Deck 12: Evidence for Evolution

Question 1

Relative dating uses ______ to estimate how old a fossil is.

A)Radioactive isotopes
B)A molecular clock
C)Structural features
D)Depth within rock layers
E)Embryonic structures

Answer 1

D

Question 2

If an isotope's half-life is 100 years:

A)That isotope will no longer exist in 50 years
B)That isotope will no longer exist in 200 years
C)In 50 years only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain
D)In 100 years only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain
E)In 200 years only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Fossils may be:

A)From impressions left after an organism decays
B)Formed as organic matter is replaced by minerals, turning to stone
C)Formed when plant resin or tar preserves the specimen
D)Casts from footprints that have filled with mud and then turned to stone
E)All are correct

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The abundant remains of ammonites in Oklahoma indicate:

A)That Oklahoma was in the past a vast desert with almost no rainfall
B)That Oklahoma was in the past part of a mountain range that has now eroded
C)That Oklahoma was in the past covered by a shallow ocean
D)That Oklahoma was part of a vast tropical forest
E)That Oklahoma was always a grassland

Question 5

Some dinosaurs and birds share characteristics that make flight possible such as:

A)Hollow bones
B)A horizontal back
C)A short tail
D)A bipedal stance
E)All are correct

Question 6

The Cretaceous and Jurassic periods are part of the:

A)Mesozoic era
B)Archean era
C)Proterozoic era
D)Cenozoic era
E)Paleozoic era

Question 7

The discovery of the fossilized remains of Archaeopteryx in 1860 led to the beginning of the hypothesis of birds being closely related to:

A)Butterflies
B)Dinosaurs
C)Salamanders
D)Bats
E)Bees

Question 8

If similarities between two structures in different organisms reflect independent evolution,these structures are:

A)Analogous
B)Vestigial
C)Homologous
D)Homeotic
E)Heterologous

Question 9

Absolute dating uses ______ to estimate how old a fossil is.

A)Depth within rock layers
B)Radioactive isotopes
C)A molecular clock
D)Structural features
E)Embryonic structures

Question 10

Carbon-14 is useful in determining the age of a fossil up to about:

A)40,000 years ago
B)10,000 years ago
C)20,000 years ago
D)50,000 years ago
E)100,000 years ago

Question 11

Potassiam-40 is useful in determining the age of a fossil:

A)In samples less than 25,000 years of age
B)In samples less than 50,000 years of age
C)In samples 300,000 years of age and older
D)In samples aged between 50,000 and 100,000 years of age
E)In samples aged between 100,000 years and 250,000 years

Question 12

Earth once consisted of a single large landmass and one ocean.The landmass is named:

A)Panthalassa
B)Pangaea
C)Laurasia
D)Gondwana
E)Ultima Continenta

Question 13

Petrification occurs:

A)When minerals replace the organic material left by a decaying organism
B)When a leaf sinks into water and fine sediment covers the leaf and compresses
C)When the imprint of an animal fills with mud, that later hardens to rock
D)When a whole organism is trapped in a plant resin
E)All of these are correct

Question 14

A fossil is defined as any evidence of an organism from:

A)At least 500 years ago
B)At least 1000 years ago
C)At least 25,000 years ago
D)At least 10,000 years ago
E)At least 100,000 years ago

Question 15

Theropods are:

A)Small meat eating dinosaurs
B)Large plant eating dinosaurs
C)Lizards
D)Burrowing Mammals
E)Pouched Mammals

Question 16

Earth once consisted of a single large landmass and one ocean.The ocean is named:

A)Pangaea
B)Laurasia
C)Gondwana
D)Oceana
E)Panthalassa

Question 17

If a structure has no apparent function in one species,yet is homologous to a functional organ in another species,this structure is termed:

A)Analogous
B)Homologous
C)Homeotic
D)Vestigial
E)Heterologous

Question 18

In the geologic time scale used by our author the sequence of eras beginning with the earliest era and proceeding forward to the most recent era is:

A)Paleozoic - Proterozoic - Archean - Mesozoic - Cenozoic
B)Cenozoic - Archean - Mesozoic - Paleozoic - Proterozoic
C)Archean - Paleozoic - Proterozoic - Cenozoic - Mesozoic
D)Mesozoic - Cenozoic - Paleozoic - Proterozoic - Archean
E)Archean - Proterozoic - Paleozoic - Mesozoic - Cenozoic

Question 19

A gene that,when mutated leads to organisms with structures in abnormal places,is termed:

A)Parsimonious
B)Homeotic
C)Homologous
D)Vestigial
E)Dominant

Question 20

If similarities between two structures in different organisms reflect common ancestry,these structures are:

A)Vestigial
B)Analogous
C)Homologous
D)Homeotic
E)Heterologous

Question 21

The type of biological molecule that Carl Woese used to deduce the existence of three domains in the classification of living organisms is:

A)mtDNA
B)mRNA
C)rRNA
D)tRNA
E)Nuclear DNA

Question 22

The half life of ¹⁴C is 5730 years.11,460 years after an organism dies what percent of the initial ¹⁴C will still be present in the organism bones?

A)50%
B)25%
C)75%
D)100%
E)0%

Question 23

In a fruit fly embryo,the homeotic gene Antp determines where legs would grow.When the promoter of Antp is mutated,flies end up with legs growing out of their head instead of antennae.In this mutation:

A)Antp must be turned off in the body
B)The Antp protein is no longer functional
C)Antennae grow where the legs would normally be found
D)Antp must be turned on in the head
E)Antp is turned off in the head

Question 24

The femur in a snake and pelvis in a whale are examples of:

A)Homologous structures
B)Analogous structures
C)Homeotic structures
D)Vestigial structures
E)Heterologous structures

Question 25

Amphibians,birds,and mammals look the most similar as _____.

A)Newborns
B)Embryos
C)Adults
D)Fossils
E)Juveniles

Question 26

The half life of ¹⁴C is 5730 years.If you test a fossilized bone and find that it has 1/8^th the ¹⁴C as a modern bone,you could conclude that it is approximately __ years old.

A)5,730 x 2 = 11,460
B)5,730 x 1 = 5,730
C)5,730 x 8 = 42,960
D)5,730 / 8 = 716
E)5,730 x 3 = 17,190

Question 27

The observation that most aquatic animals,like fish,penguins,and whales all have streamlined bodies and fins or flippers for steering are a result of:

A)Sexual selection
B)Artificial selection
C)Analogous selection
D)Vestigial selection
E)Convergent evolution

Question 28

Before human colonization of New Zealand by the Maori 1,200 years ago,there were no land mammals and many species of flightless birds on the island.Why would there be more flightless birds on New Zealand than on nearby Australia,which had land mammals for millions of years?

A)Because only flightless birds colonized New Zealand.
B)Because birds evolved separately on New Zealand, and these birds had not yet gained the ability to fly.
C)Because the birds that colonized New Zealand adapted to many new environments.
D)Because the birds that could fly all left the island.
E)Because of competition with mammals.

Question 29

The fossil record indicates that at one time marsupials were common to both Australia and South America,but today most South American marsupials have become extinct.The most probable explanation for marsupials being common to Australia yet not very common to South America today is:

A)South American marsupials were displaced by placental mammals when a land bridge formed between North America and South America about seven million years ago
B)Marsupials were able to flourish in South America because of its isolation from other land masses
C)Placental mammals are less fully developed than marsupials when born and therefore have a better chance of survival after birth
D)South American and Australian marsupials interbred
E)Marsupials can only survive in warm climates like Australia

Question 30

A group consisting of a common ancestor and all of its descendants is a:

A)Species
B)Genus
C)Clade
D)Phylum
E)Order

Question 31

In a fruit fly embryo,the end that becomes the head will contain the protein bicoid.What would happen if you injected additional bicoid in the other end of the embryo?

A)It would fail to develop a head
B)It would develop two heads
C)Legs would grow out of its head
D)It would not grow legs
E)It would not have segments

Question 32

Which of the following is least likely to be preserved as a fossil?

A)A bone or shell
B)A leaf or stem
C)An organ like an eye or lung
D)An complete large organism
E)An organism that died on land

Question 33

Marsupials are mammals that:

A)Lay eggs
B)Do not give live birth
C)Have evolved recently
D)Carry their young in a pouch
E)Breathe through gills

Question 34

Within the country of Indonesia,the island of Sumatra has tigers and rhinos,while to the East,the island of Sulawesi has cockatoos and tree kangaroos.What is the best explanation for this observation?

A)The climates on the two islands are very different, allowing some species to survive, and others not.
B)Some species can migrate between islands and others cannot.
C)Animals in Sumatra evolved independently, while those in Sulawesi came from Australia.
D)Animals in Sumatra came from Asia, while those in Sulawesi came from Australia
E)Animals in Sumatra and Sulawesi both came from Asia, but those in Sulawesi migrated farther.

Question 35

The wing of a bat and an insect are examples of:

A)Analogous structures
B)Homologous structures
C)Vestigial structures
D)Homeotic structures
E)Heterologous structures

Question 36

In systematics,a group of organisms consisting of a common ancestor and some but not all of its descendents is defined as a:

A)Paraphyletic group
B)Clade
C)Cladogram
D)Polyphyletic group
E)None of the above are correct

Question 37

One line of evidence that humans arose in Africa is the observation that:

A)Africans have fewer genes
B)Africans have slower molecular clocks
C)African rRNA sequences place them in the domain Archaea
D)Africans have the most diverse mitochondrial DNA sequences
E)Africans have the most diverse nuclear DNA sequences

Question 38

Which of the following is most likely to be preserved as a fossil?

A)A leaf or stem
B)A bone or shell
C)An organ like an eye or lung
D)A complete large organism
E)An organism that died on land

Question 39

The wing of a bat and a bird are examples of:

A)Analogous structures
B)Homologous structures
C)Vestigial structures
D)Homeotic structures
E)Heterologous structures

Question 40

The number of differences between human cytochrome c and cytochrome c of some other organisms is as follows: Rhesus monkey - 1 difference; Pigeon - 12 differences; Fruit fly - 24 differences.The order in which these species are most similar to humans is:

A)Rhesus monkey, pigeon, fruit fly
B)Pigeon, Rhesus monkey, fruit fly
C)Pigeon, fruit fly, Rhesus monkey
D)Rhesus monkey, fruit fly, pigeon
E)Fruit fly, pigeon, Rhesus monkey

Question 41

If climate change leads to a warmer,drier climate in the Galapagos Islands,what would happen to the medium ground finches that eat smaller seeds?

A)The frequency of the allele for larger beaks will become more common
B)The frequency of the allele for smaller beaks will become more common
C)There will be no change in the frequency of the allele for larger beaks
D)Adult finches will grow larger beaks to eat the seeds
E)Adult finches will shrink their beaks to eat the seeds

Question 42

If many genes from two species differ in about 5% of their bases and substitutions occur at an estimated rate of 5% per one million years then:

A)About 1 million years have passed since the two species diverged
B)About 5 million years have passed since the two species diverged
C)About 10 million years have passed since the two species diverged
D)About 20 million years have passed since the two species diverged
E)About 50 million years have passed since the two species diverged

Question 43

If many human genes differ in about 10% of their bases from another species' same genes and substitutions occur at an estimated rate of 2% per one million years then:

A)About 5 million years have passed since the two species diverged
B)About 3 million years have passed since the two species diverged
C)About 10 million years have passed since the two species diverged
D)About 20 million years have passed since the two species diverged
E)About 200,000 years have passed since the two species diverged

Question 44

After the El Niño event in 1982,what happened to the medium ground finches that eat smaller seeds?

A)Their beaks became smaller
B)Their beaks became larger
C)Their beaks did not change in size
D)They began eating insects
E)They migrated to other islands

Question 45

Placental mammals give birth to more fully developed offspring than marsupial mammals and therefore have a greater chance of survival.This helps to explain why placental mammals from North America displaced many native South American marsupial mammals when a land bridge formed between the two continents.

Question 46

Evolution occurs in:

A)Individuals
B)Communities
C)Species
D)Genotypes
E)Alleles

Question 47

How could scientists get chickens to increase the expression of the gene that regulates beak size?

A)By introducing a mutation into the part of the gene that codes for amino acids
B)By removing introns from the gene
C)By increasing transcription factor binding to the promoter
D)By increasing the size of the gene
E)By increasing the number of exons in the gene

Question 48

The fossil record is often incomplete,simply because scientists will never be able to discover some of the fossils that are buried deep in the earth.

Question 49

The hypothesis that birds are closely related to small dinosaurs called theropods began with the discovery of the fossilized skeleton of Archaeopteryx.

Question 50

Natural selection acts on:

A)Individuals
B)Communities
C)Species
D)Genotypes
E)Alleles

Question 51

Dinosaurs lived essentially during the Paleozoic era.

Question 52

The El Niño event had what effect on the food supply of finches in the Galapagos islands?

A)Larger, harder seeds became more abundant
B)Overall seed availability dropped
C)Many plant species produced no seeds because of the drought
D)Smaller, softer seeds became more abundant
E)Finches switched from eating seeds to eating insects

Question 53

Why do different mutations accumulate in two species once they diverge?

A)Because they can no longer mate and swap the mutation
B)Because the molecular clock runs at different speeds in different species
C)Because the mutations make the species different
D)Because natural selection favors mutations in one species over another
E)Because of convergent evolution

Question 54

After the drought in 1977,what happened to the medium ground finches that eat smaller seeds?

A)The frequency of the allele for smaller beaks became more common
B)There was no change in the frequency of the allele for larger beaks
C)The frequency of the allele for larger beaks became more common

Question 55

After the El Niño event in 1982,what happened to the cactus finches that eat larger seeds?

A)Their beaks became smaller
B)Their beaks became larger
C)They began eating insects
D)Their beaks did not change in size
E)They migrated to other islands

Question 56

When ocean levels dropped about 70 million years ago,marsupial mammals moved into North America and displaced many of the placental mammal species.

Question 57

Earth's history spans about 4.5 billion years.

Question 58

figure 12.22b
In figure 12.22b,what is the dependent variable?

A)Year
B)Beak size
C)Seed mass
D)Total rainfall
E)Seed size

Question 59

After the drought in 1977,what happened to the medium ground finches that eat smaller seeds?

A)Their beaks became smaller
B)Their beaks did not change in size
C)Their beaks became larger
D)They began eating insects
E)They migrated to other islands

Question 60

The abundant presence of ammonite fossils in a large area indicate that the area was once part of an ocean.

Question 61

Recent molecular evidence has confirmed that hippos are more closely related to pigs than to whales.

Question 62

A monophyletic group is a group of organisms consisting of a common ancestor and all of its descendants,also known as a clade.

Question 63

A polyphyletic group is a group of species that exclude the most recent common ancestor.

Question 64

Each branch on a cladogram is a clade distinguished by characteristics that appear only in its members.

Question 65

Skeletal organization relating to limbs used for movement in vertebrates would be an example of analogous structures.

Question 66

Systematics utilizes taxonomy and evolutionary relationships to organize life's diversity into groups that reflect evolutionary history.

Question 67

Skeletal organization relating to limbs used for movement in vertebrates would be an example of homologous structures.

Question 68

The techniques used to study molecular evolution are based on the comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among species.