Deck 11: The Forces of Evolutionary Change

Question 1

In 1785,the theory of uniformitarianism was proposed by:

A)James Hutton
B)Charles Darwin
C)Georges Cuvier
D)Georges Buffon
E)Charles Lyell

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The geologist who,in 1830,renewed the idea of uniformitarianism by showing that gradual changes in some organisms could be represented in successive fossil layers was:

A)Charles Darwin
B)Charles Lyell
C)James Hutton
D)Jean Lamarck
E)Georges Buffon

Answer 2

B

Question 3

An organism's phenotype is:

A)The action of single genes
B)Its observable properties
C)Not influenced by environment
D)Determined by traits acquired over the life of the organism
E)All are correct

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The entire collection of genes and their alleles is a population's:

A)Genotype
B)Phenotype
C)Dominant traits
D)Recessive traits
E)Gene pool

Question 5

"Balanced polymorphism" means that:

A)Many genes that affect the same trait persist indefinitely in a population
B)Multiple alleles of a gene persist indefinitely in a population
C)Only a dominant and recessive allele exist for each trait in a population
D)Many traits persist in a population that are controlled by only a single allele
E)None of the above are correct

Question 6

The French taxonomist,who in 1809 was the first scientist to suggest that organisms that use one part of their body repeatedly would increase their abilities,was:

A)Charles Darwin
B)James Hutton
C)Jean Lamarck
D)Georges Buffon
E)Charles Lyell

Question 7

According to Darwin,natural selection usually:

A)Neither preserves nor rejects harmful variations in a population
B)Preserves harmful variations and rejects favorable variations in a population
C)Preserves favorable and harmful variations in a population
D)Preserves favorable variations and rejects harmful variations in a population

Question 8

Antibiotic resistance is becoming more common in disease-causing bacteria because:

A)Antibiotics are used in feed for livestock
B)Antibiotics are sometimes prescribed for viral infections (due to pressure from patients)
C)Some patients do not take the antibiotics as directed
D)Antibiotics are used to treat infections in cattle, chickens, and other animals used for agricultural purposes
E)All are correct

Question 9

The three types of natural selection are:

A)Directional selection, convergent selection, and disruptive selection
B)Directional selection, artificial selection, and convergent selection
C)Disruptive selection, stabilizing selection, and normalizing selection
D)Disruptive selection, stabilizing selection, and artificial selection
E)Directional selection, disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection

Question 10

The scientist who was the first to recognize the principle of superposition was:

A)Charles Darwin
B)Georges Cuvier
C)James Hutton
D)Georges Buffon
E)Charles Lyell

Question 11

The French naturalist,who in 1749 became one of the first scientists to suggest that closely related species arose from a common ancestor and were changing,was:

A)Charles Darwin
B)Georges Buffon
C)James Hutton
D)Georges Cuvier
E)Charles Lyell

Question 12

The fact that individuals whose red blood cells break down more rapidly in an area where malaria is more prevalent have a better chance of reaching reproductive age is known as:

A)Heterozygote advantage
B)Homozygote advantage
C)Polygenic inheritance
D)Heterozygote disadvantage
E)Pleiotropy

Question 13

The mode of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are less fit than the optimal intermediate phenotype is:

A)Directive selection
B)Disruptive selection
C)Stabilizing selection
D)Artificial selection
E)Convergent selection

Question 14

Convergent evolution means:

A)That organisms living in similar habitats may develop similar traits even though they are not closely related
B)Different organisms will never have similar traits
C)That evolution converges on a desired body form based on an external plan or design
D)That all species will eventually have the same traits
E)That some life forms are more evolved and therefore superior to other life forms

Question 15

The mode of natural selection in which two or more extreme phenotypes are fitter than the intermediate phenotype is:

A)Directive selection
B)Stabilizing selection
C)Disruptive selection
D)Artificial selection
E)Convergent selection

Question 16

Genetic change in a population over time defines which of the following?

A)Heredity
B)Mitosis
C)Phenotype
D)Evolution
E)Genotype

Question 17

A gradual change from an ancestral type was referred to by Darwin as:

A)Uniformitarianism
B)Descent with modification
C)Catastrophism
D)Convergent evolution
E)Principle of superposition

Question 18

The relatively short term changes in allele frequencies within a species or population is:

A)Convergent evolution
B)Artificial selection
C)Microevolution
D)Natural selection
E)The principle of superposition

Question 19

The scientist who published "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" in 1859 was:

A)James Hutton
B)Jean Lamarck
C)Georges Buffon
D)Charles Darwin
E)Charles Lyell

Question 20

The mode of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others is:

A)Directional selection
B)Disruptive selection
C)Stabilizing selection
D)Artificial selection
E)Convergent selection

Question 21

If an environment changes rapidly,organisms with ____ will be more likely to survive and reproduce.

A)Existing beneficial mutations
B)Existing neutral mutations
C)The ability to produce beneficial mutations
D)The ability to adapt their genotype
E)The correct allele frequency

Question 22

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p² + 2pq + q² = 1.If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8 what percent of the population will be heterozygous?

A)0.32
B)0.16
C)0.64
D)0.04
E)0.40

Question 23

Alleles conferring red plumage to cardinal males are common because red plumage:

A)Makes males less susceptible to predation
B)Is helpful in attracting prey
C)Is preferred by female cardinals in choosing a mate
D)Allows male cardinals to easily identify each other
E)Is an example of genetic drift

Question 24

Ancestors of the Galapagos finches had two different types of seeds to eat on some islands.Some seeds were very small,and required small beaks to handle,other seeds were very large and required large strong beaks to crack.This led to ____ among the Galapagos finches.

A)Directional selection
B)Stabilizing selection
C)Disruptive selection
D)Artificial selection
E)Sexual selection

Question 25

Darwin made which observation while on his four-year voyage on the Beagle?

A)More individuals of a population are born than survive to reproduce
B)Populations grow constantly
C)Organisms are varied and some variations are inherited
D)An individual's chance of survival is random
E)Species do not appear to change over time

Question 26

A cigarette smoker with lung cancer will not pass any smoking-induced lung cancer mutations to his children because the smoking-induced mutations:

A)Are in germ cells
B)Are in somatic cells
C)Are in gametes
D)Are not in DNA
E)Do not affect the phenotype of the lung cells

Question 27

Carriers of cystic fibrosis have some protection against intestinal infections such as cholera.However,people with two copies of the cystic fibrosis allele develop a life-threatening disease.The mutant allele is very common in people of northern European descent because of:

A)Disruptive selection
B)Directional selection
C)Artificial selection
D)Sexual selection
E)Stabilizing selection

Question 28

Sexually dimorphic features do not include:

A)Colored plumage
B)Intelligence
C)Antlers
D)Body size
E)None are sexually dimorphic features

Question 29

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will not occur in a population in which:

A)Mutations do not occur
B)Individuals mate at random
C)Natural selection does not occur
D)Individuals immigrate or emigrate
E)Sexual selection does not occur

Question 30

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p² + 2pq + q² = 1: 2pq represents:

A)The frequency of homozygous recessive individuals
B)The frequency of homozygous dominant individuals
C)The frequency of heterozygous individuals
D)The frequency of homozygous recessive and heterozygous individuals
E)The frequency of homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals

Question 31

One concern of conservation biologists is that endangered species will have low genetic diversity due to a small population size.Why is this a concern?

A)Because individuals in small populations acquire mutations more slowly than those in large populations
B)Because sexual selection is stronger in small populations
C)Because if the environment changes, individuals will not be able to change their alleles and survive
D)Because if a disease occurs in the population there may not be organisms with resistant alleles
E)Because allele frequencies are lower in smaller populations

Question 32

Ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food.This led to ____ for longer necked giraffes.

A)Stabilizing selection
B)Disruptive selection
C)Artificial selection
D)Sexual selection
E)Directional selection

Question 33

Babies that are at a low birth weight are more likely to have health problems,while women will have difficulty delivering babies with high birth weight.Together this leads to ______ for babies of average birth weight.

A)Stabilizing selection
B)Disruptive selection
C)Directional selection
D)Artificial selection
E)Sexual selection

Question 34

Darwin read which of the following in the Essay on the Principle of Population by Malthus?

A)Organisms are varied and some variations are inherited
B)Populations grow constantly
C)An individual's chance of survival is random
D)Species do not change over time
E)More individuals of a population are born than survive to reproduce

Question 35

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p² + 2pq + q² = 1.If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8,what percent of the population will be homozygous recessive?

A)0.64
B)0.32
C)0.04
D)0.16
E)0.40

Question 36

Farmers and horticulturalists bred broccoli,cauliflower,kale,and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through _____.

A)Artificial selection
B)Evolution
C)Genetic drift
D)Natural selection
E)Sexual selection

Question 37

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p² + 2pq + q² = 1.If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8,what percent of the population will be homozygous dominant?

A)0.32
B)0.16
C)0.04
D)0.64
E)0.40

Question 38

At Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:

A)Allele frequencies change from one generation to the next
B)Evolution does not occur
C)Allele frequencies change from one generation to the next so evolution does not occur
D)Allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next so evolution does not occur
E)Allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next

Question 39

Darwin concluded from his observations of nature and readings that:

A)Individuals compete with one another for limited resources and only the fittest survive
B)Individuals compete with one another for limited resources and only the fittest reproduce
C)Population growth is unlimited, leading to the large numbers of organisms
D)An individual's chance of survival and reproduction are mostly due to chance and changes in the environment
E)Species do not change over time

Question 40

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p + q = 1,p and q represent the frequency of alleles in a population of diploid organisms if:

A)Two or more alleles exist for that gene
B)Two or more genes are needed to express a trait
C)Only two alleles exist for that gene
D)The trait is polygenic
E)Only one allele exists for that gene

Question 41

What hypothesis were the researchers testing?

A)That harvesting larger fish would increase the size of fish in future generations
B)That harvesting fish randomly would decrease the size of fish in future generations
C)That harvesting larger fish would decrease the size of fish in future generations
D)That harvesting fish randomly would increase the size of fish in future generations
E)That slot limits would decrease the size of fish in future generations

Question 42

A fish that eats other fish that in turn eat algae is a:

A)Secondary consumer
B)Producers
C)Primary consumers
D)Detritovores
E)Herbivores

Question 43

The few ancestors of the Galapagos finches who colonized the islands would be an example of:

A)A bottleneck
B)Natural selection
C)Increased mutation rate
D)Gene flow
E)Founder effect

Question 44

The heritability of body size is 0.2 in Atlantic silversides.What would happen to figure 11.21 if this heritability was 0.8?

A)The changes in average size would occur more rapidly
B)The changes in average size would occur more slowly
C)No changes in average size would occur
D)The fish would never get as large under the same environmental conditions
E)The fish would avoid predation

Question 45

A male peacock has enormous tail feathers that it uses in mating displays to attract females.While the tail feathers are an advantage in mating,what is the potential disadvantage of these feathers to the male?

A)The feathers require a lot of energy to produce
B)Bright feathers make males less susceptible to predation
C)The feathers make the male more attractive to other males
D)There are no disadvantages to having large tail feathers
E)The large tail feathers would make it easier to fly

Question 46

Evolution does answer the question as to how life originally began.

Question 47

Today,40% of hospital Staphylococcus infections are resistant to all antibiotics except one.

Question 48

Figure 11.21
What did the researchers conclude from Figure 11.21?

A)Harvesting larger fish led to an increase in average size over time
B)Harvesting fish in a slot limit led to a decrease in average size over time
C)Harvesting fish in a slot limit led to an increase in average size over time
D)Harvesting larger fish led to a decrease in average size over time
E)Harvesting fish randomly led to an increase in average size over time

Question 49

Darwin believed that because of "differential reproductive success" a population would change over time.

Question 50

A population declines when:

A)Death rate exceeds reproductive rate
B)Reproductive rate exceeds death rate
C)Reproductive and death rates are equal
D)Smaller animals are selectively removed
E)Animals are removed randomly

Question 51

Larger fish would represent ____ in an ecosystem.

A)Producers
B)Primary consumers
C)Detritovores
D)Herbivores
E)Keystone predators

Question 52

Natural selection is random because no individuals are eliminated from reproducing due to different environments.

Question 53

Figure 11.21
What was the independent variable in Figure 11.21?

A)The mean weight of harvested fish
B)The generation
C)The age of the fish
D)The size at which the fish were harvested
E)The species of fish

Question 54

The founder effect:

A)Occurs when large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves
B)Occurs when small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves
C)Occurs when many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity
D)Occurs when many members of a population reproduce causing too much genetic diversity within the population

Question 55

Artificial selection is responsible for many breeds of dogs and cats.

Question 56

The bottleneck effect:

A)Occurs when many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity
B)Occurs when many members of a population reproduce causing too much genetic diversity within the population
C)Occurs when small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves
D)Occurs when large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves

Question 57

The North American bison was hunted to near extinction in the 1800s,and has since recovered,but with decreased genetic diversity.This is an example of:

A)Founder effect
B)A bottleneck
C)Natural selection
D)Increased mutation rate
E)Gene flow

Question 58

Figure 11.21
What was the dependent variable in Figure 11.21?

A)The mean weight of harvested fish
B)The generation
C)The age of the fish
D)The size at which the fish were harvested
E)The species of fish

Question 59

In a wild population without fishing,predators would normally ___ top predatory fish.

A)Eat larger
B)Eat smaller
C)Eat all sizes of a
D)Not eat any size of a

Question 60

Historically fishermen kept larger fish and left smaller juvenile fish.Over time the average size of the fish would:

A)Increase by natural selection
B)Decrease by genetic drift
C)Decrease by natural selection
D)Increase by genetic drift
E)Remain unchanged

Question 61

Nonrandom mating,gene flow,and genetic drift are mechanisms of microevolution.

Question 62

According to your author the only two types of natural selection are directive selection and disruptive selection.

Question 63

Sexual selection is a type of natural selection resulting from variation in the ability to obtain mates.

Question 64

Evolution occurs in individuals,not populations.

Question 65

Natural populations usually fulfill the conditions needed for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Question 66

In an evolutionary sense,"fitness" refers to an organism's contribution to the next generation's gene pool.

Question 67

Since the conditions needed for the Hardy-Weinberg principle do not occur in real populations,this principle has no importance in population studies.

Question 68

The chance that a mutation will occur is independent of whether a new phenotype will benefit a population.