguenots' desire to migrate to the Americas?

A) The French wanted to keep their colony Catholic.
B) The French preferred to punish them in Europe.
C) The French preferred to send the Huguenots to isolated islands in the Atlantic.
D) The Huguenots did not have any useful skills for the colony.

Question 65

Which statement best represents the impact of the Enlightenment on the colonies?

A) Educated colonists read widely and began to challenge the views of outside authorities.
B) Colonists were reminded of their place in the social hierarchy by Enlightenment authors.
C) Educated colonists began to embrace atheism.
D) Even poor colonists and slaves were heavily influenced by Enlightenment texts.

Question 66

Who first sent recruiters to Holland, France, and Germany to find people to populate his colony?

A) William Penn
B) Roger Williams
C) Benjamin Franklin
D) Thomas Malthus

Question 67

The fact that students were reading Newton and Locke by the 1730s was a reflection of what influence?

A) the Enlightenment
B) Catholicism
C) the Calvinist theory of election
D) political centralization

Question 68

During the mid-eighteenth century, how did the proportion of church members in the British colonial population change as a result of revivals?

A) There was no change in the number of people who belonged to a church.
B) There was a huge increase in the number of people who belonged to a church.
C) There was a slight increase in the number of people who belonged to a church.
D) There was a huge decrease in the number of people who belonged to a church.

Question 69

Which of these best explains the commitment of many Enlightenment thinkers to social and political reform?

A) their belief in the possibility of human progress
B) their commitment to traditional sources of authority
C) their commitment to religious faith
D) their general pessimism about human society

Question 70

Who said, "Forced worship stinks in God's nostrils"?

A) Roger Williams
B) George Whitefield
C) William Penn
D) Ben Franklin

Question 71

How was English colonial society different from the Spanish and French colonial societies?

A) Social rank was more fixed in the French and Spanish colonies.
B) Social rank was more fixed in the English colonies.
C) English colonists were not aware of class differences.
D) There was very little income disparity in the English colonies.

Question 72

How did officials who oversaw the colonies of Florida, Texas, and California understand the role of those colonies?

A) as buffer zones, protecting New Spain from other Europeans
B) as wealthy areas of development
C) as states independent of the Spanish crown
D) as utopian experiments

Question 73

What was the connection between French Illinois and Louisiana?

A) Illinois supplied wheat for the sugar plantations in Louisiana.
B) Louisiana supplied large quantities of sugar for Illinois.
C)Illinois provided militia soldiers to defend New Orleans
D) Louisiana sent large numbers of African slaves to farm the wheat fields in Illinois.

Question 74

How were the administrations of the French and Spanish colonies structurally similar?

A) Both were highly centralized.
B) Both were supportive of democracy.
C) Both were completely independent of the home monarch.
D) Neither was particularly well centralized.

Question 75

What was the ultimate, though infrequently attained, goal of a journeyman?

A) becoming a master craftsman
B) becoming a factory owner
C) becoming a plantation owner
D) becoming an itinerant preacher

Question 76

What did outside observers tend to notice about social rank in the English colonies?

A) the significant middle class
B) the absence of a middle class
C) the absence of class distinctions
D) the impermeability of class lines

Question 77

What was the most important reason Indian communities continued to suffer from long-term population decline in the eighteenth century?

A) epidemic Old World diseases
B) low-birth-weight babies
C) loss of men through warfare
D) frequent forced migrations

Question 78

Which of these best characterizes the attitude of the majority of English settlers toward Indian lands?

A) Settlers were determined to gain control of Indian lands, by fair means or foul.
B) Settlers had little interest in Indians or their lands.
C) Settlers were determined to acquire Indian lands at fair prices.
D) Settlers rejected the idea of purchasing Indian lands, preferring outright conquest.

Question 79

While economic growth continued in eighteenth-century colonial America, what other economic indicator grew?

A) social inequality
B) budget deficits
C) unemployment
D) rate of indentured servitude

Question 80

What did the word "democracy" mean in the minds of elite British colonists?

A) mob rule
B) Greek and Roman politics
C) absence of a king
D) election of ordinary people